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12th International Workshop on Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy (HASP)

作者： Lal, Reshma Anderson, James B. Jackson, Andrew Adv Micro Devices Inc Santa Clara CA 95054 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400716232

One of the biggest transformations in the datacenter in the past decade has been the rapid growth of heterogenous computing involving HW accelerators to allow application specific offloads for power and performance efficiencies. There is a major shift from the monolithic servers to dynamically composable systems consisting of disaggregated memory, storage and compute resources to meet the needs of compute intensive applications such as AI/ML and HPC. At the same time, with the increased adoption of confidential computing in the public cloud, the industry has realized the need to extend the security assurance of trusted execution environment (TEE) from the CPU to devices. While this has resulted in the emergence of new security standards such as TDISP (PCI-SIG's TEE Device Interface Security Protocol), the interface security is only useful if the device also implements a TEE. data processing unit (DPU), the next generation of SmartNICs, have a key role in the new datacenter architecture and must provide high-speed networking, efficient data transfer protocols, and new services while meeting the confidential computing workload needs. In this position paper, we explain how the problem of making a TEE capable DPU differs from those of compute accelerators like GPUs and FPGAs. We describe DPU's threat model which include DPU specific threats, discuss the challenges and suggest design considerations that can help in exploring DPU TEE architecture options.

关键词： Confidential computing data processing unit

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Enclosure for data processing unit electronics (DPU) with integrated phase-change thermal capacitor for space applications - A design overview 23

Enclosure for data processing unit electronics (DPU) with in...

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23rd IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems, ITherm 2024

作者： Jurkowski, Artur Wójcik, Marcin Lysek, Kamil Klimanek, Adam Kp Labs Sp. z o.o Gliwice Poland Silesian University of Technology Department of Thermal Technology Gliwice Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9798350364330

In the article authors describe areas of phase change material utilisation with special emphasize of the data processing unit electronics for the space applications. As a preliminary activity thermal numerical model was created with set of boundary conditions representing duty cycle of the electronics. The simulation results were used as a base for preparation of experiment. These two sets of results were described independently and finally compared with detailed evaluation. Results are promising for the electronic devices development integrated with the phase-change thermal capacitor for improvement its lifetime and capability. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： data processing unit electronic box phase change material small satellite thermal cycling

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Sensitivity analysis and uncertainity quantification of thermal model for data processing unit dedicated for nanosatellite space missions 28

Sensitivity analysis and uncertainity quantification of ther...

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28th International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC)

作者： Jurkowski, Artur Paluch, Radoslaw Wojcik, Marcin Klimanek, Adam KP Labs Dept Thermal Engn Gliwice Poland Silesian Tech Univ Dept Thermal Engn Gliwice Poland

ISBN: (数字)9781665492294

ISBN: (纸本)9781665492294

In the paper a sensitivity analysis (SA) and uncertainty quantification (UQ) were used to analyse and verify the thermal aspects of the prototype design of the Intuition-1 cubesat data processing unit (DPU). Prepared thermal mathematical model was used to perform the SA and UQ. For the analysis, two major goals are indicated: firstly, identify and eliminate less important parameters from further analysis, secondly taking into account the epistemic and aleatory uncertainties in the UQ study for discovering the lower and upper bounds of outputs variability. The collected results showed that the analysed stage of design of the Intuition-1 DPU does not require further modification. This conclusion was supported by the fact that the determined temperatures did not exceed the operational limits for the device. It was also shown that minimizing the uncertainty of inputs can reduce the overall uncertainty of obtained results, contributing to greater credibility of the thermal design. The presented methodology can be applied to many other products to identify the importance of individual design parameters and predict uncertainty of key responses under mixed aleatory and epistemic one. The obtained results provided valuable information supporting space project decisions and were important for robustness of the thermal design.

关键词： data processing unit Thermal management cubesat Intuition-1

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Unlocking Kubernetes Networking Efficiency: Exploring data processing units for Offloading and Enhancing Container Network Interfaces 4

Unlocking Kubernetes Networking Efficiency: Exploring Data P...

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4th IEEE Global Conference for Advancement in Technology, GCAT 2023

作者： Nagendra, T.P. Hemavathy, R. Department of Computer Science and Engineering R. V. College of Engineering Bengaluru India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350305258

This paper delves into the realm of Kubernetes networking, exploring the pivotal role of Container Network Interface (CNI) plugins in orchestrating containerized applications. The core of the paper focuses on CNI plugins, encompassing the basics of Kubernetes networking, CNI architecture, and an in-depth analysis of prominent plugins such as Cilium, Flannel, Project Calico, SR-IOV CNI, and Weave Net. Leveraging insights from past performance studies, the paper navigates the advantages and limitations of these plugins. The exploration extends to data processing units (DPUs), showcasing their potential to revolutionize Kubernetes networking. Through case studies and use cases, the paper unveils the innovative utilization of DPUs for offloading networking tasks. Considering the offloading capabilities inherent in DPUs, we showcase different CNIs for specific Kubernetes cluster requirements. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Cilium CNI Container Network Interface data processing unit DPU Kubernetes Offload SmartNIC SR-IOV

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Performance Characteristics and Guidelines of Offloading Middleboxes Onto BlueField-2 DPU

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 2025年第2期74卷 609-622页

作者： Li, Fuliang Chen, Qin Shen, Jiaxing Wang, Xingwei Cao, Jiannong Northeastern Univ Shenyang 110819 Peoples R China Lingnan Univ Hong Kong 999077 Peoples R China Hong Kong Polytech Univ Hong Kong 999077 Peoples R China

With the rapid growth in data center network bandwidth far outpacing improvements in CPU performance, traditional software middleboxes running on servers have become inefficient. The emerging data processing units aim to address this by offloading network functions from the CPU. However, as DPUs are still a new technology, there lacks comprehensive evaluation of their capabilities for accelerating middleboxes. This paper benchmarks and analyzes the performance of offloading middleboxes onto the NVIDIA BlueField-2 DPU. Three key DPU capabilities are explored: flow tables offloading, ARM subsystem packet processing, and connection tracking hardware offload. By applying these to implement representative middleboxes for firewall, packet scheduling, and load balancing, their performance is characterized and compared to conventional CPU-based versions. Results reveal the high throughput of flow tables offloading for stateless firewalls, but limitations as pipeline depth increases. Packet scheduling using ARM cores is shown to currently reduce performance versus CPU-based scheduling. Finally, while connection tracking hardware offload boosts load balancer bandwidth, it also weakens connection creation abilities. Key lessons on efficient middleboxes offloading strategies with DPUs are provided to guide further research and development. Overall, this paper offers useful benchmarking and analysis of emerging DPUs for accelerating middleboxes in modern data centers.

关键词： Middleboxes Central processing unit Firewalls (computing) Throughput Bandwidth Servers Scheduling algorithms Computers Program processors Linux data processing unit performance characteristics offloading middleboxes

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Numerical and experimental study of thermal stabilization system for satellite electronics with integrated phase-change capacitor

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APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 2025年 258卷

作者： Jurkowski, Artur Klimanek, Adam Sladek, Slawomir Silesian Tech Univ Dept Thermal Technol Konarskiego 22 PL-44100 Gliwice Poland KP Labs Spzoo Bojkowska 37J PL-44100 Gliwice Poland

In this paper experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to analyze the application of phase change material (PCM) for temperature stabilization of small satellite electronics. The reference electronic equipment is a data processing unit generating a nominal power of 9.6 W during its operation. To stabilize its temperature, an integrated PCM module was designed, built, and tested experimentally in a thermal-vacuum chamber. The experimental results were then used to validate a numerical model, developed using commercial software Simcenter FloEFD. The results showed good agreement between measured and predicted temperature evolution in critical locations of the unit. The model predictions were further improved by conducting analysis of uncertain input data, model settings, and by inclusion of the effect of natural convection in the PCM. The improved model showed better agreement between the model predictions and experiments. The comparison showed that the maximum difference between the measured and calculated temperature at the most important location (the heater) was 1.6 degrees C and difference of the peak values was 0.8 degrees C. Finally, the model was used to compare the constructed module containing the PCM with a system consisting of an aluminum block of the same volume as PCM. The comparison showed that the use of PCM allows fora reduction of the maximum temperature by 6.2 degrees C while reducing the mass almost 3.5 times. The results demonstrate that the developed numerical model allows for accurate predictions of temperature distributions in the designed device, and can be effectively used to design PCM modules dedicated to in-space electronics, thereby increasing their peak capabilities and lifetime.

关键词： data processing unit Phase change material Small satellite Electronic box Thermal cycling

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Application of Phase Change Material for Thermal Management of Space Electronics 30

Application of Phase Change Material for Thermal Management ...

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30th International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC)

作者： Jurkowski, Artur Paluch, Radoslaw KP Labs Dept Thermal Engn Gliwice Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9798350387834;9798350387827

This study presents the development and validation of a SpaceVPX compliant data processing unit (DPU), which incorporates Phase Change Material (PCM) for effective thermal management. Using additive manufacturing, an aluminum container was 3D printed to create a hollow structure within the module's enclosure. It was subsequently filled with the paraffin n-eicosane to stabilize temperatures of module's electronics. This approach ensured operational reliability in dynamic orbital thermal environment. A detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model and a reduced nodal Lumped Parameter model were created and validated through Thermal Vacuum Chamber (TVAC) tests. The experimental results showed that the PCM significantly mitigated temperature fluctuations, maintaining the electronics' temperature amplitude below 40 degrees C during Thermal Cycling Tests (TCT). The design proved to be reliable, as part of the generated heat was conducted to the satellite's structure while the PCM absorbed the rest. Therefore, even after complete phase change occurred, the maximum operational temperature was within assumed limits. This demonstrates the successful integration of PCM within SpaceVPX compliant modules, offering an effective solution for thermal management in space applications.

关键词： data processing unit electronics cooling Phase Change Material SpaceVPX standard

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DoW-KV: A DPU-offloaded and Write-optimized Key-Value Store on Disaggregated Persistent Memory 25

DoW-KV: A DPU-offloaded and Write-optimized Key-Value Store ...

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25th IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER)

作者： Zhang, Yiwen Li, Guokuan Wan, Jiguang Wang, Junyue Li, Jun Yao, Ting Wu, Huatao Wang, Daohui Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Wuhan Natl Lab Optoelect Wuhan Peoples R China Huawei Technol Co Ltd Cloud Storage Serv Prod Dept Shenzhen Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350307924

Disaggregated Persistent Memory (DPM) is a promising technology offering elasticity, high resource utilization, persistent data storage, and lower power consumption. While building KV stores on the DPM benefits from these merits, achieving efficient writes also faces two primary challenges: 1) limited scalability caused by the underused PM bandwidth, and 2) limited CPU resources the persistent memory server (PMS) can provide. Integrating the SmartNIC such as the data processing unit (DPU) into the DPM gives developers the chance to optimize writing to KV stores by utilizing both the memory and processor of DPU. However, simple offloading cannot make full use of the DPU's potential capacity. To address these challenges, we propose DoW-KV, a persistent hash KV store on DPM. DoW-KV employs a two-tier hash index consisting of a DPU cache table in DPU memory and multiple PM persistent tables on the PM. It relocates small random writes to the DPU memory and consolidates them to the PM at a coarse granularity. Furthermore, DoW-KV uses DPU-offloaded step merge and a coroutine-based asynchronous processing framework to efficiently manage the PM persistent tables. DoW-KV also introduces a client-mixed read strategy to boost key searching on the two-tier hash index. Experimental results show that DoW-KV outperforms the state-of-the-art DINOMO by 2.1x and 1.3x in the Put and Get operations, respectively.

关键词： Disaggregated persistent memory Key-value store data processing unit

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iKnowFirst: An Efficient DPU-assisted Compaction for LSM-Tree-based Key-Value Stores 34

iKnowFirst: An Efficient DPU-assisted Compaction for LSM-Tre...

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34th IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAP)

作者： Chen, Jiahong Wang, Shengzhe Zhang, Zhihao Wu, Suzhen Mao, Bo Xiamen Univ Xiamen Fujian Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350346855

In scenarios with write-intensive workloads, LSM-tree-based key-value stores, such as RocksDB, suffer from compaction-induced performance degradation. RocksDB provides configurable compaction options to mitigate the severe read/write amplification problems associated with compaction. The advent of the data processing unit (DPU) allows us to better utilize the configurable options of RocksDB to guide the key-value store system in choosing a suitable compaction strategy with prior knowledge of the workload characteristics. This paper proposes iKnowFirst, an efficient DPU-assisted key-value store. iKnowFirst (1) sets a data buffer on the DPU and separates hot-cold data to relieve the pressure of subsequent LSM-tree compaction, (2) senses the characteristics of the workloads in advance, and dynamically guides RocksDB to choose different compaction modes or enable/disable compaction when the workloads change, to cope with the scenario of write outbreak, and (3) implements an auto-selecting interface for compaction strategies selection. Our prototype implementation and experimental results show that iKnowFirst achieves 3.2x improvement compared to the original RocksDB on write-intensive and highly skewed workloads while showing acceptable performance under read-intensive workloads.

关键词： Key-Value Store RocksDB data processing unit Compaction

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An Investigation of Machine Learning Algorithms for High-bandwidth SQL Injection Detection Utilising BlueField-3 DPU Technology 36

An Investigation of Machine Learning Algorithms for High-ban...

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36th IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC)

作者： Tasdemir, Kasim Khan, Rafiullah Siddiqui, Fahad Sezer, Sakir Kurugollu, Fatih Bolat, Alperen Queens Univ Belfast Ctr Secure Informat Technol Belfast Antrim North Ireland QUB GDR LAB Grp Belfast Antrim North Ireland NVIDIA Corp Belfast Antrim North Ireland Univ Sharjah Dept Comp Sci Coll Comp & Informat Sharjah U Arab Emirates

ISBN: (纸本)9798350300116

SQL injection attacks present a significant risk to data center security. Traditional rule-based pattern matching techniques exhibit limitations, such as inability to adapt to new attack types, to give decision confidence and lower detection accuracy. Machine learning (ML) based approaches offer promising alternatives;however, their computational requirements and the increasing volume of network traffic pose challenges for their application in conventional hardware. data processing units (DPUs) have emerged as the tailored computing platform for infrastructure related workloads within data centers including security. This paper evaluates the performance and efficiency of classical ML methods for SQL injection detection utilising computing resources on DPUs. In this study, 20 prominent ML models are tested against a dataset comprising 30,000 SQL payloads, and their performance is compared in a series of experiments. The results indicate that the Passive Aggressive Classifier is the most suitable model for near-real-time detection, achieving a detection latency of approximately 0.3 mu s/sample with an accuracy of 99.78%. This paper demonstrates that ML methods can be efficiently and effectively deployed on DPUs for SQL injection detection, providing valuable insights into threat intelligence for enhancing data center security. The codes of this study can be found at: https://***/gdrlab/dpu- sqli- detection.

关键词： SQL injection Attack Detection Machine Learning Passive Aggressive Analysis data processing unit Network

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