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methods of signal processing and cosmic muon calibration for the BM@N sampling lead/scintillator hadron calorimeter

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第5期15卷

作者： Morozov, S. Finogeev, D. Golubeva, M. Guber, F. Ivashkin, A. Izvestnyy, A. Kapishin, M. Karpushkin, N. Petukhov, O. Inst Nucl Res RAS Prospekt 60 Letiya Oktyabrya 7a Moscow Russia Moscow Inst Phys & Technol Inst Sky Per 9 Dolgoprudnyi Moscow Region Russia Natl Res Nucl Univ MEPhI Kashirskoe Sh 31 Moscow Russia Joint Inst Nucl Res Dubna Russia

Recently developed new forward lead/scintillator sampling hadron calorimeters with transverse and longitudinal segmentation will be used in the upgraded BM@N (Baryonic Matter at Nuclotron) experiment at the Nuclotron-NICA acceleration complex in JINR (Dubna). These calorimeters are very important for measurements of centrality and the reaction plane orientation in heavy-ion collisions. Digitizing the analog signals in a wide dynamic range with sampling ADC leads to the fluctuations of the measured charge. The procedure of signal processing based on the Prony least squares fit method has been developed to improve the response requiring minimum machine time. In addition, fitting the signals with a known function allows one to select effectively weak signals at the level of electronics noise, that is important for performing a calibration of calorimeter sections with cosmic muons for the BM@N experiment. The same procedure will be used for hadron calorimeter in CBM experiment at FAIR. New methods of signal processing and cosmic muon tracking for forward hadron calorimeters will be presented.

关键词： Calorimeters data processing methods Front-end electronics for detector readout

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Bayesian Neural Network Variational Autoencoder Inverse Mapper (BNN-VAIM) and its application in Compton Form Factors extraction

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2024年第8期19卷 C08003页

作者： Bin Hossen, Fayaz Alghamdi, Tareq Almaeen, Manal Li, Yaohang Old Dominion Univ Norfolk VA 23529 USA Al Baha Univ Al Baha 65779 Saudi Arabia Jouf Univ Sakaka 72341 Aljouf Saudi Arabia

We extend the Variational Autoencoder Inverse Mapper (VAIM) framework for the inverse problem of extracting Compton Form Factors (CFFs) from deeply virtual exclusive reactions, such as the unpolarized Deeply virtual exclusive scattering (DVCS) cross section. VAIM is an end-to-end deep learning framework to address the solution ambiguity issue in ill-posed inverse problems, which comprises of a forward mapper and a backward mapper to simulate the forward and inverse processes, respectively. In particular, we incorporate Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) into the VAIM architecture (BNN-VAIM) for uncertainty quantification. By sampling the weights and biases distributions of the BNN in the backward mapper of the VAIM, BNN-VAIM is able to estimate prediction uncertainty associated with each individual solution obtained for an ill-posed inverse problem. We first demonstrate the uncertainty quantification capability of BNN-VAIM in a toy inverse problem. Then, we apply BNN-VAIM to the inverse problem of extracting 8 CFFs from the unpolarized DVCS cross section.

关键词： Analysis and statistical methods data processing methods

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Waveform resampling with LMN method

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2024年第10期19卷 P10029页

作者： Gerlach, L. Gu, W. Nayak, N. Qian, X. Viren, B. Brookhaven Natl Lab Upton NY 11973 USA Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08544 USA

Resampling is a common technique applied in digital signal processing. Based on the Fourier Transformation (FFT), we apply an optimization called here the LMN method to achieve and robust re-sampling. In addition to performance comparisons with some other popular methods, we illustrate the effectiveness of this LMN method in a particle physics experiment: re-sampling of waveforms from Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers.

关键词： data processing methods Digital signal processing (DSP) Neutrino detectors Time projection Chambers (TPC)

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Natrium: Use of FPGA embedded processors for real-time data compression

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2011年第12期6卷 C12036-C12036页

作者： Ammendola, R. Biagioni, A. Frezza, O. Lo Cicero, F. Lonardo, A. Rossetti, D. Salamon, A. Salina, G. Simula, F. Tosoratto, L. Vicini, P. INFN Sez Roma Tor Vergata Rome Italy INFN Sez Roma Rome Italy

We present test results and characterization of a data compression system for the readout of the NA62 liquid krypton calorimeter trigger processor. The Level-0 electromagnetic calorimeter trigger processor of the NA62 experiment at CERN receives digitized data from the calorimeter main readout board. These data are stored on an on-board DDR2 RAM memory and read out upon reception of a Level-0 accept signal. The maximum raw data throughput from the trigger front-end cards is 2.6 Gbps. To readout these data over two Gbit Ethernet interfaces we investigated different implementations of a data compression system based on the Rice-Golomb coding: one is implemented in the FPGA as a custom block and one is implemented on the FPGA embedded processor running a C code. The two implementations are tested on a set of sample events and compared with respect to achievable readout bandwidth.

关键词： data processing methods Computing (architecture, farms, GRID for recording, storage, archiving, and distribution of data) data reduction methods Digital electronic circuits

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Investigation of thickness uniformity of thin metal films by using α-particle energy loss method and successive scanning measurements

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2017年第3期12卷 T03001-T03001页

作者： Li, Gang Xu, Jiayun Bai, Lixin Sichuan Univ Dept Nucl Engn & Technol Coll Phys Sci & Technol Chengdu 610064 Sichuan Peoples R China

The metal films are widely used in the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments to obtain the radiation opacity, and the accuracy of the measuring results mainly depends on the accuracy of the film thickness and thickness uniformity. The traditional used measuring methods all have various disadvantages, the optical method and stylus method cannot provide mass thickness which reflects the internal density distribution of the films, and the weighing method cannot provide the uniformity of the thickness distribution. This paper describes a new method which combines the alpha-particle energy loss (AEL) method and the successive scanning measurements to obtain the film thickness and thickness uniformity. The measuring system was partly installed in the vacuum chamber, and the relationship of chamber pressure and energy loss caused by the residual air in the vacuum chamber was studied for the source-to-detector distance ranging from 1 to 5 cm. The results show that the chamber pressure should be less than 10 Pa for the present measuring system. In the process of measurement, the energy spectrum of alpha-particles transmitted through each different measuring point were obtained, and then recorded automatically by a self-developed multi-channel analysis software. At the same time, the central channel numbers of the spectrum (CH) were also saved in a text form document. In order to realize the automation of data processing and represent the thickness uniformity visually in a graphic 3D plot, a software package was developed to convert the CH values into film thickness and thickness uniformity. The results obtained in this paper make the film thickness uniformity measurements more accurate and efficient in the ICF experiments.

关键词： Analysis and statistical methods data processing methods Spectrometers

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A digital system of acquisition and coincidence for SANS

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第11期15卷

作者： Hu, S. Zhang, X. Shen, F. Zhou, R. Zuo, J. Sichuan Univ Coll Phys Chengdu 610065 Peoples R China

We have developed multi-channel signal acquisition with a coincidence digital circuit for a two-dimensional detector array of the small-angle neutron scattering spectrometer (SANS) of the Institute of Nuclear Physical Chemistry at the Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics. This paper discusses how to determine such factors as the coincidence time window and program dead time according to the characteristics of the detector signal and how to correct the timer to realize the data coincidence. The whole system can support up to 192 analog channels connected to a fast analog-to-digital converter, supporting speeds of 50 MSPS for each channel managed by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The internal clock of the FPGA is 50 MHz and the time accuracy is 20 ns. Preliminary experiments are carried out and the results are presented and discussed. The whole design can fully meet the needs of the spectrometer.

关键词： Analysis and statistical methods data acquisition concepts data processing methods Neutron diffraction detectors

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Transport of covariance matrices in the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the ATLAS experiment by the application of a semi-analytical method

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2009年第4期4卷 P04016-P04016页

作者： Lund, E. Bugge, L. Gavrilenko, I. Strandlie, A. Univ Oslo N-0316 Oslo Norway CERN European Org Nucl Res CH-1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland PN Lebedev Phys Inst Moscow 117924 Russia Gjovik Univ Coll N-2802 Gjovik Norway

In this paper we study the transport of track parameter covariance matrices - the so-called error propagation - in the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the ATLAS experiment. The Jacobian elements are transported in parallel with the track parameters, avoiding the inherent need of any purely numerical scheme of propagating a set of auxiliary tracks. We evaluate the quality of the transported Jacobians by a very thorough, purely numerical approach of obtaining the same derivatives, providing a quantitative understanding of the effects of including gradients of energy loss and the magnetic field on the accuracy of the error propagation. Irrespective of the accuracy of the underlying track parameter propagation, the method of parallel integration of the derivatives is demonstrated to be significantly faster than even the simplest numerical scheme. The error propagation presented in this paper is part of the simultaneous track and error propagation ( STEP) algorithm of the common ATLAS tracking software.

关键词： Pattern recognition, cluster finding, calibration and fitting methods Simulation methods and programs data processing methods

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dataCloud infrastructure to manage FAIR environmental data

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第4期15卷

作者： Aguilar, F. IFCA CSIC Ave Castros S-N Ed Juan Jorda Santander Cantabria Spain

The use of Jupyter notebooks as a platform for data management is becoming popular in different disciplines thanks to the features provided: web-based interface, code running capabilities, customization, kernel configuration, etc. However, it is sometimes limited to the server capacity, so working with big datasets is difficult since certain data analysis requires intensive computing or even GPUs. Thanks to diverse Cloud Computing-based solutions, especially those provided by eXtreme-dataCloud project, these limitations can be solved, providing an integrated environment where storage and computing resources could support a system in a transparent way for the user.

关键词： Computing (architecture, farms, GRID for recording, storage, archiving and distribution of data) Software architectures (event data models, frameworks and databases) data processing methods

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Refining scan positions in Ptychography through error minimisation and potential application of Machine Learning

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2018年第6期13卷 C06002-C06002页

作者： Guzzi, F. Kourousias, G. Bille, F. Pugliese, R. Reis, C. Gianoncelli, A. Carrato, S. Univ Trieste Dept Engn & Architecture DIA Via A Valerio 10 I-34127 Trieste Italy Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA Str Statale 14AREA Sci Pk I-34149 Trieste Italy

Ptychography is an advanced technique whose latest developments have allowed for exceptionally high resolution in X-ray microscopy, as well as new setups that can even be lensless;the spatial resolution has already reached <5 nm in synchrotron beamlines. Still there are certain demanding requirements such as beam coherence and strong involvement of computational methods that make it a rather difficult technique to implement. In this paper we introduce a computational work-flow aiming at refining the individual probe positions of a ptychography scan. Indeed, the precision of those positions is of high importance as it impacts the reconstruction. Special setups using precise sample stages with nanopositioning and advanced interferometers are important;however, positioning errors still remain a problem for many operating laboratories. This paper examines the Structural Similarity Index as a suitable metric for evaluating the registration in alignment of individually reconstructed probes. Eventually it suggests the use of Machine Learning techniques as future direction in probe alignment. It also presents a new software tool for precise manual alignment and visualization. All the software developed during this research project is provided to the scientific community as open source.

关键词： data processing methods Analysis and statistical methods

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Correcting Intensity Drift in X-ray Grating-based Phase Contrast Imaging

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2016年第3期11卷 C03055-C03055页

作者： Zhang, P. Shao, Q. Hu, R. Wang, S. Zan, G. Wang, S. Bao, Y. Wali, F. Tian, Y. Liu, G. Wang, Z. Gao, K. Univ Sci & Technol China Natl Synchrotron Radiat Lab Hefei 230027 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Opt & Fine Mech Shanghai 201800 Peoples R China

X-ray phase-contrast imaging has become an attractive technique because it can deliver additional information on weakly absorbing materials. Grating-based phase contrast imaging with conventional x-ray source is a breakthrough in x-ray phase contrast imaging because it provides attenuation, refraction and scattering information simultaneously. Therefore, it has potential to be applied in medical and industrial applications. However, in actual experiments, we found that the photon intensity drift of the x-ray source would influence the final images, especially the refraction images. After analyzing the phase-stepping curve, we proposed a correction method to fix the problem due to the effect of intensity drift. The proposed correction method is successfully applied to grating-based phase-contrast imaging setup having un-stable x-ray source. The experimental results show that our method could solve this problem.

关键词： Computerized Tomography (CT) and Computed Radiography (CR) data processing methods X-ray radiography and digital radiography (DR) Inspection with x-rays

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