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Complexity in declarative process models: Metrics and multi-modal assessment of cognitive load

EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2023年第1期233卷

作者： Abbad-Andaloussi, Amine Burattin, Andrea Slaats, Tijs Kindler, Ekkart Weber, Barbara Univ St Gallen Inst Comp Sci CH-9000 St Gallen Switzerland Tech Univ Denmark Software Syst Engn DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark Univ Copenhagen Dept Comp Sci DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark

Complex process models can hinder the comprehension of the underlying business processes. While several metrics have been suggested in the literature to evaluate the complexity of imperative process models, little is known about their declarative counterparts. In this paper, we address this gap through a suite of metrics that we propose to capture the complexity of declarative process models. Following this, we empirically investigate the impact of complexity, as measured by the suggested metrics, on users' cognitive load when comprehending declarative process models. Therein, we use a multi-modal approach including eye-tracking and electrodermal activity. The findings of the empirical study provide evidence about the cognitive load emerging as a result of increased model complexity. Overall, the outcome of this paper presents empirically validated metrics to evaluate the complexity of declarative process models. Implementing these metrics and incorporating them in intelligent modeling tools would help assessing the complexity of declarative process models before being deployed. Furthermore, our empirical approach can be adopted by researchers in upcoming empirical studies to provide a multi-perspective assessment of users' cognitive load when engaging with process models.

关键词： Complexity metrics process model comprehension declarative process model Cognitive load Eye-tracking Electrodermal activity

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A State-Based Intention Driven declarative process model

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SYSTEM modelING AND DESIGN 2013年第2期4卷 44-64页

作者： Soffer, Pnina Univ Haifa Dept Management Informat Syst Dept Informat Syst Haifa Israel

declarative process models support process flexibility, whose importance has been widely recognized, particularly for organizations that face frequent changes and variable stimuli from their environment. However, the currently dominant declarative approaches lack expressiveness for addressing the process context (namely, environment effects) and leading its execution towards a goal. This paper proposes a declarative model which addresses activities as well as states, external events, and goals. The model is based on the Generic process model (GPM), extended by a notion of activity, which includes a state change aspect and an intentional aspect. The achievement of the intention of an activity may depend on events in the environment and is hence not certain. The paper provides a formalization of the model and describes an execution mechanism. It emphasizes the usefulness of specifying the intentional aspect of activities, by using it as a basis for semantic validation of the model at design time and for a planning module that can guide execution at runtime. These are illustrated by an example from the medical domain.

关键词： declarative process model Generic process model Goal Intention Notion of Activity process Flexibility

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Automated discovery of declarative process models with correlated data conditions

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2020年第0期89卷 101482-000页

作者： Leno, Volodymyr Dumas, Marlon Maggi, Fabrizio Maria La Rosa, Marcello Polyvyanyy, Artem Univ Tartu Liivi 2 EE-50409 Tartu Estonia Univ Melbourne Parkville Vic 3010 Australia

Automated process discovery techniques enable users to generate business process models from event logs extracted from enterprise information systems. Traditional techniques in this field generate procedural process models (e.g., in the BPMN notation). When dealing with highly variable processes, the resulting procedural models are often too complex to be practically usable. An alternative approach is to discover declarative process models, which represent the behavior of the process as a set of constraints. declarative process discovery techniques have been shown to produce simpler models than procedural ones, particularly for processes with high variability. However, the bulk of approaches for automated discovery of declarative process models focus on the control-flow perspective, ignoring the data perspective. This paper addresses the problem of discovering declarative process models with data conditions. Specifically, the paper tackles the problem of discovering constraints that involve two activities of the process such that each of these two activities is associated with a condition that must hold when the activity occurs. The paper presents and compares two approaches to the problem of discovering such conditions. The first approach uses clustering techniques in conjunction with a rule mining technique, while the second approach relies on redescription mining techniques. The two approaches (and their variants) are empirically compared using a combination of synthetic and real-life event logs. The experimental results show that the former approach outperforms the latter when it comes to re-discovering constraints artificially injected in a log. Also, the former approach is in most of the cases more computationally efficient. On the other hand, redescription mining discovers rules with higher confidence (and lower support) suggesting that it may be used to discover constraints that hold for smaller subsets of cases of a process. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Publishe

关键词： process mining Automated process discovery declarative process model Rule mining

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An SQL-Based declarative process Mining Framework for Analyzing process Data Stored in Relational Databases 21st

An SQL-Based Declarative Process Mining Framework for Analyz...

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21st International Conference on Business process Management (BPM)

作者： Riva, Francesco Benvenuti, Dario Maggi, Fabrizio Maria Marrella, Andrea Montali, Marco Free Univ Bozen Bolzano Bolzano Italy Univ Tartu Tartu Estonia Datalane SRL Verona Italy Sapienza Univ Rome Rome Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9783031416224;9783031416231

Recently, the idea of applying process data analysis over relational databases (DBs) has been investigated in the process mining field resulting into different DB schemas that can be used to effectively store process data coming from process-Aware Information Systems (PAISs). However, although SQL queries are particularly suitable to check declarative rules over traces stored in a DB, a deep analysis of how the existing instruments for SQL-based process mining can be effectively used for process analysis tasks based on declarative process modeling languages is still missing. In this paper, we present a full-fledged framework based on SQL queries over relational DBs for different declarative process mining use cases, i.e., process discovery, conformance checking, and query checking. The framework is used to benchmark different SQL-based solutions for declarative process mining, using synthetic and real-life event logs, with the aim of exploring their strengths and weaknesses.

关键词： process Discovery Conformance Checking Query Checking declarative process model SQL Relational Database

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Towards low-code Adaptive Case Management Solutions with Dynamic Condition Response Graphs, Subprocesses and Data 22

Towards low-code Adaptive Case Management Solutions with Dyn...

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IEEE 22nd International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC)

作者： Stromsted, Rasmus Iven Marquard, Morten Heuck, Emil Exformat AS Copenhagen Denmark DCR Solut AS Copenhagen Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9781538641415

This paper reports on Exformatics A/S experiences through the last year using the Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) graphs declarative process notation as the backbone of adaptive case management solutions. Concretely, we show how advanced DCR features such as data, guarded relations, event types, DCR Forms and sub-processes allow for programming advanced adaptive case management solutions with forms and data without a single line of traditional code. Based on the experiences we propose future directions of work and possible extensions to the DCR notation for making the descriptions less complex.

关键词： forms declarative process model Dynamic Condition Response process execution sub-processes data

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Clinical processes - The Killer Application for Constraint-Based process Interactions? 30th

Clinical Processes - The Killer Application for Constraint-B...

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30th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE)

作者： Jimenez-Ramirez, Andres Barba, Irene Reichert, Manfred Weber, Barbara Del Valle, Carmelo Univ Seville Dept Lenguajes & Sistemas Informat Seville Spain Ulm Univ Inst Databases & Informat Syst Ulm Germany Univ Innsbruck Dept Comp Sci Innsbruck Austria Tech Univ Denmark Lyngby Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9783319915630;9783319915623

For more than a decade, the interest in aligning information systems in a process-oriented way has been increasing. To enable operational support for business processes, the latter are usually specified in an imperative way. The resulting process models, however, tend to be too rigid to meet the flexibility demands of the actors involved. declarative process modeling languages, in turn, provide a promising alternative in scenarios in which a high level of flexibility is demanded. In the scientific literature, declarative languages have been used for modeling rather simple processes or synthetic examples. However, to the best of our knowledge, they have not been used to model complex, real-world scenarios that comprise constraints going beyond control-flow. In this paper, we propose the use of a declarative language for modeling a sophisticated healthcare process scenario from the real world. The scenario is subject to complex temporal constraints and entails the need for coordinating the constraint-based interactions among the processes related to a patient treatment process. As demonstrated in this work, the selected real process scenario can be suitably modeled through a declarative approach.

关键词： process flexibility declarative process model Healthcare process Temporal constraints

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Dynamic evaluation forms using declarative modeling

Dynamic evaluation forms using declarative modeling

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2018 Dissertation Award, Demonstration, and Industrial Track at BPM, BPMTracks 2018

作者： Strømsted, Rasmus López, Hugo A. Debois, Søren Marquard, Morten Exformatics A/S Denmark IT University of Copenhagen Denmark DCR Solutions A/S Denmark

This paper reports preliminary experiences using the Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) graphs declarative process notation to specify dynamic evaluation forms, and using an execution engine for that notation to subsequently "run" the form. The DCR notation was able to express all the patterns of behaviour necessary for a real case: a post-hoc evaluation form for a Danish arbitration court, "Voldgiftsnævnet for Anlæg og Byggeri". However, some patterns were somewhat cumbersome to express. Copyright © 2018 for this paper by its authors.

关键词： DCR declarative process model Dynamic condition response Forms process execution

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Discovery of Multi-perspective declarative process models 14th

Discovery of Multi-perspective Declarative Process Models

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14th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing (ICSOC)

作者： Schoenig, Stefan Di Ciccio, Claudio Maggi, Fabrizio M. Mendling, Jan Vienna Univ Econ & Business Vienna Austria Univ Tartu Tartu Estonia

ISBN: (纸本)9783319462950;9783319462943

process discovery is one of the main branches of process mining that allows the user to build a process model representing the process behavior as recorded in the logs. Standard process discovery techniques produce as output a procedural process model (e.g., a Petri net). Recently, several approaches have been developed to derive declarative process models from logs and have been proven to be more suitable to analyze processes working in environments that are less stable and predictable. However, a large part of these techniques are focused on the analysis of the control flow perspective of a business process. Therefore, one of the challenges still open in this field is the development of techniques for the analysis of business processes also from other perspectives, like data, time, and resources. In this paper, we present a full-fledged approach for the discovery of multi-perspective declarative process models from event logs that allows the user to discover declarative models taking into consideration all the information an event log can provide. The approach has been implemented and experimented in real-life case studies.

关键词： process mining process discovery Multi-perspective process model declarative process model Declare

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Generating Business process Recommendations with a Population-Based Meta-Heuristic

Generating Business Process Recommendations with a Populatio...

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12th International Conference on Business process Management (BPM)

作者： Mertens, Steven Gailly, Frederik Poels, Geert Univ Ghent Fac Econ & Business Adm Dept Business Informat & Operat Management B-9000 Ghent Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9783319158952;9783319158945

In order to provide both guidance and flexibility to users during process execution, recommendation systems have been proposed. Existing recommendation systems mainly focus on offering recommendation according to the process optimization goals (time, cost...). In this paper we offer a new approach that primarily focuses on maximizing the flexibility during execution. This means that by following the recommendations, the user retains maximal flexibility to divert from them later on. This makes it possible to handle (possibly unknown) emerging constraints during execution. The main contribution of this paper is an algorithm that uses a declarative process model to generate a set of imperative process models that can be used to generate recommendations.

关键词： Business processes Recommender systems declarative process model Run-time flexibility

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