This study deals with different strategies of resource allocation in relation to tracking purposes. The integration of sensors for target tracking and resource management has been intensively investigated and several ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819436771
This study deals with different strategies of resource allocation in relation to tracking purposes. The integration of sensors for target tracking and resource management has been intensively investigated and several effective techniques have been developed. In a military context, resource allocation has two main purposes: precision of target tracking and sensor discretion, that means a number of limited pulses. Our different techniques provide solutions in our search of optimal strategy according to the requirements of allocation. Optimizing target pulse allocation amounts to minimize a given criteria, taking into account target vagueness. Our work consists in adapting this criteria to the tracking requirements by favoring a running mode (Stand-By or tracking).
In past presentations, in the book Mathematics of Data Fusion, and in the recent monograph An Introduction to Multisource-Multitarget Statistics and Its Applications, we have shown how Finite-Set Statistics" (FIS...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081943678X
In past presentations, in the book Mathematics of Data Fusion, and in the recent monograph An Introduction to Multisource-Multitarget Statistics and Its Applications, we have shown how Finite-Set Statistics" (FISST) provides a unified foundation for the following aspects of multisource-multitarget data fusion: detection, identification, tracking, multi-evidence accrual, sensor management, performance estimation, and decision-making. In this paper we apply FISST to the distributed fusion problem: i.e., fusing the outputs produced by geographically separated data fusion systems. We propose two different approaches: optimal (assuming that correlations are completely known) and robust (assuming that correlations are completely unknown). Optimal distributed fusion is achieved via a direct FISST multitarget generalization of the Chong-Mori-Chang single-target track-fusion technique. Robust distributed fusion is achieved by using FISST to generalize the Uhlmann-Julier Covariance Intersection (CI) method to the multitarget case.
A new filtering algorithm is presented which can remove impulse noise from corrupted images while preserving details. The algorithm is based on a new impulse detection technique that uses image gradients. The proposed...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819437603
A new filtering algorithm is presented which can remove impulse noise from corrupted images while preserving details. The algorithm is based on a new impulse detection technique that uses image gradients. The proposed impulse detector can effectively categorize all the pixels in an image into two classes - noise pixels and noise-free pixels. The noise-free pixels are kept untouched while the noise pixels are filtered by a noise cancellor such as median filter. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides significant improvement over many existing techniques in terms of both subjective and objective evaluations. It also has the advantage of computational simplicity over those algorithms.
detection of reticle CD errors appears to be one of the most critical challenges for low-kl lithography, where CD accuracy, as Mean-to-Nominal and Mask Error Factor determine most of wafer CD budget. Measurements of r...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819437026
detection of reticle CD errors appears to be one of the most critical challenges for low-kl lithography, where CD accuracy, as Mean-to-Nominal and Mask Error Factor determine most of wafer CD budget. Measurements of reticle CD's are always a difficult process, as the mask manufacturer need to know the critical areas on the masks where he has to execute the measurements. This information is not generally available and if it is available, the number of measurements can be extremely large, in particular for System-On-a Chip devices with multiple critical areas resulting from the multiple electrical functions located on the chip. For these reasons, it becomes extremely interesting to execute the reticle CD metrology in a "two-step" approach: first, detection of "global" CD errors during the reticle inspection, followed by the second step, where the CD measurements will be executed only in those areas where the global CD error algorithm has detected errors large enough to affect wafer CD control. In this way, the amount of CD measurements will be reduced to a manageable number and more important, measurements will be executed only in those areas that have large errors. However, there is one critical concern in this approach, that is the capability of the "global CD error" algorithm to accurately detect CD errors in areas with various chrome density as well as to detect CD errors of minimum 20 to 30nm which represent the specification of a good reticle for low-kl lithography. In this paper, we report on a layout design with programmed CD errors and on the first results of applying the global CD error algorithm to detect these errors. The layout with programmed CD errors, is a multi-die per reticle case with several levels of CD errors, from global shifts in mean CD, to errors programmed in a regular or in a random array inside the reticle active area. This design stresses the measurement algorithm as the programmed CD errors are combined with chrome density varying across
In wave-based remote sensing of distant objects embedded in a random medium a high-frequency electromagnetic wave is scattered by object discontinuities, and portions of the scattered radiation can traverse the same r...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819435309
In wave-based remote sensing of distant objects embedded in a random medium a high-frequency electromagnetic wave is scattered by object discontinuities, and portions of the scattered radiation can traverse the same random inhomogeneities as the initial incident field, leading to an anomalous intensity distribution. Here, we present a possible realization for the resolving properties of an object using the double-passage effects and construct the intensity response at the image plane of an optical system, resulting from backward reflection from a target having discontinuities. The object plane - image plane relations are formulated and manageable algorithms are obtained by using the random propagators of the Stochastic Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. The resolving properties of periodic spatial objects are investigated.
A new efficient two-stage algorithm to compute nonlinear features is described. Its implementation on a neural net with adaptive activation functions that raise the input data to an arbitrary power is described. Its u...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819436690
A new efficient two-stage algorithm to compute nonlinear features is described. Its implementation on a neural net with adaptive activation functions that raise the input data to an arbitrary power is described. Its use in face recognition with unknown input poses is presented.
In this paper we present a compensation method of the phase change upon reflection with a particular aim of measuring step heights using white light interferometry.
ISBN:
(纸本)0819438944
In this paper we present a compensation method of the phase change upon reflection with a particular aim of measuring step heights using white light interferometry.
The Air Force Research Lab, Advanced Guidance Division, AFRL/MNG located at Eglin AFB has expanded the capabilities of its Modular Algorithm Concept Evaluation Tool (MACET) for autonomous target acquisition (ATA) anal...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819436801
The Air Force Research Lab, Advanced Guidance Division, AFRL/MNG located at Eglin AFB has expanded the capabilities of its Modular Algorithm Concept Evaluation Tool (MACET) for autonomous target acquisition (ATA) analysis to include an imagery truth editor for simultaneously displaying and working with multiple images of differing dimensionality and resolution. To support multi-sensor truthing, the MACET Truth Editor performs computer-assisted geo-spatial registration between multiple two-dimensional (2-D) images, or between 2-D images and three-dimensional (3-D) images. The input images of overlapping scenes may be obtained from various sensor types (visible, passive infrared, laser radar (ladar), etc.) and taken at different sensor locations and orientations. Registration of 3-D to 2-D and 2-D to 2-D imagery pixels is made to a reference 3-D coordinate system using "hints" provided by an analyst. Hints may include some combinations of the following to reach an approximate solution to the registration problem: marking of common points in each image, marking of horizon lines in 2-D images, entry of imagery sensor characteristics (FOV, FPA layout, etc.), and entry of relative sensor location and orientation. The MACET Truth Editor has a consistent user interface that allows registration hints to be entered and truthing operations to be performed graphically.
Wavelet based compression is getting popular due to its promising compaction properties at low bitrate. Zerotree wavelet image coding scheme efficiently exploits multi-level redundancy present in transformed data to m...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819437603
Wavelet based compression is getting popular due to its promising compaction properties at low bitrate. Zerotree wavelet image coding scheme efficiently exploits multi-level redundancy present in transformed data to minimize coding bits. In this paper, a new technique is proposed to achieve high compression by adding new zerotree and significant symbols to original EZW coder. Contrary to four symbols present in basic EZW scheme, modified algorithm uses eight symbols to generate fewer bits for a given data. Subordinate pass of EZW is eliminated and replaced with fixed residual value transmission for easy implementation. This modification simplifies the coding technique as well and speeds up the process, retaining the property of embeddedness.
This paper presents an algorithm to estimate motion vectors from Polarimetric IR data sequences. In the proposed algorithm, based on the I, P, and psi frames of a PIR sequence, motion estimation is formulated as a pro...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819436763
This paper presents an algorithm to estimate motion vectors from Polarimetric IR data sequences. In the proposed algorithm, based on the I, P, and psi frames of a PIR sequence, motion estimation is formulated as a problem of obtaining the Maximum A Posteriori in the Markov Random Field (MAP-MRF). An optimization method based on the Mean Field Theory (MFT) is chosen to carry out the MAP search. The estimation of motion vectors is modeled by two MRF's, namely, motion vector held and unpredictable field. A truncation function is employed to handle the discontinuity between motion vectors on neighboring sites. In this algorithm, a "double threshold" step is first applied to partition the sites into three regions, whereby the ensuing MFT-based step for each MRF is performed on one or two of the three regions. With this algorithm, no significant difference exists between the block-based and pixel-based MAP searches any more. Consequently, a good compromise between precision and efficiency can be obtained with ease.
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