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IEEE POWER & ENERGY MAGAZINE 2007年第4期5卷 78-94页

作者： Hatziargyriou, Nikos Asano, Hiroshi Iravani, Reza Marnay, Chris Natl Tech Univ Athens GR-10682 Athens Greece Univ Tokyo Tokyo Japan Polytech Univ Tehran Iran Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

This article outlines the ongoing research, development, and demonstrates the microgrid operation currently in progress in Europe, the United States, Japan, and Canada. The penetration of distributed generation (DG) at medium and low voltages is increasing in developed countries worldwide. Microgrids are entities that coordinate DERs (distributed energy resources) in a consistently more decentralized way, thereby reducing the control burden on the grid and permitting them to provide their full benefits. In the context of this article, a microgrid comprises a LV locally-controlled cluster of DERs that behaves, from the grid's perspective, as a single producer or both electrically and in energy markets. A microgrid operates safely and efficiently within its local distribution network, but it is also capable of islanding.

关键词： Cogeneration Control systems Carbon dioxide Heat engines Waste heat Power generation Solar power generation Wind turbines density estimation robust algorithm Isolation technology

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Impact of the vertical variation of cloud droplet size on the estimation of cloud liquid water path and rain detection

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JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2007年第11期64卷 3843-3853页

作者： Chen, Ruiyue Chang, Fu-Lung Li, Zhanqing Ferraro, Ralph Weng, Fuzhong Univ Maryland Cooperat Inst Climate Studies Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci College Pk MD 20742 USA Natl Inst Aerosp Hampton VA USA Univ Maryland Cooperat Inst Climate Studies College Pk MD 20742 USA NOAA NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res Camp Springs MD USA

Cloud droplet effective radius (DER) and liquid water path (LWP) are two key parameters for the quantitative assessment of cloud effects on the exchange of energy and water. Chang and Li presented an algorithm using multichannel measurements made at 3.7, 2.1, and 1.6 mu m to retrieve a cloud DER vertical profile for improved cloud LWP estimation. This study applies the multichannel algorithm to the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data on the Aqua satellite, which also carries the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) for measuring cloud LWP and precipitation. By analyzing one day of coincident MODIS and AMSR-E observations over the tropical oceans between 40 degrees S and 40 degrees N for overcast warm clouds (> 273 K) having optical depths between 3.6 and 23, the effects of DER vertical variation on the MODIS-derived LWP are reported. It is shown that the LWP tends to be overestimated if the DER increases with height within the cloud and underestimated if the DER decreases with height within the cloud. Despite the uncertainties in both MODIS and AMSR-E retrievals, the result shows that accounting for the DER vertical variation reduces the mean biases and root-mean-square errors between the MODIS- and AMSR-E-derived LWPs. Besides, the manner in which the DER changes with height has the potential for differentiating precipitative and nonprecipitative warm clouds. For precipitating clouds, the DER at the cloud top is substantially smaller than the DER at the cloud base. For nonprecipitating clouds, however, the DER differences between the cloud top and the cloud base are much less.

关键词： MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT EFFECTIVE RADIUS AMSR-E PRECIPITABLE WATER OCEAN algorithm GLOBAL SURVEY SATELLITE RETRIEVALS SYSTEM MICROPHYSICS Precipitable Water Clouds Aqua satellite microwave sounding unit density estimation robust algorithm Droplet Size Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellites

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Design for distributed energy resources

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IEEE POWER & ENERGY MAGAZINE 2008年第3期6卷 30-39页

作者： Driesen, Johan Katiraei, Farid Katholieke Univ Leuven Louvain Belgium Nat Resources Canada CANMET Energy Technol Ctr CETC Varennes PQ Canada

The blackout experiences have demonstrated the vulnerability of the interconnected electric power system to grid failure caused by natural disasters and unexpected phenomena. Changes in customer needs, additional stress due to liberalized electricity markets, and a high degree of dependency of today's society on sophisticated technological services also intensify the burden on traditional electric systems and demand for a more reliable and resilient power delivery infrastructure. This paper discusses the design of a restructured electric distribution network that employs a large number of small distributed energy resources (DER) units, which can improve the level of system reliability and provide service differentiations.

关键词： Energy resources density estimation robust algorithm Power system planning Power system interconnection Power system reliability Power quality Power systems Stress Electricity supply industry Distributed power generation

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A 50-NS 16-MB DRAM WITH A 10-NS DATA RATE AND ON-CHIP ECC

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 1990年第5期25卷 1118-1128页

作者： KALTER, HL STAPPER, CH BARTH, JE DILORENZO, J DRAKE, CE FIFIELD, JA KELLEY, GA LEWIS, SC VANDERHOEVEN, WB YANKOSKY, JA IBM CORP DEV LABESSEX JUNCTIONVT 05452 IBM CORP DEPT DRAM DESIGNBURLINGTONVT IBM CORP PROD ADV DESIGN AREAESSEX JUNCTIONVT 05452

A high-speed 16-Mb DRAM chip with on-chip error-correcting code (ECC), which supports either 11/11 or 12/0 RAS/CAS addressing and operates on a 3.3- or 5-V power supply, is described. It can be packaged as a 2-Mb*8, 4-Mb*4, 8-Mb*2, or 16-Mb*1 DRAM, And is capable of operating in fast page mode, static column mode, or toggle mode. Speed and flexibility are achieved by a pipeline layout and on-chip SRAMs that buffer entire ECC words. The use of redundant word and bit lines in conjunction with the ECC produces a synergistic fault-tolerance effect.< >

关键词： Random access memory Error correction codes Packaging Content addressable storage Fault tolerance Integrated circuit manufacture Redundancy density estimation robust algorithm Power supplies Pipelines

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GEOMETRIC FACTOR FOR HALL-MOBILITY CHARACTERIZATION USING THE VANDERPAUW DUAL CONFIGURATION

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES 1993年第8期40卷 1508-1511页

作者： NATHAN, A ALLEGRETTO, W LSI LOG CORP SANTA CLARACA UNIV ALBERTA DEPT MATHEDMONTON T6G 2G7ALBERTACANADA

We present a geometric factor applicable to a wide range of device geometries of the van der Pauw dual configuration. Such a configuration allows a direct retrieval of the Hall mobility in a single measurement of the magnetic-field-induced imbalance in output current. In view of scaling considerations, the geometric factor is characterized simply in terms of device aspect ratio (L/W) and relative electrode separation (d/W). The factor, which is based on numerical computations, overcomes the limitations inherent in the existing form that has been analytically obtained for an infinitesimally small electrode separation. Hence, it is now possible to design practical device geometries which readily lend themselves to in situ measurement and characterization of the material or process in question, without being constrained by photolithography limitations.

关键词： Hall effect density estimation robust algorithm Magnetic field measurement Electrodes Geometry Current measurement Lorentz covariance Magnetic separation Magnetic materials Semiconductor materials

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SINGULARITY INDUCED BIFURCATION AND THE VANDERPOL OSCILLATOR

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I-FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 1994年第11期41卷 765-769页

作者： VENKATASUBRAMANIAN, V School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA

In parameter dependent differential-algebraic models (DAEs) of the form x = f and 0 = g, it has been shown recently that the generic codimension one local bifurcations are the well-known saddle node and Hopf bifurcations and a new bifurcation called the singularity induced bifurcation. The latter occurs generically when an equilibrium of the DAE system crosses the singular surface of noncausal points. In this paper, it is shown that when singularly perturbed models of the form x = f and epsilony = g are considered, the singularity induced bifurcation in the slow DAE system corresponds to oscillatory behavior in the singularly perturbed models. As an example, it is proved that the oscillations in the classical van der Pol oscillator arise when a stable equilibrium undergoes the singularity induced bifurcation in the slow DAE system, which in turn corresponds to the occurrence of supercritical Hopf bifurcations in the singularly perturbed models.

关键词： Bifurcation density estimation robust algorithm Local oscillators Power system dynamics Nonlinear systems Circuits Application software Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions

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A larger role for microgrids

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IEEE POWER & ENERGY MAGAZINE 2008年第3期6卷 78-82页

作者： Venkataramanan, Girl Marnay, Chris Univ Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA Lawrence Berkeley Lab Staff Sci Berkeley CA USA

In this paper the technical constraints imposed by the growing needs of distributed generation, DER, and demanding PQR requirements, the microgrid concept is evolving toward a potentially versatile solution. The growing body of technical publications includes analytical modeling that defines the theoretical basis; computer simulation studies that verify operation and performance: and laboratory-scale, community-scale, and utility-scale demonstrations and pilot projects that add field experience to theory and simulation. Similarly, vigorous efforts are underway to expand microgrid economic and regulatory analysis capability, but challenges remain. At the policy level, significant changes will be needed to facilitate capture of the benefits of microgrids.

关键词： Energy consumption Economic forecasting Cogeneration Power transmission lines Distributed parameter circuits Power generation economics Environmental economics Energy resources density estimation robust algorithm Renewable energy resources

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VUV GENERATION BY HIGH-ORDER CARS

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IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 1990年第4期26卷 739-743页

作者： SCHULZVONDERGATHEN, V BORNEMANN, T KORNAS, V DOBELE, HF Institut fur Laser-und Plasmaphysik Universitat GHS-Essen Essen Germany

Generation of VUV (vacuum ultraviolet) radiation by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in H/sub 2/ is studied with collinear irradiation of the first Stokes component simultaneously with pump laser radiation. Improvements of the high-order coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) method over the pure SRS scheme are: generation of higher anti-Stokes (AS) orders, increased conversion efficiency, and considerably better reproducibility. Experimental results are presented to confirm the theoretical analysis.< >

关键词： Laser excitation Pump lasers Raman scattering Power generation Laser tuning Stimulated emission Hydrogen Fluorescence Spectroscopy density estimation robust algorithm

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A RESISTANCE RATIO BRIDGE BASED ON A CRYOGENIC CURRENT COMPARATOR FOR MEASURING THE QUANTIZED HALL RESISTANCE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 1989年第1期38卷 54-58页

作者： VANDERWEL, W MOOIJ, JE HARMANS, CJPM ANDRE, JP WEIMANN, G PLOOG, K FOXON, CT HARRIS, JJ VAN SWINDEN LAB 2600 AR DELFTNETHERLANDS FORSCHUNGSINST DEUTSCH BUNDESPOST D-6100 DARMSTADTFED REP GER PHILIPS RES LABS REDHILL RH1 5HASURREYENGLAND LABS ELECTR & PHYS APPL F-94450 LIMEIL BREVANNESFRANCE MAX PLANCK INST FESTKORPERFORSCH D-7000 STUTTGART 80FED REP GER

A description is given of a resistance bridge based on a cryogenic current comparator covering a range of 1-12 906 Omega . Type-B ('systematic') uncertainty contributions are carefully evaluated and are less than 0.004 p.p.m. (1 sigma ). Type-A or random contributions are 0.006 p.p.m. ( sigma , 20 min.) in a transfer of the quantized Hall resistance R/sub H/ (i=2) to 100 Omega . Measurements relating h/2e/sup 2/ to Omega /sub VSI/ maintained by the Van Swinden Laboratory are presented, showing agreement to 0.09 p.p.m. with the results of other national standards institutes.< >

关键词： Bridges Cryogenics Current measurement Electrical resistance measurement Laboratories Resistors Circuits density estimation robust algorithm Q measurement Optical filters

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SAHYB - A PROGRAM FOR SIMULATION OF ANALOG AND HYBRID COMPUTERS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS 1966年第3期EC15卷 381-+页

作者： DHOOP, H MONTEROSSO, R CETIS Euratom Research Ctr. Ispra Varese Italy

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