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Transmission of high definition imagery using hybrid FSO/RF links for real-time surveillance, event detection, and follow-up - art. no. 67091A

Transmission of high definition imagery using hybrid FSO/RF ...

引用

Conference on Free-Space Laser Communications VII

作者： Franco, Juan Carlos Rzasa, John Milner, Stuart D. Davis, Christopher C. Univ Maryland Dept Elect & Comp Engn College Pk MD 20742 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468574

High definition (HD) quality imagery provides clearer and more detailed information for use in advanced video surveillance systems. The deployment of such surveillance systems where no fixed communications infrastructure exists presents an ideal application for high data rate directional FSO/RF links and networks. Next generation surveillance systems using HD imagery will be able to detect and analyze objects in detail and at large distances. Such flexibly deployable surveillance systems will be very valuable for military and homeland security surveillance. Nevertheless, designing these types of systems is not an easy task. First, HD images require large amounts of bandwidth: compressed high definition television (HDTV 1080i) images require bit rates of approximately 20Mb/s, which rise to above 1Gb/s for uncompressed images at 30 frames/s, and an increase in the number of cameras in one single system can saturate the available bandwidth. Second, advanced surveillance requires significant computational power for real-time object detection, tracking, and discrimination. This paper analyzes these issues and proposes a solution with on demand video compression and real-time object detection algorithms. A system architecture of a HD scalable system with the ability to track and discriminate objects and events within the system's deployed area will be described. Practical examples of autonomous event detection in wirelessly transmitted HDTV images will be given.

关键词： Video Cameras Video surveillance Surveillance Motion detection Computer programming Video compression Surveillance systems detection and tracking algorithms Machine vision

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Blind source separation for steganalytic secret message estimation

Blind source separation for steganalytic secret message esti...

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9th Conference on Security, Steganigraphy, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents

作者： Ambalavanan, Aruna Chandramouli, R. Stevens Inst Technol Media Secur Networking & Commun Lab Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466181

A blind source separation method for steganalysis of linear additive embedding techniques is presented. The paper formulates steganalysis as a blind source separation problem - statistically separate the host and secret message carrying signals. A probabilistic model of the source distributions is defined based on its sparsity. The problem of having fewer observations than the number of sources is effectively handled exploiting the sparsity and a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimator is developed to chose the best estimate of the sources. Experimental details are provided for steganalysis of a discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain data embedding technique.

关键词： Steganalysis Signal to noise ratio Quantization Data hiding Data modeling Databases detection and tracking algorithms Interference (communication) Network security Statistical analysis

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Context-Dependent Fusion for landmine detection with ground penetrating radar

Context-Dependent Fusion for landmine detection with ground ...

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Conference on detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets XII

作者： Frigui, Hichem Zhang, Lijun Gader, Paul Ho, Dominic Univ Louisville CECS Dept Louisville KY 40292 USA Univ Florida CISE Dept Gainesville FL 32611 USA Univ Missouri ECE Dept Columbia MO 65211 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466754

We present a novel method for fusing the results of multiple landmine detection algorithms that use different types of features and different classification methods. The proposed fusion method, called Context-Dependent Fusion (CDF) is motivated by the fact that the relative performance of different detectors can vary significantly depending on the mine type, geographical site, soil and weather conditions, and burial depth. The training part of CDF has two components: context extraction and algorithm fusion. In context extraction, the features used by the different algorithms are combined and used to partition the feature space into groups of similar signatures, or contexts. The algorithm fusion component assigns an aggregation weight to each detector in each context based on its relative performance within the context. Results on large and diverse Ground Penetrating Radar data collections show that the proposed method can identify meaningful and coherent clusters and that different expert algorithms can be identified for the different contexts. Our initial experiments have also indicated that the context- dependent fusion outperforms all individual detectors.

关键词： detection and tracking algorithms Mining Land mines Sensors Evolutionary algorithms General packet radio service Feature extraction Ground penetrating radar Metals Single photon emission computed tomography

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A Statistical approach to line segmentation in handwritten documents

A Statistical approach to line segmentation in handwritten d...

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Conference on Document Recognition and Retrieval XIV

作者： Arivazhagan, Manivannan Srinivasan, Harish Srihari, Sargur SUNY Buffalo CEDAR Amherst NY 14228 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466136

A new technique to segment a handwritten document into distinct lines of text is presented. Line segmentation is the first and the most critical pre-processing step for a document recognition/analysis task. The proposed algorithm starts, by obtaining an initial set of candidate lines from the piece-wise projection profile of the document. The lines traverse around any obstructing handwritten connected component by associating it to the line above or below. A decision of associating such a component is made by (i) modeling the lines as bivariate Gaussian densities and evaluating the probability of the component under each Gaussian or (ii) the probability obtained from a distance metric. The proposed method is robust to handle skewed documents and those with lines running into each other. Experimental results show that on 720 documents (which includes English,Arabic and children's handwriting) containing a total of 11, 581 lines, 97.31 % of the lines were segmented correctly. On an experiment over 200 handwritten images with 78, 902 connected components, 98.81 % of them were associated to the correct lines.

关键词： Image segmentation detection and tracking algorithms Image processing algorithms and systems Mirrors Switches Binary data Electronic imaging Matrices Statistical analysis Statistical modeling

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Tangible mixed reality desktop for digital media management

Tangible mixed reality desktop for digital media management

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Conference on Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIV

作者： Winkler, Stefan Yu, Hang Zhou, ZhiYing Natl Univ Singapore Dept Elect & Comp Engn Singapore 117576 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466037

This paper presents a tangible mixed reality desktop that supports cresture-oriented interactions in 3D space. The system is based on computer vision techniques for hand and finger detection, without the need for attaching any devices to the user. The system consists of a pair of stereo cameras that point to a planar surface as the work bench. Using stereo triangulation, the 3D locations and directions of the user's fingers are detected and tracked in the space on and above the surface. Based on our 3D finger tracking technique, we design a few simple multi-finger gestural interactions for digital media management. The system provides a convenient and user-friendly way of manipulating virtual objects in 3D space and supports seamless interactions with physical objects.

关键词： Cameras Stereoscopic cameras Imaging systems detection and tracking algorithms Human-machine interfaces Calibration Image segmentation Computer vision technology Interfaces Machine vision

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Simulation assessment of RCS-aided multiple target tracking

Simulation assessment of RCS-aided multiple target tracking

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19th Conference on Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets

作者： Dunham, Darin T. Ehrman, Lisa. M. Blair, W. Dale Frost, Susan A. Vectraxx Inc Glen Allen VA 23059 USA Georgia Inst Technol Sensors & Electromagnet Applicat Lab Georgia Tech Res Inst Atlanta GA 30332 USA Vectraxx Inc Ft Collins CO 80521 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

Closely-spaced (but resolved) targets pose a significant challenge for single-frame unique measurement-to-track data association algorithms. This is due to the similarity of the Mahalanobis distances between the closely-spaced measurements and tracks. Contrary to conventional wisdom, adding target feature information (e.g target amplitude) does not necessarily improve the probability of correctly assigning measurements to tracks. In this paper, the theoretical limitations of using radar cross section (RCS) data to aid in measurement-to-track association are reviewed. The results of a hi,h-fidelity simulation assessment of the benefits of RCS-aided measurement-to-track association (using the Signal-to-Noise Ratio) are given and other possibilities for RCS-aided tracking are discussed. Namely, we show the analytical results of our investigation into using RCS information to determine the presence of merged measurements.

关键词： Signal to noise ratio Target detection Sensors Switches Kinematics Radar Mahalanobis distance Signal processing Time metrology detection and tracking algorithms

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Aerostat acoustic payload for transient and helicopter detection

Aerostat acoustic payload for transient and helicopter detec...

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Conference on Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence (C31) Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense VI

作者： Scanlon, Michael Reiff, Christian Solomon, Latasha US Army Res Lab Adelphi MD 20783 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466600

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has conducted experiments using acoustic sensor arrays suspended below tethered aerostats;to detect and localize transient signals from mortars, artillery, and small arms fire. The airborne acoustic sensor array calculates an azimuth and elevation to the originating transient, and immediately cues a collocated imager to capture the remaining activity at the site of the acoustic transient. This single array's vector solution defines a ground-intersect region or grid coordinate for threat reporting. Unattended ground sensor (UGS) systems can augment aerostat arrays by providing additional solution vectors from several ground-based acoustic arrays to perform a 3D triangulation on a source location. The aerostat array's advantage over ground systems is that it is not as affected by diffraction and reflection from man-made structures, trees, or terrain, and has direct line-of-sight to most events.

关键词： Acoustics Sensors Signal to noise ratio Unattended ground sensors detection and tracking algorithms Artillery Atmospheric propagation Signal detection Imaging systems Interference (communication)

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Fast implementation of N-FINDR algorithm for endmember determination in hyperspectral imagery

Fast implementation of N-FINDR algorithm for endmember deter...

引用

Conference on algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XIII

作者： Chowdhury, A. Alam, M. S. Univ S Alabama Dept Elect & Comp Engn Mobile AL 36688 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466877

Analysis of hyperspectral imagery requires the extraction of certain basis spectra called endmembers, which are assumed to be the pure signatures in the image data. N-FINDR algorithm developed by Winter [1] is one of the most widely used technique for endmember extraction. This algorithm is based on the fact that in L spectral dimensions, the L-dimensional volume contained by a simplex formed from the purest pixels is larger than any other volume formed from other combination of pixels. Recently proposed algorithm based on virtual dimensionality (VD) determines the number of endmembers present in the dataset, where an endmember initialization algorithm (EIA) is used to select an appropriate set of pixels for initializing the N-FINDR process. In this paper, we proposed a fast algorithm to implement the N-FINDR technique which has much better computational efficiency than the existing techniques. In the proposed technique, we used the VD to find the number of endmembers N. Then we reduced the dimensionality of the hyperspectral dataset to N-1 by using the principal component transformation (PCT) and divided all the pixels into N number of classes by using the spectral angle map (SAM). We extracted N number of the most pure pixels from each group by using the classical N-FINDR algorithm but with exhaustive search. Thus we get N-2 pixels that are most likely to be the actual endmembers. The classical N-FINDR algorithm is then again applied on these selected pixels to find the final N endmember. Grouping the pixels into several classes makes the computation very fast. Since we extracted N number of pixels from each group by exhaustive search, there is no possibility of loosing any endmember due to classification.

关键词： Hyperspectral imaging Algorithm development Computer simulations Data modeling Binary data Image analysis 3D modeling Computer engineering detection and tracking algorithms Image processing

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Survey of approaches and experiments in decision-level fusion of Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) products

Survey of approaches and experiments in decision-level fusio...

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Conference on Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition XVI

作者： Ross, Timothy D. Morgan, Doug R. Blasch, Erik P. Erickson, Kyle J. Kahler, Bart D. AFRL SNAR Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA Jacobs Engn Dallas TX USA Gen Dynam Corp Falls Church VA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466891

The US Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is exploring the decision-level fusion (DLF) trade space in the Fusion for Identifying Targets Experiment (FITE) program. FITE is surveying past DLF approaches and experiments. This paper reports preliminary findings from that survey, which ultimately plans to place the various studies in a common framework, identify trends, and make recommendations on the additional studies that would best inform the trade space of how to fuse ATR products and how ATR products should be improved to support fusion. We tentatively conclude that DLF is better at rejecting incorrect decisions than in adding correct decisions, a larger ATR library is better (for a constant Pid), a better source ATR has many mild attractors rather than a few large attractors, and fusion will be more beneficial when there are no dominant sources. Dependencies between the sources diminish performance, even when that dependency is well modeled. However, poor models of dependencies do not significantly further diminish performance. Distributed fusion is not driven by performance, so centralized fusion is an appropriate focus for FITE. For multi-ATR fusion, the degree of improvement may depend on the participating ATRs having different OC sensitivities. The machine learning literature is an especially rich source for the impact of imperfect (learned in their case) models. Finally and perhaps most significantly, even with perfect models and independence, the DLF gain may be quite modest and it may be fairly easy to check whether the best possible performance is good enough for a given application.

关键词： Automatic target recognition Performance modeling Data modeling Data fusion Sensors Mahalanobis distance detection and tracking algorithms Machine learning Systems modeling Analytical research

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Independent component analysis for the detection of in-vivo intrinsic signals from an optical imager of retinal function.

Independent component analysis for the detection of in-vivo ...

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17th Conference on Ophthalmic Technologies

作者： Barriga, Eduardo S. Pattichis, Marios Abramoff, Michael T'so, Dan Kwon, Young Kardon, Randy Soliz, Peter ORION Int Technologies Albuquerque NM USA Univ New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA Univ Iowa Iowa City IA USA SUNY Upstate Univ Syracuse NY USA VisionQuest Biomed Albuquerque NM USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819465399

To overcome the difficulty in detection of loss of retinal activity, a functional-Retinal Imaging Device (f-RID) was developed. The device, which is based on a modified fundus camera, seeks to detect changes in optical signals that reflect functional changes in the retina. Measured changes in reflectance in response to the visual stimulus are on the order of 0.1% to 1% of the total reflected intensity level, which makes the functional signal difficult to detect by standard methods because it is masked by other physiological signals and by noise. In this paper, we present a new Independent Component Analysis (ICA) algorithm used to analyze the video sequences from a set of experiments with different patterned stimuli from cats and humans. The ICA algorithm with priors (ICA-P) uses information about the stimulation paradigms to increase the signal detection thresholds when compared to traditional ICA algorithms. The results of the analysis show that we can detect signal levels as low as 0.01% of the total reflected intensity. Also, improvement of up to 30dB in signal detection over traditional ICA algorithms is achieved. The study found that in more than 80% of the in-vivo experiments the patterned stimuli effects on the retina can be detected and extracted.

关键词： Independent component analysis Retina Signal detection Video Visualization Reflectivity Computer simulations detection and tracking algorithms Functional magnetic resonance imaging Signal to noise ratio

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