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Conference on detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets VI

作者： Sower, GD Kilgore, R Roman, JR EG&G Tech Serv Albuquerque NM 87106 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440892

The Ground StandoffMine detection System (GSTAMIDS) is now in the Engineering, Manufacturing and Development (EMD) Block 0 phase for USA CECOM1. This paper describes the data processing algorithms for the GPR that are used to extract the features used for anti-tank (AT) mine detection;those used for pre-processing the data are included herein to show the enhancement of the mine signals. A key feature of the processing is the acquisition of a clean radar return signal from undisturbed soil, which is then deconvolved from each data frame waveform. This soil signal is an estimate of the system impulse response function, save for the magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the soil, which is a scalar to first order. Deconvolution thus gives the impulse response function of the buried mines, a strong enhancement over their raw measured signals. A matched filter test statistic is generated to discriminate between mines and background. Discrimination algorithms using hidden Markov model processing are described in a paper by P. D. Gader et al(3). These processes were developed in MATLAB(R) using data files acquired and stored from prototype GPR systems and then refined with data from production units. The MATLAB code is then converted into C code for use on the real-time processor on GSTAMIDS. The C code modules are run as dynamic library links (DLLs) in MATLAB for verification. The GPR sensor suite hardware and its physical incorporation into the GSTAMIDS sensor modules are described fully in a companion paper(2)..

关键词： Mining General packet radio service Sensors Land mines Deconvolution Data acquisition Data processing detection and tracking algorithms Reflection Signal processing

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Scientific performance evaluation for distributed sensor management and adaptive data fusion

Scientific performance evaluation for distributed sensor man...

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Conference on Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition X

作者： El-Fallah, A Ravichandran, R Mehra, RK Hoffman, J Zajic, T Stelzig, C Mahler, R Alford, M Sci Syst Co Inc Woburn MA 01801 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440752

For the last two years at this conference, we have described the implementation of a unified, scientific approach to performance measurement for data fusion algorithms based on finite-set statistics (FISST). FISST makes it possible to directly extend Shannon-type information metrics to multisource, multitarget problems. In previous papers we described application of information Measures of Effectiveness (MoEs) to multisource-multitarget data fusion and to non-distributed sensor management. In this follow-on paper we show how to generalize this work to distributed sensor management and adaptive data fusion.

关键词： Sensors Molybdenum Data fusion detection and tracking algorithms Silicon Monte Carlo methods Solids Metrology Switches Analytical research

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Automatic eye tracking in video image sequence

Automatic eye tracking in video image sequence

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Conference on Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition X

作者： Qian, K Zhou, GW Hung, CC Bhattacharya, P Liu, GG So Polytech State Univ Dept Comp Sci Marietta GA 30060 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440752

A new algorithm is developed to implement automatic eye tracking without prior reference model and prior knowledge of size, orientation, shape, color, and other data for the human eyes. The algorithm is based on the analysis of the eye features in eye contrast, eye blinking, and other properties. It consists two stages. In the initialization stage the algorithm locates the approximate head location from two consecutive video frames. The size of three same size blocks is determined. They are used to detect the left and right eyes. Two eyes are symmetric and blink simultaneously at all the time. The algorithm extracts the similarity features of two eyes and dissimilarity of eyes from the region between eyes which is represented by middle block. The measures are implemented by the analysis of correlation and horizontal contrast property. The algorithm is able to detect the eye status of blinking eyes and closed eye for a period of time in a video frame sequence. This algorithm is a dynamic automatic eye tracking system that can adapt the environment change and reinitialize if the tracking is lost. The experiments of this method show satisfactory results in term of accuracy and reasonable time complexity. It shows that the method can be applied to eye tracking regardless of skin color, orientation of head, size of head, background changing, or other constraints. The experiments are conducted in targeting to a moving head by 20 frames /second video sequence.

关键词： Eye Video detection and tracking algorithms Automatic tracking Head Algorithm development Skin Computer science Data modeling Eye models

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Removal of surface returns in ground-penetrating radar data

Removal of surface returns in ground-penetrating radar data

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Conference on detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets VI

作者： Larsson, EG Jian, L Habersat, J Maksymonko, G Bradley, M Univ Florida Dept Elect & Comp Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440892

Techniques using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for the detection of targets such as abandoned landmines or unexploded ordnance (UXO) buried under the ground surface continue to receive considerable attention especially in the area of signal processing. In this paper we consider the problem of eliminating the so-called ground-bounce effect, which is due to the specular ground surface reflections of the radar signal. The ground-bounce returns are often significantly stronger than the reflection from a target and pose a challenging problem. Existing techniques commonly assume that the ground response is constant as the radar equipment moves along a track. By using measured data, we show that this is. for several reasons. an unrealistic assumption. Instead, we consider a semi-parametric model for the ground-bounce that is in better agreement with observed data. Furthermore, we show how this model can be used to derive an accurate and robust but yet conceptually simple algorithm for the removal of the ground return. We demonstrate our technique using data recorded by an ultra-wideband GPR on a U.S. Army test range.

关键词： Radar Data modeling General packet radio service Antennas Ground penetrating radar Target detection Thulium Land mines Mining detection and tracking algorithms

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FLIR ATR using location uncertainty

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2000年第2期9卷 178-193页

作者： Liu, G Haralick, RM Univ Washington Dept Elect Engn Intelligent Syst Lab Seattle WA 98195 USA

A model-based FLIR ATR algorithm is described. It utilizes boundary contrast for target detection and recognition. Boundary contrast is related to the location uncertainty at target boundary points. A polygon model is used for deriving target centroid location uncertainty caused by the boundary point location uncertainty. The significance of the work lies in the sound mathematical models used in deriving the relationship between contrast and location uncertainty for the boundary points and the relationship between boundary point location uncertainty and centroid location uncertainty Experiment results show significantly improved performance in detection, recognition, and localization. (C) 2000 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(00)01602-0].

关键词： detection and tracking algorithms Forward looking infrared Automatic target recognition Target detection Target recognition Signal to noise ratio Image segmentation Algorithm development Error analysis Sensors

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Combining digital watermarks and collusion secure fingerprints for digital images

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2000年第4期9卷 456-467页

作者： Dittmann, J Schmitt, P Saar, E Schwenk, J Ueberberg, J GMD German Natl Res Ctr Informat Technol Darmstadt Germany Univ Giessen Giessen Germany Deutsch Telekol Technol Zentrum Darmstadt Germany IT Secur Serv Debis Bonn Germany

Digital watermarking is the enabling technology to prove ownership on copyrighted material, detect originators of illegally made copies, monitor the usage of the copyrighted multimedia data, and analyze the spread spectrum of the data over networks and servers. Embedding of unique customer identification as a watermark into data is called fingerprinting to identify illegal copies of documents. Basically, watermarks embedded into multimedia data for enforcing copyrights must uniquely identify the data and must be difficult to remove, even after various media transformation processes. Digital fingerprinting raises the additional problem that we produce different copies for each customer. Attackers can compare several fingerprinted copies to find and destroy the embedded identification string by altering the data in those places where a difference was detected. In our paper we present a technology for combining a collusion-secure fingerprinting scheme based on finite geometries and a watermarking mechanism with special marking points for digital images. The only marking positions the pirates cannot detect are those positions which contain the same letter in ail the compared documents, called intersection of different fingerprints. The proposed technology for a maximal number d of pirates, puts enough information in the intersection of up to d fingerprints to uniquely identify all the pirates. (C) 2000 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(00)00704-2].

关键词： Digital watermarking Binary data detection and tracking algorithms Image processing Quantization Visualization Multimedia Image compression Video Visibility

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Adaptive motion-compensated video coding scheme towards content-based bit rate allocation

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 2000年第4期9卷 521-533页

作者： Fan, JP Yau, DKY Aref, WG Rezgui, A Purdue Univ Dept Comp Sci W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

An adaptive motion-compensated video coding scheme, that is based on structural video component segmentation and coding complexity analysis, is proposed in this paper. The bits are allocated more efficiently among different frame types and variant video components. A novel scene cut detection algorithm is proposed for partitioning the input video sequences into a set of shots and each shot may be encoded as one or multiple GOPs according to its length. Moreover, the positions of the reference frames (I and P frames) in a video shot are adapted to improve the temporal predictability among frames and provide high coding efficiency, thus high picture quality with the same bit rate. More bits are allocated for these reference frames for providing high quality of the reconstructed pictures. The residue frames in a video shot are encoded as the bidirectional interpolation frames (B frames) and can be also quantized more coarsely because they have high temporal predictability and are not used as references. The bits, that have been allocated for the three different frame types (I, P, B frames), can be further distributed more efficiently among variant video components to avoid the coding artifacts. Experimental results show that this proposed adaptive video coding scheme is more efficient than the traditional fixed GOP coding algorithms and may be an efficient development of the present adaptive coding techniques. (C) 2000 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(00)00504-3].

关键词： Video Video coding Cameras Image segmentation Algorithm development Quantization detection and tracking algorithms Visual system Computer programming Signal to noise ratio

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Analysis of Slyusarev optical wedge distortion

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OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2000年第6期39卷 1722-1724页

作者： Mao, WW Wang, BX Tsing Hua Univ Dept Precis Instruments State Key Lab Precis Measurement Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Slyurasev indicates that an optical wedge generally introduces the distortion when placed in a collimated beam. In this article, the distortion formulas for the second usage and an analysis are given. It is shown that the Slyurasev distortion will be seen if an optical wedge is used in the second configuration. Further, in wedge-prism pairs, it is suitable to correct the distortion if one wedge is arranged in the form of the first usage and the other is arranged in the form of the second usage.

关键词： Image processing Adaptive optics Distortion Hough transforms Spatial light modulators LCDs Acousto-optics detection and tracking algorithms Holography Optical engineering

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Signal processing, tracking and resource allocation for highly maneuvering, closely spaced targets

Signal processing, tracking and resource allocation for high...

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Conference on Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets 2000

作者： Sinha, A Kirubarajan, T Bar-Shalom, Y Univ Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819436747

In this paper a novel signal processor combined with a tracker/radar resource allocator based on the Interacting Multiple Model Probabilistic Data Association (IMMPDA) estimator is presented for tracking highly maneuvering, closely spaced targets. An advanced monopulse processing technique, which uses the Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach and yields separate angle measurements for two targets in the same radar beam and same range cell, i.e., they are unresolved, is developed. This processing results in a significant improvement, in terms of tracking performance, over techniques using the monopulse ratio for the same problem. The standard monopulse ratio technique of extracting angles yields a single merged measurement when the targets are unresolved, resulting in track coalescence. The signal processor and tracker were coupled with a radar resource allocator to minimize the radar resources required to track the target while maintaining a low track loss and ensuring high estimation accuracies.

关键词： Radar Signal processing detection and tracking algorithms Target detection Signal to noise ratio Monte Carlo methods Antennas Computer simulations Radar signal processing Data modeling

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Resource allocation optimization in relation to tracking purposes

Resource allocation optimization in relation to tracking pur...

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Conference on Sensor Fusion: Architectures, algorithms, and Applications IV

作者： Leborgne, S Nimier, V SUPAERO F-31055 Toulouse France

ISBN: (纸本)0819436771

This study deals with different strategies of resource allocation in relation to tracking purposes. The integration of sensors for target tracking and resource management has been intensively investigated and several effective techniques have been developed. In a military context, resource allocation has two main purposes: precision of target tracking and sensor discretion, that means a number of limited pulses. Our different techniques provide solutions in our search of optimal strategy according to the requirements of allocation. Optimizing target pulse allocation amounts to minimize a given criteria, taking into account target vagueness. Our work consists in adapting this criteria to the tracking requirements by favoring a running mode (Stand-By or tracking).

关键词： Sensors Time metrology Filtering (signal processing) Switches Antennas Tolerancing Acoustics detection and tracking algorithms Digital filtering Systems modeling

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