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A combined non-uniformity and bad pixel correction method for superpixelated infrared imagery - art. no. 62060V

A combined non-uniformity and bad pixel correction method fo...

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32nd Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications

作者： Rummelt, Nicholas I. Cicchi, Todd Curzan, J. P. Air Force Research Lab. (United States) Nova Sensors Inc (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819462624

With the recent introduction of infrared cameras that have the ability to produce variable acuity imagery, it has become necessary to develop methods for bad pixel replacement and non-uniformity correction within superpixels. Since a superpixel is formed by averaging a group of smaller pixels on chip prior to readout, producing a single value, we cannot apply gains and offsets to the individual pixels that contribute to the superpixel value, nor can we replace bad pixels within a superpixel before they corrupt the aggregate intensity of the superpixel. Without new superpixel correction methods, the imagery produced by this exciting technology is less appealing to human observers and corrupted superpixel intensities lead to problems with the algorithms that process the imagery to perform useful automated tasks, such as "hot-spot" tracking. This paper will introduce a method for performing the non-uniformity and bad pixel corrections in superpixels and demonstrate the performance.

关键词： Nonuniformity corrections Error analysis Image processing Image resolution Imaging systems Infrared imaging Infrared radiation Bismuth detection and tracking algorithms Infrared cameras

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Profiles for evaluation - the usage of audio WET

Profiles for evaluation - the usage of audio WET

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Conference on Security, Steganography and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII

作者： Lang, A Dittmann, J Univ Magdeburg Working Grp Adv Multimedia & Secur D-39106 Magdeburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819461121

The evaluation of digital watermarks is an active and important research area. From the variety there are different types of attacks like geometric attacks, lossy compression, security or protocol attacks [1, 2] available to evaluate the robustness of digital watermarks. Furthermore, different attack strategies like single attacks or profile attacks are known to improve the evaluation process [3]. If for example, the robustness of a water-marking algorithm is evaluated, then the signal of the audio content and the embedded watermark is modified with the goal to remove or weaken the watermark information. In this paper, the focus is set on audio signals. We introduce the evaluation process of an existing benchmark service, the Audio Watermark Evaluation Testbed (Audio WET) [4] by evaluating five different audio watermarking algorithms, which work in time, frequency and wavelet domain. Therefore, we introduce basic, extended and application profiles which improve the evaluation of watermarking algorithms to provide comparability. Whereas the basic profiles measure single properties on a watermarking algorithm, the extended and application profiles reflect real world application scenarios. Furthermore a test scenario and test environment for the evaluation of five audio watermarking algorithms by using basic profiles is described and discussed. The test results of the first evaluation by using basic profiles are introduced and a comparison of the evaluated watermarking algorithms using different parameter sets for embedding function is provided.

关键词： Digital watermarking Signal processing Transparency Wavelets Image compression Algorithm development Signal detection detection and tracking algorithms Information security Time metrology

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Discriminant analysis with nonparametric estimates for subpixel detection of 3D objects in hyperspectral imagery

Discriminant analysis with nonparametric estimates for subpi...

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Conference on algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XII

作者： Liu, Yong Healey, Glenn Univ Calif Irvine Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819462896

The large amount of spectral information in hyperspectral imagery allows the accurate detection of subpixel objects. The use of subspace models for targets and backgrounds allows detection that is invariant to changing environmental conditions. The non-Gaussian behavior of target and background distribution residuals complicates the development of subspace-based detection methods. In this paper, we use discriminant analysis for feature extraction for separating subpixel 3D objects from cluttered backgrounds. The nonparametric estimation of distributions is used to establish the statistical models using the length and direction of residuals. Candidate subspaces are then evaluated to maximize their discriminatory power which is measured between estimated distributions of targets and backgrounds. In this context, a likelihood ratio test is used based on background and mixed statistics for subpixel detection. The detection algorithm is evaluated for HYDICE images and a number of images simulated using DIRSIG under a variety of conditions. The experimental results demonstrate accurate detection performance on these data sets.

关键词： Statistical analysis Hyperspectral imaging Feature extraction Target detection 3D acquisition 3D image processing 3D modeling Data modeling detection and tracking algorithms Environmental sensing

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Alignment of full and partial CT thoracic scans using bony structures

Alignment of full and partial CT thoracic scans using bony s...

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Medical Imaging 2006 Conference

作者： Gavrielides, Marios A. Petrick, Nicholas Myers, Kyle J. 12720 Twinbrook Pkwy Bldg 1Rm 128HFZ 140 Rockville MD 20852 USA US FDA NIBIB CDRH Lab Assessment Med Imaging SystDiv Imaging & App Rockville MD 20852 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819464236

Diagnostic thoracic procedures using computed tomography (CT) often include comparisons of scans acquired with different slice thicknesses. In this manuscript, we investigated the potential for alignment of different CT scans from the same patient using skeletal knowledge of the thoracic region. Skeletal matching was selected because it is expected to be less susceptible to differences associated with patient breath hold, positioning and cardiac motion. Our method utilized the positioning of the ribs relative to the vertebra for matching. It also included matching the scapula when visible in the scans. Rib positioning was described by the angles formed between the vertebra centroid and combinations of pairs of rib centroids visible on each CT slice;this was used as the primary matching mechanism. Scapula morphology was described using a feature based on the local maxima of the distance transform. Since the scapula is not visible in all slices of a full scan, its description was limited to only defining the potential range of slices. A cost function incorporating the difference of features from rib positioning and scapula morphology between two slices was derived and used to match slices. The method was evaluated on an independent set of 10 pairs of full and partial CT scans. Assessment was based on whether or not slices containing known nodules between each pair of scans were overlapping after the alignment procedure. Results showed that the proposed metric correctly aligned 9 out of 10 scans. The preliminary results are encouraging for using this method as a first step towards temporal analysis of lung nodules.

关键词： Computed tomography Lung Image segmentation Algorithm development Chromium Computer aided diagnosis and therapy Computing systems detection and tracking algorithms Diagnostics X-ray computed tomography

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Exploiting target amplitude information to improve multi-target tracking - art. no. 623618

Exploiting target amplitude information to improve multi-tar...

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18th Conference on Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets

作者： Ehrman, Lisa M. Blair, W. Dale Georgia Inst Technol Georgia Tech Res Inst Sensors & Electromagnet Applicat Lab Atlanta GA 30332 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819462926

Closely-spaced (but resolved) targets pose a challenge for measurement-to-track data association algorithms. Since the Mahalanobis distances between measurements collected on closely-spaced targets and tracks are similar, several elements of the corresponding kinematic measurement-to-track cost matrix are also similar. Lacking any other information on which to base assignments, it is not surprising that data association algorithms make mistakes. One ad hoc approach for mitigating this problem is to multiply the kinematic measurement-to-track likelihoods by amplitude likelihoods. However, this can actually be detrimental to the measurement-to-track association process. With that in mind, this paper pursues a rigorous treatment of the hypothesis probabilities for kinematic measurements and features. Three simple scenarios are used to demonstrate the impact of basing data association decisions on these hypothesis probabilities for Rayleigh, fixed-amplitude, and Rician targets. The first scenario assumes that the tracker carries two tracks but only one measurement is collected. This provides insight into more complex scenarios in which there are fewer measurements than tracks. The second scenario includes two measurements and one track. This extends naturally to the case with more measurements than tracks. Two measurements and two tracks are present in the third scenario, which provides insight into the performance of this method when the number of measurements equals the number of tracks. In all cases, basing data association decisions on the hypothesis probabilities leads to good results.

关键词： Signal to noise ratio Kinematics Mahalanobis distance Distance measurement detection and tracking algorithms Radar Target detection Time metrology Antennas Bessel functions

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Verifying end-to-end system performance with the transformational information extraction model

Verifying end-to-end system performance with the transformat...

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Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science X

作者： Mauck, Alisha Roszyk, Greg Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc 8283 Greensboro Dr Mclean VA 22102 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819462837

In the intelligence community, the volume of imagery data threatens to overwhelm the traditional process of information extraction. Satellite systems are capable of producing large quantities of imagery data every day. Traditionally, intelligence analysts have the arduous task of manually reviewing satellite imagery data and generating information products. In a time of increasing imagery data, this manual approach is not consistent with the goal of a timely and highly responsive system. These realities are key factors in Booz Allen Hamilton's transformational approach to information extraction. This approach employs information services and value added processes (VAP) to reduce the amount of data being manually reviewed. Booz Allen has utilized a specialization/generalization hierarchy to aggregate hundreds of thousands of imagery intelligence needs into sixteen information services. Information Services are automated by employing value added processes, which extract the information from the imagery data and generate information products. While the intelligence needs and information services remain relatively static in time, the VAP's have the ability to evolve rapidly with advancing technologies. The Booz Allen Transformational Information Extraction Model validates this automated approach by simulating realistic system parameters. The functional flow model includes image formation, three information services, six VAP's, and reduced manual intervention. Adjustable model variables for VAP time, VAP confidence, number of intelligence analyst, and time for analyst review provide a flexible framework for modeling different system cases. End-to-End system metrics such as intelligence need satisfaction, end-to-end timeliness, and sensitivity to number of analyst and VAP variables quantify the system performance.

关键词： Data modeling Image processing Systems modeling Image analysis detection and tracking algorithms Satellite imaging Satellites Data processing Databases Performance modeling

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Automatic clustering based on an information-theoretic approach with application to spectral anomaly detection - art. no. 623517

Automatic clustering based on an information-theoretic appro...

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Conference on Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition XV

作者： Carlotto, Mark J. 8 Milne Way Gloucester MA 01930 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819462918

An information-theoretic method is described for automatically determining the best number of clusters. it is motivated by Rissanen's minimum description length principle that states the best representation is the one with the fewest bits. The method is evaluated using two different clustering algorithms: a mode finder based on scale-space algorithm, and a vector quantizer (VQ). Synthetic, single- and multi-band image clustering examples are presented. Clusterings produced by the mode finder are shown to better correspond to distinguishable surface categories in the scene than those produced by the VQ algorithm. VQ clusterings are evaluated within an anomaly detector, which detects manmade object/changes as spectral outliers within a set of background clusters. It is shown that the optimal VQ clustering (the one with the fewest bits) produces the best detection performance.

关键词： Quantization Earth observing sensors High resolution satellite images detection and tracking algorithms Expectation maximization algorithms Mahalanobis distance Algorithm development Data modeling Sensors Statistical modeling

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Robustness and statistical analysis of object/image metrics

Robustness and statistical analysis of object/image metrics

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Conference on Vision Geometry XIV

作者： Stiller, Peter F. Texas A&M Univ Dept Math College Stn TX 77843 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819461067

In previous papers (,(10) ,(11) ,(12) and (13)), we examined several fundamental problems related to object recognition for the generalized weak perspective model of image formation and offered a complete solution to the problems for configurations of point features. In this paper we convert those theoretical solutions to working algorithms and examine the robustness of the algorithms in the face of various combinations of errors and noise.

关键词： 3D image processing Databases detection and tracking algorithms Statistical analysis algorithms Matrices Error analysis Object recognition Image acquisition Mathematical modeling

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Image fusion technology for security and surveillance applications

Image fusion technology for security and surveillance applic...

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Conference on Optics for Counterterrorism and Crime Fighting II

作者： Riley, Tom Smith, Moira Waterfall Solut Ltd Guildford GU2 9JX Surrey England

ISBN: (纸本)9780819465009

Image fusion technology offers a range of potential benefits to the security and surveillance community, including increased situational awareness and enhanced detection capabilities. This paper reports on how image fusion technology is being adapted from the military arena (in which it is generally found today) to provide a new and powerful asset in the fight against crime and terrorism. The combination of detection and tracking processing with image fusion is discussed and assessed. Finally, a number of specific examples are presented which include land, air, and sea applications.

关键词： Image fusion Sensors Surveillance Image processing Cameras detection and tracking algorithms Information security Infrared imaging Security technologies Visible radiation

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Studies in trajectory tracking and launch point determination for ballistic missile defense - art. no. 62360Y

Studies in trajectory tracking and launch point determinatio...

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18th Conference on Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets

作者： Hutchins, Robert G. Pace, Philip E. USN Postgrad Sch Dept Elect & Comp Engn Monterey CA 93943 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819462926

Detecting and localizing a threat ballistic missile as quickly and accurately as possible are key ingredients required to engage the missile during boost phase over the territory of the aggressor, and rapid and accurate launch point determination is crucial to attack hostile facilities. Earlier research has focused on track initiation, boost phase tracking and rapid launch point determination using augmented IMM and Kalman-based techniques. This work extends that earlier research by comparing these IMM and Kalman-based trackers and backfitters with the newer particle filters to see what advantages particle filters might offer in this application. Simulations used in this research assume the ballistic missile target is in boost phase, transitioning to coast phase using a gravity turn and constant gravity. The rocket is assumed to be single stage. The IMM tracker performs well in tracking through booster cutoff. A smoothed estimate of the initial target state vector is used to backfit for launch point determination. Errors in this process are rather large and there appear to be biases in the estimates. These results are compared with a particle filter implementation. Here the correct nonlinear model of the missile dynamics was used, but the algorithm had to estimate engine thrust and the drag coefficient as well as position and velocity states. This algorithm proved to be a large disappointment because the number of particles required to generate reasonable results was large and the algorithm run time became unrealistically long.

关键词： Missiles Particle filters detection and tracking algorithms Error analysis Motion models Particles Mathematical modeling Defense and security Time metrology Electronic filtering

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