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Robust object tracking in compressed image sequences

JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 1998年第4期7卷 746-754页

作者： Mujica, F Murenzi, R Smith, MJT Leduc, JP Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect Engn Ctr Signal & Image Proc Atlanta GA 30332 USA Clark Atlanta Univ Dept Phys Ctr Theoret Studies Phys Syst Atlanta GA 30314 USA Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect Engn Ctr Signal & Sound Proc Atlanta GA 30332 USA Washington Univ Dept Math St Louis MO 63130 USA

Accurate object tracking is important in defense applications where an interceptor missile must hone into a target and track it through the pursuit until the strike occurs. The expense associated with an interceptor missile can be reduced through a distributed processing arrangement where the computing platform on which the tracking algorithm is run resides on the ground, and the interceptor need only carry the sensor and communications equipment as part of its electronics complement. In this arrangement, the sensor images are compressed, transmitted to the ground, and decompressed to facilitate real-time downloading of the data over available bandlimited channels. The tracking algorithm is run on a groundbased computer while tracking results are transmitted back to the interceptor as soon as they become available. Compression and transmission in this scenario introduce distortion. If severe, these distortions can lead to erroneous tracking results. As a consequence, tracking algorithms employed for this purpose must be robust to compression distortions in this paper we introduced a robust object tracking algorithm based on the continuous wavelet transform. The algorithm processes image sequence data on a frame-by-frame basis, implicitly faking advantage of temporal history and spatial frame filtering to reduce the impact of compression artifacts. Test results show that tracking performance can be maintained at low transmission bit rates and can be used reliably in conjunction with many well-known image compression algorithms. (C) 1998 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(98)00804-6].

关键词： algorithms Computing systems Continuous wavelet transforms Defense and security detection and tracking algorithms Distortion Electronics Image compression Missiles Sensors

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Adaptive error diffusion algorithm incorporating a visual model

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 1998年第3期7卷 655-663页

作者： Spaulding, KE Couwenhoven, DW Miller, RL Eastman Kodak Co Imaging Res & Adv Dev Rochester NY 14650 USA

This paper describes an improved error diffusion algorithm for the purpose of digitally halftoning images. In one variation of the algorithm an error signal is calculated by the difference between a visually perceived input value and a visually perceived output value. This is accomplished by applying a causal visual blur function to both the input and output images. This approach has the advantage that it minimizes the appearance of worm artifacts in the output image, while simultaneously eliminating the edge artifacts associated with a previous visual error diffusion algorithm. In a second variation of the improved error diffusion algorithm, a local image activity detector is used to adaptively modify the input and output blur filters. This allows the error diffusion parameters to be optimized for different types of image content. (C) 1998 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(98)01903-5].

关键词： Visualization Diffusion Image filtering Digital filtering Electronic filtering Convolution Sensors detection and tracking algorithms Image processing Error analysis

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Rate constrained block matching algorithm for video coding

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 1998年第1期7卷 145-154页

作者： Bayazit, U Pearlman, WA Toshiba Adv Televis Technol Ctr Princeton NJ 08540 USA Rensselaer Polytech Inst Dept Elect Comp & Syst Engn Troy NY 12180 USA

The rate constrained block matching algorithm (RCBMA) jointly minimizes displaced frame difference (DFD) variance and entropy, or conditional entropy of motion vectors for determining the motion vectors. It is intended for use in low rate video coding applications, where the contribution of the motion vector rate to the overall coding rate might be significant. The DFD variance Versus motion vector rate performance of RCBMA employing size K x K blocks is shown to be superior to that of the conventional minimum distortion block matching algorithm (MDBMA) employing size 2K x 2K blocks. Constraining of the entropy or conditional entropy of motion vectors in RCBMA results in smoother and more organized motion vector fields than those output by MDBMA. The motion vector rate of RCBMA can also be precisely controlled for each frame by adjusting a single parameter. (C) 1998 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(98)02301-0].

关键词： Motion estimation Distortion Video coding Quantization Receivers Computer simulations Video detection and tracking algorithms Visualization Cameras

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Perceptually based scalable image coding for packet networks

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 1998年第3期7卷 453-463页

作者： Ramos, MG Hemami, SS Cornell Univ Sch Elect Engn Ithaca NY 14853 USA

The exchange of visual information in heterogeneous networks requires image compression algorithms that provide high quality images at several spatial resolutions and bit rates. Scalable coding provides images at several resolutions and bit rates, while perceptual coding incorporates human visual system characteristics. This paper presents an image compression algorithm that provides both scalable and perceptual coding to produce an embedded stream suitable for transmission over packet networks. Scalable and perceptual coding are combined through intraband coding of perceptually significant image regions. Images are segmented into smooth, edge, and detailed regions, and these regions are then independently intraband coded and included in the stream in decreasing order of visual importance with respect to both region type and scale. Visual importance is based on the results of two psychophysical studies analyzing sensitivity to noise in different image regions and their roles in recognition. Locally adaptive quantization, based on study results, is also included in the compression algorithm. The resulting embedded stream provides spatial sealability and region-selective coding and performs well in the presence of packet loss. (C) 1998 SPIE and IS&T. [S1017-9909(98)00403-6].

关键词： Image compression Visualization Image quality Spatial resolution Image segmentation Visual compression Quantization detection and tracking algorithms Image processing algorithms and systems Image resolution

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Automatic favorite color control for reference color

Automatic favorite color control for reference color

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Conference on Color Imaging - Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts III

作者： Lee, EJ Hyun, KH Ha, YH Tongmyong Univ Informat Technol Dept Informat Commun Engn Pusan 608711 South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)0819427403

The color control of reproduced images has been a critical problem in TV system. The viewer can adjust the color control at the receiver for optimal color reproduction, but frequent color adjustment is the most common problem experienced by the viewer. In this paper, we propose an automatic favorite color control system which represents the favorite color to the viewer on demand. The system consists of phase detector to detect the favorite colors at real time from the color burst signal and color signal, comparators to discriminate the types of favorite color. The proposed system reproduces flesh tone, blue color, and green color. In the proposed algorithm, the variation range of phase detector output voltage was minimized for the favorite color saturation changes and also the color signal phase is readjusted from the color burst signal. Thus, the favorite color was easily detected from the other colors without overlapping of correction range and it provides reference color to viewer.

关键词： Signal detection Sensors Control systems Color and brightness control algorithms detection and tracking algorithms Demodulation Automatic control Receivers Visualization Color reproduction

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Segmentation of gradual scene transitions using motion vector

Segmentation of gradual scene transitions using motion vecto...

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Conference on Input/Output and Imaging Technologies

作者： Chang, OB Yang, MS Lee, JH Chonnam Natl Univ Dept Comp Sci Chongju 751756 Chonbuk South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)0819428760

The cut detection in a simple video sequence is relatively simple. But it becomes very difficult and complex when there are the video sequences which has special effects, i.e. gradual transition scene in the sequential frames or scenes with flash between the sequential frames. Twin comparison method were proposed earlier, but the methods also have the problem of the double calculation for applying threshold. This research review the method of detecting cuts known thus far, then analyzes and evaluates performance and reliability of those methods by experiments. This research proposes a new algorithm of detecting cuts using motion vector, and compares it with other existing methods. In addition, we simulates the synthesized video sequences that include special effects in order to prove an effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and the results shows good status.

关键词： Video Cameras Motion detection Multimedia Analytical research detection and tracking algorithms Databases Motion analysis Video surveillance Visualization

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MSE template size analysis for MSTAR data

MSE template size analysis for MSTAR data

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SPIE Conference on Algorithm for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery V

作者： Bryant, M Worrell, S Dixon, A AFRL SNAT ATR Technol Branch Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819428191

Analysis of statistical pattern recognition algorithms is typically performed using stationary, gaussian noise to simplify the analysis. An example is the excellent paper titled, "Effects of Sample Size in Classifier Design", which was written by Keinosuke Fukunaga and Raymond Hayes and published in the August 1989 issue of IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. One of the main conclusions of this paper is that more training samples will improve the estimation of classifier design parameters and classifier performance. This conclusion is valid when the observed signatures are stationary. However, when the observed signatures are non-stationary, as is the case for the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected for the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) program, more samples can actually corrupt the design parameter estimation process and lead to degraded performance. This fact has been known for some time, which explains the standard practice of designing templates at various pose angles. However, no theory currently exists to determine the optimum number of signatures to use in the template design process. This paper presents some initial work to determine the optimum number of samples to use.

关键词： Statistical analysis Error analysis Synthetic aperture radar Computer simulations Statistical modeling Target recognition Data acquisition detection and tracking algorithms Pattern recognition Target acquisition

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Performance analysis of SAR change detection technique 4

Performance analysis of SAR change detection technique

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Conference on Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing IV

作者： Lombardo, P Fedele, G Pastina, D Univ Rome La Sapienza Dept INFOCOM I-00184 Rome Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819429597

The recent advance and diffusion of airborne and satellite SAR systems makes the use of multitemporal SAR images of practical interest for monitoring and control applications, especially when aiming at the identification of moving objects. Change detection is a powerful technique, which allows the detection of slowly moving targets. This is obtained by subtracting on a pixel-by-pixel basis the intensity of two SAR images collected at different times and comparing the absolute value of the difference to a detection threshold. Under ideal conditions, the fixed background is totally correlated and cancels out completely. On the contrary, a slowly moving target changes its position in the two images and is not cancelled. Therefore only its echo crosses the threshold. In practice, a number of factors cause the deviation from the ideal conditions; among the others the temporal decorrelation of the scene due to the internal clutter motion and the presence of misregistration and miscalibration errors. The prediction of change detection performance is essential to the design of SAR based systems for the moving target detection and should take into account all of the possible mismatch causes. In the present paper we aim at a complete mathematical characterization of the performance of change detection under non-ideal conditions. Specifically, Section 2 introduces the change detection technique and discusses some of the possible deviations from the ideal conditions. The analytical derivations are presented in Section 3, together with the discussion of the achieved results. To validate the theory, the obtained performance prediction is compared to the results obtained with real SAR images in Section 4.

关键词： Synthetic aperture radar Image segmentation Target detection Image processing Monte Carlo methods Error analysis Calibration Performance modeling detection and tracking algorithms Palladium

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Multi-sensor combination for vehicle-based mine detection

Multi-sensor combination for vehicle-based mine detection

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Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition VII

作者： Duston, BM Chatterjee, C GDE Syst Inc San Diego CA 92127 USA

ISBN: (纸本)081942823X

This survey paper presents several different methods for combining multiple mine detection sensors on a vehicle. There are many methods of classifier combination that have been proposed recently that may, more generally, be applied to the problem of sensor fusion. These sensor fusion algorithms include the majority vote, unanimous consensus, thresholded voting, polling methods which utilize heuristic decision rules, the averaged Bayes classifier, applying logistic regression to the outputs of each classifier, and using Dempster-Shafer theory to derive weights for each sensor's vote.

关键词： Sensors Land mines Mining General packet radio service Sensor fusion detection and tracking algorithms Environmental sensing Binary data Radar Metals

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Processing of multi-sensor data using correlation filters 2

Processing of multi-sensor data using correlation filters

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Conference on algorithms, Devices, and Systems for Optical Information Processing

作者： Mahalanobis, A Raytheon Missile Syst Co Tucson AZ 85731 USA

ISBN: (纸本)081942921X

The theory of correlation filters does not make any assumptions about the sensor or image format. Thus the same class of algorithms is readily applicable to multiple sensor environments such as IR, SAR, LADAR, or CCD (visual). The advantage is that the same theory is valid for multiple sensor applications, the processing steps are common (and code) are re-usable in different sensor platforms, and the algorithms are rapidly re-trainable. The paper points out the key benefits resulting from the general formulation and solution resulting from the correlation approach to ATR.

关键词： Sensors Filtering (signal processing) Image filtering Image processing Automatic target recognition detection and tracking algorithms Image sensors Data processing Signal processing Synthetic aperture radar

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