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data-flow analysis OF ARRAY AND SCALAR REFERENCES

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PARALLEL PROGRAMMING 1991年第1期20卷 23-53页

作者： FEAUTRIER, P UNIV PIERRE & MARIE CURIL MASI LABF-75252 PARIS 05FRANCE

Given a program written in a simple imperative language (assignment statements, for loops, affine indices and loop limits), this paper presents an algorithm for analyzing the patterns along which values flow as the execution proceeds. For each array or scalar reference, the result is the name and iteration vector of the source statement as a function of the iteration vector of the referencing statement. The paper discusses several applications of the method: conversion of a program to a set of recurrence equations, array and scalar expansion, program verification and parallel program construction.

关键词： data-flow analysis SEMANTICS analysis ARRAY EXPANSION

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data-flow analysis-Based Approach of database Watermarking 2nd

Data-Flow Analysis-Based Approach of Database Watermarking

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2nd International Doctoral Symposium on Applied Computation and Security Systems (ACSS)

作者： Rani, Sapana Kachhap, Preeti Halder, Raju Indian Inst Technol Patna Bihar India

ISBN: (纸本)9788132226536;9788132226512

In this paper, we propose a persistent watermarking technique of information systems supported by relational databases at the back-end. The persistency is achieved by identifying an invariant part of the database which remains unchanged w.r.t. the operations in the associated applications. To achieve this, we apply static data-flow analysis technique to the applications. The watermark is then embedded into the invariant part of the database, leading to a persistent watermark. We also watermark the associated applications in the information system by using opaque predicates which are obtained from the variant part of the database.

关键词： Persistent watermarking Relational databases data-flow analysis Security

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data-flow analysis for MPI programs

Data-flow analysis for MPI programs

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35th International Conference on Parallel Processing

作者： Strout, Michelle Mills Kreaseck, Barbara Hovland, Paul D. Colorado State Univ Ft Collins CO 80523 USA La Sierra Univ Riverside CA USA Argonne Natl Lab Argonne IL USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769526365

Message passing via MPI is widely used in single-program, multiple-data (SPMD) parallel programs. Existing data-flow frameworks do not model the semantics of message-passing SPMD programs, which can result in less precise and even incorrect analysis results. We present a data-flow analysis framework for performing interprocedural analysis of message-passing SPMD programs. The framework is based on the MPI-ICFG representation, which is an interprocedural control-flow graph (ICFG) augmented with communication edges between possible send and receive pairs and partial context sensitivity. We show how to formulate nonseparable data-flow analyses within our framework using reaching constants as a canonical example. We also formulate and provide experimental results for the nonseparable analysis, activity analysis. Activity analysis is a domain-specific analysis used to reduce the computation and storage requirements for automatically differentiated MPI programs. Automatic differentiation is important for application domains such as climate modeling, electronic device simulation, oil reservoir simulation, medical treatment planning and computational economics to name a few. Our experimental results show that using the MPI-ICFG data-flow analysis framework improves the precision of activity analysis and as a result significantly reduces memory requirements for the automatically differentiated versions of a set of parallel benchmarks, including some of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks.

关键词： MPI data-flow analysis activity analysis SPMD MPI-ICFG

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Lifting inter-app data-flow analysis to large app sets

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AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2018年第2期25卷 315-346页

作者： Sattler, Florian von Rhein, Alexander Berger, Thorsten Johansson, Niklas Schalck Hardo, Mikael Mark Apel, Sven Univ Passau Passau Germany CQSE GmbH Munich Germany Chalmers I Univ Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden IT Univ Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Mobile apps process increasing amounts of private data, giving rise to privacy concerns. Such concerns do not arise only from single apps, which might-accidentally or intentionally-leak private information to untrusted parties, but also from multiple apps communicating with each other. Certain combinations of apps can create critical data flows not detectable by analyzing single apps individually. While sophisticated tools exist to analyze data flows inside and across apps, none of these scale to large numbers of apps, given the combinatorial explosion of possible (inter-app) data flows. We present a scalable approach to analyze data flows across Android apps. At the heart of our approach is a graph-based data structure that represents inter-app flows efficiently. Following ideas from product-line analysis, the data structure exploits redundancies among flows and thereby tames the combinatorial explosion. Instead of focusing on specific installations of app sets on mobile devices, we lift traditional data-flow analysis approaches to analyze and represent data flows of all possible combinations of apps. We developed the tool Sifta and applied it to several existing app benchmarks and real-world app sets, demonstrating its scalability and accuracy.

关键词： Android data-flow analysis Inter-app communication Variability-aware analysis Variational data structures

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May/must analysis and the DFAGen data-flow analysis generator

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2009年第10期51卷 1440-1453页

作者： Stone, Andrew Strout, Michelle Behere, Shweta Colorado State Univ Dept Comp Sci Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Avaya Inc Milpitas CA 95035 USA

data-flow analysis is a common technique for gathering program information for use in program transformations such as register allocation, dead-code elimination, common subexpression elimination, and scheduling. Current tools for generating data-flow analysis implementations enable analysis details to be specified orthogonally to the iterative analysis algorithm but still require implementation details regarding the may and must use and definition sets that occur due to the effects of pointers, side effects, arrays, and user-defined structures. This paper presents the data-flow analysis Generator tool (DFAGen), which enables analysis writers to generate analyses for separable and nonseparable data-flow analyses that are pointer, aggregate, and side-effect cognizant from a specification that assumes only scalars. By hiding the compiler-specific details behind predefined set definitions, the analysis specifications for the DFAGen tool are typically less than ten lines long and similar to those in standard compiler textbooks. The main contribution of this work is the automatic determination of when to use the may or must variant of a predefined set usage in the analysis specification. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： data-flow analysis May Must Static analysis Program analysis Compilers

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Paged absolute addressing mode optimizations for embedded digital signal processors using post-pass data-flow analysis

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DESIGN AUTOMATION FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 1999年第1期4卷 41-59页

作者： Sudarsanam, A Malik, S Tjiang, S Liao, S Princeton Univ Dept Elect Engn Princeton NJ 08544 USA Tensilica Inc Cupertino CA USA Synopsys Inc Mountain View CA USA

We address the problem of code generation for embedded DSP systems. In such systems, it is typical for one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), program memory, and custom circuitry to be integrated onto a single IC. Consequently, the amount of silicon area that is dedicated to program memory is limited, so the embedded software must be sufficiently dense. Additionally, this software must be written so as to meet various high-performance constraints, which may include hard real-time constraints. Unfortunately, existing compiler technology is unable to generate dense, high-performance code for DSPs since it does not provide adequate support for the specialized architectural features of DSPs. These specialized features not only allow for the fast execution of common DSP operations, but they also allow for the generation of dense assembly code that specifies these operations. Thus, system designers often hand-program the embedded software in assembly, which is a very time-consuming task. In this paper, we focus on providing compiler support for one particular specialized architectural feature, namely the paged absolute addressing mode - this feature is found in two commercial DSPs, the Texas Instruments' TMS320C25 and TMS320C50 fixed-point DSPs;however, it may also be featured in application-specific processors (ASIPs). We present some machine-dependent code optimizations that improve code density by exploiting this architectural feature. Experimental results demonstrate that for a set of typical DSP benchmarks, some of our optimizations reduce overall code size and data memory consumption by an average of 5.0% and 16.0%, respectively. Our experimental vehicle throughout this research is the TMS320C25.(1)

关键词： basic block code generation control-flow graph data-flow analysis

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TRACTABLE data-flow analysis FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1994年第8期20卷 579-593页

作者： CHEUNG, SC KRAMER, J UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED DEPT COMP LONDON SW7 2BZ ENGLAND

Automated behavior analysis is a valuable technique in the development and maintainence of distributed systems. In this paper, we present a tractable dataflow analysis technique for the detection of unreachable states and actions in distributed systems. The technique follows an approximate approach described by Reif and Smolka, but delivers a more accurate result in assessing unreachable states and actions. The higher accuracy is achieved by the use of two concepts: action dependency and history sets. Although the technique, does not exhaustively detect all possible errors, it detects nontrivial errors with a worst-case complexity quadratic to the system size. It can be automated and applied to systems with arbitrary loops and nondeterministic structures. The technique thus provides practical and tractable behavior analysis for preliminary designs of distributed systems. This makes it an ideal candidate for an interactive checker in software development tools. The technique is illustrated with case studies of a pump control system and an erroneous distributed program. Results from a prototype implementation are presented.

关键词： DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS data-flow analysis LABELED TRANSITION SYSTEMS STATIC analysis PROGRAM VERIFICATION DISTRIBUTED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATING SYSTEMS AND REACHABILITY analysis

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Compiler analysis for cache coherence: Interprocedural array data-flow analysis and its impact on cache performance

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2000年第9期11卷 879-896页

作者： Choi, L Yew, PC Korea Univ Sch Elect Engn Seoul 136701 South Korea Univ Minnesota Dept Comp Sci Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

In this paper, we present compiler algorithms for detecting references to stale data in shared-memory multiprocessors. The algorithm consists of two key analysis techniques, stale reference detection and locality preserving analysis. While the stale reference detection finds the memory reference patterns that may violate cache coherence, the locality preserving analysis minimizes the number of such stale references by analyzing both temporal and spatial reuses. By computing the regions referenced by arrays inside loops, we extend the previous scalar algorithms [9] for more precise analysis. We develop a full interprocedural array data-flow algorithm, which performs both bottom-up side-effect analysis and top-down context analysis on the procedure call graph to further exploit locality across procedure boundaries. The interprocedural algorithm eliminates cache invalidations at procedure boundaries, which were assumed in the previous compiler algorithms [9]. We have fully implemented the algorithm in the Polaris parallelizing compiler [28]. Using execution-driven simulations on Perfect Club benchmarks, we demonstrate how unnecessary cache misses can be eliminated by the automatic stale reference detection. The algorithm can be used to implement cache coherence in the shared-memory multiprocessors that do not have hardware directories, such as Gray T3D [21].

关键词： compiler interprocedural analysis data-flow analysis cache coherence shared-memory multiprocessors

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A global communication optimization technique based on data-flow analysis and linear algebra

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND SYSTEMS 1999年第6期21卷 1251-1297页

作者： Kandemir, M Banerjee, P Choudhary, A Ramanujam, J Shenoy, N Syracuse Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Syracuse NY 13244 USA Northwestern Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Evanston IL USA Louisiana State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA

Reducing communication overhead is extremely important in distributed-memory message-passing architectures. In this article, we present a technique to improve communication that considers data access patterns of the entire program. Our approach is based on a combination of traditional data-flow analysis and a linear algebra framework, and it works on structured programs with conditional statements and nested loops but without arbitrary goto statements. The distinctive features of the solution are the accuracy in keeping communication set information, support for general alignments and distributions including block-cyclic distributions, and the ability to simulate some of the previous approaches with suitable modifications. We also show how optimizations such as message vectorization, message coalescing, and redundancy elimination are supported by our framework. Experimental results on several benchmarks show that our technique is effective in reducing the number of messages (an average of 32% reduction), the volume of the data communicated (an average of 37% reduction), and the execution time (an average of 26% reduction).

关键词： languages communication optimizations data-flow analysis distributed-memory machines global optimizations message vectorization parallelism

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CONTEXT-DEPENDENT flow-SENSITIVE INTERPROCEDURAL data-flow analysis

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JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE-RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 1995年第3期7卷 177-202页

作者： JOHMANN, KR LIU, SS YAU, SS TELECOMMUN LABS SWITCHING TECHNOL LABCHUNGLI 32099TAIWAN ARIZONA STATE UNIV DEPT COMP SCI & ENGNTEMPEAZ 85287

Interprocedural dataflow analysis is useful in compiler optimization, automatic vectorization and parallelization, dataflow anomaly detection, and software maintenance applications such as program revalidation, and software tools that make a program more understandable by showing data dependencies. These applications require the solution of dataflow problems such as reaching definitions, live variables, available expressions, and definition-use chains. When solving these problems interprocedurally, the context of each call must be taken into account. In this paper, a method to solve this kind of dataflow problem is presented. This method consists of special dataflow equations that are solved for a program flowgraph. In deference to calling context, separate sets, called entry and body sets, are maintained at each node in the flowgraph. The entry set contains calling-context effects that enter a procedure. The body set contains effects that result from statements in the procedure. By isolating calling-context effects in the entry set, a call's nonkilled calling context is preserved by means of a simple intersection operation done at the return node for that call. The main advantages of this method are its precision and low complexity, and the fact that the presence of recursion does not affect the accuracy of the result.

关键词： data-flow analysis INTERPROCEDURAL analysis CALLING CONTEXT flow-SENSITIVE analysis

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