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detection probability for Moving Ground Target of Normal Distribution Using an Imaging Satellite

Chinese Journal of Electronics 2018年第6期27卷 1309-1315页

作者： GUO Zhaoming JIANG Yi BI Shihua School of Physics and Electronic Information Yan'an University School of Aerospace Beijing Institute of Technology

The detection probability for a moving target is an important issue, we aim to discuss the detection probability for a moving ground target such as military vehicles using a visible light imaging satellite. First, a basic detection model for a regional ground target using a satellite was discussed and the probability of detection was calculated. Next, a basic model for the recognition of a ground target using a visible light imaging satellite was developed based on above model. Then, a basic model of the detection probability for a moving ground target using a visible light imaging satellite was studied. As the normal distribution has the maximum entropy, the normal distribution of a moving ground target such as military vehicles was analyzed, and based on our conclusions, a basic probability model for the detection of a moving ground target using a visible light satellite was developed. Finally, the simulation was carried on.

关键词： detection probability Visible light imaging satellite Regional ground target Moving ground target

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detection probability for moving ground target of normal distribution using infrared satellite

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OPTIK 2019年 181卷 63-70页

作者： Guo Zhao-ming Jiang Yi Bi Shihua Yanan Univ Sch Phys & Elect Informat Yanan 716000 Shaanxi Peoples R China Beijing Inst Technol Sch Aerosp Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

In this article, we discuss the detection probability for a moving ground target such as vehicles using an infrared imaging satellite. In the first part, we discuss a basic detection model for a regional ground target using a satellite. The probability of detection is calculated. In the second part, a basic model for the recognition of a ground target using an infrared imaging satellite is developed based on the model in the first part. Based above two parts,we discuss a basic model of the detection probability for a moving ground target using an infrared imaging satellite in the third part. As the normal distribution has the maximum entropy, we analyze the normal distribution of a moving ground target such as some vehicles, and based on our conclusions, we develop a basic probability model for the detection of a moving ground target using an infrared imaging satellite. Finally, the simulation was carried on by STK software.

关键词： detection probability Infrared light imaging satellite Normal distribution Regional ground target Moving ground target

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detection probability of trends in rare events:: Theory and application to heavy precipitation in the Alpine region

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JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2001年第7期14卷 1568-1584页

作者： Frei, C Schär, C Swiss Fed Inst Technol Climate Res CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland

A statistical framework is presented for the assessment of climatological trends in the frequency of rare and extreme weather events. The methodology applies to long-term records of event counts and is based on the stochastic concept of binomial distributed counts. It embraces logistic regression for trend estimation and testing, and includes a quantification of the potential/limitation to discriminate a trend from the stochastic fluctuations in a record. This potential is expressed in terms of a detection probability, which is calculated from Monte Carlo-simulated surrogate records, and determined as a function of the record length, the magnitude of the trend and the average return period (i.e., the rarity) of events. Calculations of the detection probability for daily events reveal a strong sensitivity upon the rarity of events: in a 100-yr record of seasonal counts, a frequency change by a factor of 1.5 can be detected with a probability of 0.6 for events with an average return period of 30 days;however, this value drops to 0.2 for events with a return period of 100 days. For moderately rare events the detection probability decreases rapidly with shorter record length, but it does not significantly increase with longer record length when very rare events are considered. The results demonstrate the difficulty to determine trends of very rare events, underpin the need for long period data for trend analyses, and point toward a careful interpretation of statistically nonsignificant trend results. The statistical method is applied to examine seasonal trends of heavy daily precipitation at 113 rain gauge stations in the Alpine region of Switzerland (1901-94). For intense events (return period: 30 days) a statistically significant frequency increase was found in winter and autumn for a high number of stations. For strong precipitation events (return period larger than 100 days), trends are mostly statistically nonsignificant, which does not necessarily imply the absenc

关键词： .Regression Alpine region expressed SCHA LOGISTIC heavy precipitation detection probability Rarity weather events Trends in Rare statistical framework event counts binomial record length

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detection probability Estimation of Directional Antennas and Omni-Directional Antennas

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WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2010年第1期55卷 51-63页

作者： Lu, Xiaofeng Wicker, Fletcher D. Towsley, Don Xiong, Zhang Lio, Pietro Beijing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Sch Comp Sci Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Grumman Aerosp Corp Commun Network Architectures Subdiv Los Angeles CA USA Univ Massachusetts Dept Comp Sci Amherst MA 01003 USA Univ Cambridge Comp Lab Cambridge CB3 0FD England

This paper studies the problem of detection of directional antennas and omni-directional antennas by hostile detection systems. We present a model for calculating the probability of detecting a transmitter at arbitrary location around the transmitter. Our study shows that, if a directional antenna employs the same transmit power as an omni-directional antenna, the directional antenna can not decrease the probability of being detected. In some scenarios, a directional antenna is more likely to be detected than an omni-directional antenna. However, if a directional antenna provides the same Effective Isotropic Radiated Power in the direction of the receiver as an omni-directional antenna, the transmit power needed by a directional antenna to send data is much less than that of an omni-directional antenna. In this scenario, the probability of detecting a directional antenna is reduced by over 90%. This reveals that directional antennas can be used to build a secure path to send data at low probability of being detected by adversaries.

关键词： detection probability Directional antenna Omni-directional antenna Security Wireless communication

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detection probability Calculation Model of Visible and Infrared Fusion Method in Composite Photoelectric detection Target

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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2019年第9期19卷 3296-3303页

作者： Li, Hanshan Zhang, Xiaoqian Gao, Junchai Xian Technol Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Xian 710021 Shaanxi Peoples R China

To improve the detection probability and detection performance of photoelectric detection target under low environment luminance, this paper puts forward a new method to design its detection system by using the visible and infrared photoelectric detectors and form composite photoelectric detection target;sets up their detection probability calculation model of visible light and infrared photoelectric detector in single wavelength based on the spectral contrast between target and environment luminance. According to the binary decision theory, deduces the total detection probability calculation function by utilizing the visible light and infrared detector fusion method, and lead into the target distance factor to analyze its influence factor. Through experiment and analysis, the results found when the environment luminance is larger than 300 lx, the detection probability of composite photoelectric detection target reach 91% within the limit detection distance, which can improve the detection performance and capture rate of photoelectric detection target under low luminance conditions.

关键词： Photoelectric detection target detection probability infrared photoelectric detectors luminance target

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detection probability of Golden-winged Warblers during point counts with and without playback recordings

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JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY 2007年第2期78卷 195-205页

作者： Kubel, Jacob E. Yahner, Richard H. Penn State Univ Sch Forest Resources University Pk PA 16802 USA

Use of point-count data to estimate population sizes of North American landbirds may be challenged by limitations on detection probability of particular species, thereby requiring correction factors to ensure accurate estimates. We estimated detection probability of Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) during 3-min point-count surveys conducted both with and without use of playback recordings in a mixed shrubland-forest habitat (clearcut area) and a 60-m wide electric transmission line right-of-way (ROW) in central Pennsylvania from 20 May to 17 June 2002-2003. In addition, we assessed the value of playback with respect to response rates of warblers and distance within which warblers approached the observer. Without playback, detection probability was approximately 23% in the clearcut area and 61% in the ROW. Use of playback resulted in 7% and 19% net increases in probability at the clearcut area and the ROW, respectively;proportional increase was approximately 30% for both habitats. Warblers responded to playback 68% of the time, but response rate was greater within 100 m (72%) than beyond (53%). Most responses (85%) included approach of the warbler toward the observer, and most individuals approached within 10 m. We conclude that 3-min point counts with playback do not yield detection probabilities sufficient to estimate population size of Golden-winged Warblers without use of correction factors. Furthermore, detection probability in mixed shrubland-forest habitats can be much lower than in linear habitats such as utility ROWs. Efforts to estimate population size of Golden-winged Warblers from data of the North American Breeding Bird Survey should recognize that habitat structure has much influence on detection probability as it relates to distance at which an observer can hear (or see) warblers. Accordingly, we recommend that such efforts incorporate a maximum detection distance of 100-150 m in mixed shrubland-forest habitats.

关键词： detection probability Golden-winged Warbler playback recording point-count survey population estimation Vermivora chrysoptera

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detection probability AND PASTEURELLACEAE SURVEILLANCE IN BIGHORN SHEEP

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JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES 2012年第3期48卷 593-602页

作者： Walsh, Daniel P. Wolfe, Lisa L. Vieira, Mark E. P. Miller, Michael W. Colorado Pk & Wildlife Wildlife Res Ctr Ft Collins CO 80526 USA

We investigated the influence of detection probability (i.e., the probability of detecting the disease or organism of interest) on the repeatability of results reported from bacterial culture tests used to demonstrate the presence of species in the Pasteurellaceae family that infect bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). We also estimated occupancy probabilities (i.e., the probability an individual bighorn in a herd is infected) for each cultured biovariant and examined the effects of detection probability on the number of samples needed to detect the Pasteurellaceae biovariants from within an individual sheep as well as from within a herd. We collected 5-15 samples from free-ranging bighorns in Colorado, using oropharyngeal swabs or swabs of lungs, and submitted these swabs either immediately or after 2 days for bacterial culture. We saw significant variability in results for repeated samples from each of the sheep, and detection probabilities were <= 0.71 for all Pasteurellaceae biovariants cultured. The delayed (>= 2 days) sample submission reduced both the microbial diversity detected and the detection probability for the biovariants characterized when compared to samples submitted immediately. Oropharyngeal sampling had higher detection probabilities of the individual biovariants than did lung swabs, and there was a difference in the biovariants detected between oropharyngeal and lung sampling. Depending on the biovariant of interest, estimates of occupancy probabilities ranged from 0.37-0.89, and we estimated that three to >30 swab samples were necessary to obtain a 95% confidence of detecting the cultured biovariants if they were present in an individual sheep. We estimated that the optimal sample sizes to detect the observed biovariants within a sheep herd with a 95% confidence ranged from sampling two bighorns twice to sampling 40 individuals once. detection probability impacts the results reported from bacterial cultures for Pasteurellaceae in bighorn sheep, and

关键词： Bacterial culture Bibersteinia spp. bighorn sheep detection probability Mannheimia spp. Ovis canadensis Pasteurellaceae respiratory disease

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detection probability of Campylobacter

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FOOD CONTROL 2010年第3期21卷 247-252页

作者： Evers, E. G. Post, J. Putirulan, F. F. van der Wal, F. J. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm NL-3720 BA Bilthoven Netherlands Cent Vet Inst Wageningen UR NL-8200 AB Lelystad Netherlands

A rapid presence/absence test for Campylobacter in chicken faeces is being evaluated to support the scheduling of highly contaminated broiler flocks as a measure to reduce public health risks [Nauta, M. J., & Havelaar, A. H. (2008). Risk-based standards for Campylobacter in the broiler meat chain. Food Control, 19, 372-381]. Although the presence/absence test is still under development, an example data set of test results is analysed to illustrate the benefit of the detection probability concept. The detection probability of Campylobacter increases with the logarithm of the Campylobacter concentration in faeces according to an S-shaped curve which stretches about 2-3 log units. The detection probability is 50% at a Campylobacter concentration of 7.4 x 10(6) cfu/g. The uncertainty in the detection probability is 32% at the most for a 90% confidence interval. This type of information allows for realistic calculations on the Campylobacter status of different food processing paths after splitting. Usable quantitative estimates on detection probability await a data set of test results from a test that is ready for use or has similar properties. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： detection probability Food processing Pathogen concentration Scheduling

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detection probability of Least Tern and Piping Plover Chicks in a Large River System

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JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2014年第4期78卷 709-720页

作者： Roche, Erin A. Shaffer, Terry L. Anteau, Michael J. Sherfy, Mark H. Stucker, Jennifer H. Wiltermuth, Mark T. Dovichin, Colin M. US Geol Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr Jamestown ND 58401 USA US Geol Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr St Paul MN 55108 USA

Monitoring the abundance and stability of populations of conservation concern is often complicated by an inability to perfectly detect all members of the population. Mark-recapture offers a flexible framework in which one may identify factors contributing to imperfect detection, while at the same time estimating demographic parameters such as abundance or survival. We individually color-marked, recaptured, and re-sighted 1,635 federally listed interior least tern (Sternula antillarum;endangered) chicks and 1,318 piping plover (Charadrius melodus;threatened) chicks from 2006 to 2009 at 4 study areas along the Missouri River and investigated effects of observer-, subject-, and site-level covariates suspected of influencing detection. Increasing the time spent searching and crew size increased the probability of detecting both species regardless of study area and detection methods were not associated with decreased survival. However, associations between detection probability and the investigated covariates were highly variable by study area and species combinations, indicating that a universal mark-recapture design may not be appropriate. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

关键词： Charadrius melodus detection probability endangered species interior least tern mark-recapture Missouri River piping plover Sternula antillarum

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detection probability OF CLIFF-NESTING RAPTORS DURING HELICOPTER AND FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT SURVEYS IN WESTERN ALASKA

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JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH 2010年第3期44卷 175-187页

作者： Booms, Travis L. Schempf, Philip F. McCaffery, Brian J. Lindberg, Mark S. Fuller, Mark R. Univ Alaska Fairbanks Dept Biol & Wildlife Fairbanks AK 99775 USA Univ Alaska Fairbanks Inst Arctic Biol Fairbanks AK 99775 USA US Fish & Wildlife Serv Juneau AK 99801 USA US Geol Survey Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr Boise ID 83706 USA

We conducted repeated aerial surveys for breeding cliff-nesting raptors on the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge (YDNWR) in western Alaska to estimate detection probabilities of Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus), Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Rough-legged Hawks (Buteo lagopus), and also Common Ravens (Corms corax). Using the program PRESENCE, we modeled detection histories of each species based on single species occupancy modeling. We used different observers during four helicopter replicate surveys in the Kilbuck Mountains and five fixed-wing replicate surveys in the Ingakslugwat Hills near Bethel, AK. During helicopter surveys, Gyrfalcons had the highest detection probability estimate ((p) over cap;(p) over cap = 0.79;SE 0.05), followed by Golden Eagles ((p) over cap = 0.68;SE 0.05), Common Ravens ((p) over cap = 0.45;SE 0.17), and Rough-legged Hawks ((p) over cap = 0.10;SE 0.11). detection probabilities from fixed-wing aircraft in the Ingakslugwat Hills were similar to those from the helicopter in the Kilbuck Mountains for Gyrfalcons and Golden Eagles, but were higher for Common Ravens ((p) over cap = 0.85;SE 0.06) and Rough-legged Hawks ((p) over cap = 0.42;SE 0.07). Fixed-wing aircraft provided detection probability estimates and SEs in the Ingakslugwat Hills similar to or better than those from helicopter surveys in the Kilbucks and should be considered for future cliff:nesting raptor surveys where safe, low-altitude flight is possible. Overall, detection probability varied by observer experience and in some cases, by study area/aircraft type.

关键词： Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus aerial survey detection probability

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