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depth map coding for View Synthesis Based on Distortion Analyses

IEEE JOURNAL ON EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2014年第1期4卷 106-117页

作者： Shao, Feng Lin, Weisi Jiang, Gangyi Yu, Mei Dai, Qionghai Ningbo Univ Fac Informat Sci & Engn Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Engn Ctr Multimedia & Network Technol Singapore 639798 Singapore Tsinghua Univ Broadband Networks & Digital Media Lab Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

In 3-D video, view synthesis with depth-image-based rendering is employed to generate any virtual view between available camera views. Distortions in depth map induce geometry changes in the virtual views, and thus degrade the performance of view synthesis. This paper proposes a depth map coding method to improve the performance of view synthesis based on distortion analyses. The major technical innovation of this paper is to formulate maximum tolerable depth distortion (MTDD) and depth disocclusion mask (DDM), since such depth sensitivity for view synthesis and inter-view redundancy can be well utilized in coding. To be more specific, we define two different encoders (e.g., base encoder and side encoder) for depth maps in left and right views, respectively. For base encoding, different types of coding units are extracted based on the distribution of MTDD and assigned with different quantitative parameters for coding. For side encoding, a warped-SKIP mode is designed to remove inter-view redundancy based on the distribution of DDM. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme not only achieves high view synthesis performance, but also reduce the computational complexity of encoding.

关键词： depth disocclusion mask depth map coding maximum tolerable depth distortion three-dimensional (3-D) video view synthesis

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depth map coding Using Histogram-Based Segmentation and depth Range Updating

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KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2015年第3期9卷 1121-1139页

作者： Lin, Chunyu Zhao, Yao Xiao, Jimin Tillo, Tammam Beijing Jiaotong Univ Inst Informat Sci Beijing Key Lab Adv Informat Sci & Network Beijing 100044 Peoples R China Xian Jiaotong Liverpool Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Suzhou 215123 Peoples R China

In texture-plus-depth format, depth map compression is an important task. Different from normal texture images, depth maps have less texture information, while contain many homogeneous regions separated by sharp edges. This feature will be employed to form an efficient depth map coding scheme in this paper. Firstly, the histogram of the depth map will be analyzed to find an appropriate threshold that segments the depth map into the foreground and background regions, allowing the edge between these two kinds of regions to be obtained. Secondly, the two regions will be encoded through rate distortion optimization with a shape adaptive wavelet transform, while the edges are lossless encoded with JBIG2. Finally, a depth-updating algorithm based on the threshold and the depth range is applied to enhance the quality of the decoded depth maps. Experimental results demonstrate the effective performance on both the depth map quality and the synthesized view quality.

关键词： depth map coding 3D coding histogram-based segmentation

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depth map coding with Distortion Estimation of Rendered View

Depth Map Coding with Distortion Estimation of Rendered View

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Conference on Visual Information Processing and Communication

作者： Kim, Woo-Shik Ortega, Antonio Lai, PoLin Tian, Dong Gomila, Cristina Univ Southern Calif Inst Signal & Image Proc Los Angeles CA 90089 USA Thomson Corp Res Princeton NJ 08540 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819479365

New data formats that include both video and the corresponding depth maps, such as multiview plus depth (MVD), enable new video applications in which intermediate video views (virtual views) can be generated using the transmitted/stored video views (reference views) and the corresponding depth maps as inputs. We propose a depth map coding method based on a new distortion measurement by deriving relationships between distortions in coded depth map and rendered view. In our experiments we use a codec based on H.264/AVC tools, where the rate-distortion (RD) optimization for depth encoding makes use of the new distortion metric. Our experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed method, with coding gains of up to 1.6 dB in interpolated frame quality as compared to encoding the depth maps using the same coding tools but applying RD optimization based on conventional distortion metrics.

关键词： depth map coding DIBR 3-D video coding rate-distortion optimization distortion analysis

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Intra Predictive depth map coding Using Flexible Block Partitioning

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2015年第11期24卷 4055-4068页

作者： Lucas, Luis F. R. Wegner, Krzysztof Rodrigues, Nuno M. M. Pagliari, Carla L. da Silva, Eduardo A. B. de Faria, Sergio M. M. Inst Telecomunicacoes P-2411901 Leiria Portugal Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro PEE COPPE DEL Poli BR-21941972 Rio De Janeiro Brazil Poznan Univ Tech PL-60965 Poznan Poland Inst Politecn Leiria P-2411901 Leiria Portugal Inst Mil Engn Dept Elect Engn BR-22290270 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

A complete encoding solution for efficient intra-based depth map compression is proposed in this paper. The algorithm, denominated predictive depth coding (PDC), was specifically developed to efficiently represent the characteristics of depth maps, mostly composed by smooth areas delimited by sharp edges. At its core, PDC involves a directional intra prediction framework and a straightforward residue coding method, combined with an optimized flexible block partitioning scheme. In order to improve the algorithm in the presence of depth edges that cannot be efficiently predicted by the directional modes, a constrained depth modeling mode, based on explicit edge representation, was developed. For residue coding, a simple and low complexity approach was investigated, using constant and linear residue modeling, depending on the prediction mode. The performance of the proposed intra depth map coding approach was evaluated based on the quality of the synthesized views using the encoded depth maps and original texture views. The experimental tests based on all intra configuration demonstrated the superior rate-distortion performance of PDC, with average bitrate savings of 6%, when compared with the current state-of-the-art intra depth map coding solution present in the 3D extension of a high-efficiency video coding (3D-HEVC) standard. By using view synthesis optimization in both PDC and 3D-HEVC encoders, the average bitrate savings increase to 14.3%. This suggests that the proposed method, without using transform-based residue coding, is an efficient alternative to the current 3D-HEVC algorithm for intra depth map coding.

关键词： depth map coding 3D-HEVC intra predictive coding directional prediction flexible block partitioning depth modelling linear fitting view synthesis

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Fast Mode Decision Based on Grayscale Similarity and Inter-View Correlation for depth map coding in 3D-HEVC

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2018年第3期28卷 706-718页

作者： Lei, Jianjun Duan, Jinhui Wu, Feng Ling, Nam Hou, Chunping Tianjin Univ Sch Elect Informat Engn Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Sch Informat Sci & Technol Hefei 230026 Anhui Peoples R China Santa Clara Univ Dept Comp Engn Santa Clara CA 95053 USA

The 3D extension of High Efficiency Video coding significantly improves the coding efficiency of 3D video at the expense of computational complexity. This paper presents a novel fast mode decision algorithm for depth map coding based on the grayscale similarity and inter-view correlation. First, depth map grayscale similarity is adopted to judge whether the reference frame could assist the coding of the current frame. When the difference in the average grayscale between the co-located coding unit (CU) and the current CU is smaller than the similarity threshold, the depth level of the current CU will be restricted by that of the coded reference CU. Second, the grayscale similarity and inter-view correlation are jointly used for dependent views to achieve early decision on the best prediction unit (PU) mode. The mode decision procedure will be determined early when the co-located CU, which has a grayscale similarity with the current CU, selects Merge or Inter 2Nx2N as the best prediction mode. Moreover, when the corresponding CU in the independent view selects Merge or Inter 2N x 2N as the best prediction mode, the current CU will skip other PU modes checking based on the strong inter-view correlation. Finally, different strategies are proposed for the P-frames and B-frames of dependent views in view of the characteristics of different prediction structures. For B frames, the PU mode information of the coded independent view is utilized as reference to skip the unnecessary mode decision processes. For P frames, the spatial-temporal correlation is considered in the process of early mode decision to determine whether to choose the Merge mode or Inter 2N x 2N as the best mode. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme achieves considerable time saving with negligible degradation of coding performance.

关键词： 3D extension of High Efficiency Video coding (3D-HEVC) depth map coding early termination grayscale similarity inter-view correlation video coding visual communication

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Occlusion-Aware depth map coding Optimization Using Allowable depth map Distortions

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2019年第11期28卷 5266-5280页

作者： Gao, Pan Smolic, Aljosa Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Comp Sci & Technol Nanjing 211106 Jiangsu Peoples R China Trinity Coll Dublin Sch Comp Sci & Stat Dublin D02 PN40 2 Ireland

In depth map coding, rate-distortion optimization for those pixels that will cause occlusion in view synthesis is a rather challenging task, since the synthesis distortion estimation is complicated by the warping competition and the occlusion order can be easily changed by the adopted optimization strategy. In this paper, an efficient depth map coding approach using allowable depth map distortions is proposed for occlusion-inducing pixels. First, we derive the range of allowable depth level change for both the zero disparity error case and non-zero disparity error case with theoretic and geometrical proofs. Then, we formulate the problem of optimally selecting the depth distortion within allowable depth distortion range with the objective to minimize the overall synthesis distortion involved in the occlusion. The unicity and occlusion order invariance properties of allowable depth distortion range is demonstrated. Finally, we propose a dynamic programming based algorithm to locate the optimal depth distortion for each pixel. Simulation results illustrate the performance improvement of the proposed algorithm over the other state-of-the-art depth map coding optimization schemes.

关键词： depth map coding allowable depth distortions occlusion rate-distortion optimization

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Adaptive Lagrangian Multiplier derivation model for depth map coding

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2018年 65卷 26-32页

作者： Zheng, Ziqi Huo, Junyan Li, Bingbing Yuan, Hui Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Shandong Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Jinan 250100 Shandong Peoples R China

In stereoscopic video coding, vast and varied coding modes are utilized to adapt various video content. In order to select the optimal coding parameter set for coding unit, rate-distortion optimization (RDO) criterion is employed as a critical technology. It has been found that the Lagrangian Multiplier of RDO criterion for depth map coding has an impact on coding performance of stereoscopic video. Therefore, the Lagrangian Multiplier should be determined properly. In this paper, we first provide an analysis of the factors that could affect the Lagrangian Multiplier. Then, an adaptive Lagrangian Multiplier derivation model for depth map coding in 3D-HEVC is established by involving these affect factors. At last, the optimal coding parameter set can be obtained by the adjusted RDO criterion through the derived Lagrangian Multiplier. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive Lagrangian Multiplier derivation model can lead to a favorable coding performance of stereoscopic video. An average 3.13% bitrate saving can be achieved compared with the HTM 16.0 reference software. Moreover, compared to two other state-of-art methods, namely the Yang's method and the Huo's method, the proposed model can achieve 0.21% and 0.11% bitrate savings, respectively.

关键词： Lagrangian Multiplier Rate-distortion optimization (RDO) Multiview video plus depth (MVD) 3D-HEVC depth map coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 2012年第4期58卷 1338-1344页

作者： Deng, Hui-Ping Yu, Li Feng, Bin Liu, Qiong Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Informat Engn Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Wuhan Natl Lab Optoelect Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

depth map coding aims to maximize the perceived visual quality of the synthesized virtual views instead of the depth maps. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new synthesized view distortion model to capture the effect of depth map distortion on the final quality of the synthesized views. This paper proposes a structural similarity-based synthesized view distortion (SS-SVD) model to relate perceptual distortion in coded depth map and synthesized view by deriving the relationship between the depth map distortion, warping error and synthesized view distortion. The SS-SVD model is applied to the rate distortion optimization which describes the relationship between depth coding bit-rate and synthesized view distortion for depth map coding mode selection. Experimental results show that the proposed SS-SVD method obtains both better rate distortion performance and perceptual quality of synthesized views than JM reference software(1).

关键词： Three dimensional video depth map coding view synthesis structural similarity index

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Model-based Lagrangian multiplier derivation method for depth map coding

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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2018年第14期54卷 880-881页

作者： Zheng, Ziqi Huo, Juanyan Li, Bingbing Yang, Fuzheng Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China

Rate-distortion optimisation (RDO) is the key technology that is used to choose the optimal coding parameters in video coding. As the Lagrangian multiplier plays a vital role in RDO, a model-based Lagrangian multiplier derivation method is proposed for depth map coding. This method is based on the analysis of the relationships among the Lagrangian multiplier, the coding distortion, the coding bitrate and the quantisation step. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve an average 3.42% bitrate saving compared with the method in HTM 16.0 reference software, and an average 0.41% bitrate saving compared with a state-of-art method.

关键词： rate distortion theory optimisation video coding data compression rate-distortion optimisation RDO optimal coding parameters video coding depth map coding coding distortion coding bitrate model-based Lagrangian multiplier derivation method quantisation step HTM 16 0 reference software

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Fast intra-mode decision for depth map coding in 3D-HEVC

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2020年第5期17卷 1637-1646页

作者： Zhang, Ruyi Jia, Kebin Liu, Pengyu Sun, Zhonghua Beijing Univ Technol Fac Informat Technol Beijing 100124 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Technol Beijing Key Lab Computat Intelligence & Intellige Beijing 100124 Peoples R China

3D-high efficiency video coding (3D-HEVC) contains more encoding viewpoints than traditional HEVC, resulting in a significant increase of coding complexity. In this paper, we propose a low complexity intra mode decision algorithm to reduce the number of intra modes by detecting the flat area and texture direction of the depth map. The corresponding intra prediction modes are skipped when the flat region condition is satisfied. Otherwise, the direction of the edge is detected to decrease the number of angle modes in rough mode decision, which can reduce the intra-coding complexity and coding time cost. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves on average 36.48% time saving with negligible degradation of coding performance.

关键词： 3D-HEVC depth map coding Edge detection Rough mode decision (RMD) Intra mode decision

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