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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1995年第5期28卷 407-420页

作者： J.G. McCulloch F. Inst Process Systems Superintendent BP Chemicals Grangemouth Scotland

The computer industry has been revolutionised recently by the advent of the RISC processor, which employs a very small and simple instruction set. This paper proposes a similar approach to the algorithm set of distributed control systems, (DCSs), called ‘Reduced Algorithm Set control’ or RASC. Recent DCSs have been provided with algorithm sets of increasing complexity. Rather than simplifying the life of the control Engineer this has tended to increase the problems of implementing control strategies. Moreover, this greater complexity has been accompanied by an increase in the number of software bugs. The result is a system that is complex to understand, difficult to develop and maintain, slow in performance and full of hidden problems. RASC is a very simple but robust standard algorithm set. This can provide all the facilities the control Engineer requires to configure even the most complex of control schemes with the advantage of simplicity, ease, robustness and speed of execution. The paper defines the proposed RASC algorithm set and describes some examples of how it could be used to implement some complex control schemes.

关键词： control algorithms Continuous control distributed computer control systems PID control Process control Robust control Software reliability Standards

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Real Time distributed computer control systems — A Realistic Perspective

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1988年第12期21卷 1-9页

作者： M.G. Rodd I. Izikowitz K.D. Muller Institute for Industrial Information Technology University of Wales Swansea UK Zentrallabor Fur Elektronik Kernforschungsanlage Julich FRG

In this survey we focus on issues which, we consider, will be crucial in the years ahead in the development of true Real Time distributed computer control systems (DCCS). The issues discussed are not a random collection of research concepts, but essential requirements of Real Time DCCS which we consider important to investigate, given the realities of the present state-of-the-art of the technology. On one hand, present designs are often driven by pragmatic, economic factors, and on the other, in terms of the broader computer industry, DCCSs form a relatively small segment of the market. Therefore we have, of necessity, to build on technologies and techniques which are developed elsewhere for different and varied applications. Thus, in terms of future directions for DCCSs, we have to take into account the realities of OSI, MAP/TOP, FDDI, OSF and UNIX, together with the gradual, but real, acceptance of ADA. Against this it is clear that we are beginning to accept the need to consider Real Time as an underlying, fundamental aspect of a distributed system and therefore have to ensure that Real Time considerations are focused on at the first stage of any design. With this background we see that issues which must receive attention cluster around problems such as Real Time distributed Operating systems; Real Time distributed Databases; and the problems of Designing, Modelling and Prototyping Real Time distributed systems, and their associated Communication Support systems.

关键词： distributed computer control systems Real Time distributed systems Future prospects of DCCSs Survey of DCCS Future technologies

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The design of “Shoptalk”, a distributed multiprocessor computer control system

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1987年第14期20卷 211-219页

作者： S.P. Meyer I.M. MacLeod M.G. Rodd Department of Electrical Engineering University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University College of Swansea UK

The principles of distributed computer control systems (DCCS) are, in many ways, incompatible with conventional computing and layered-software networking techniques. Present methods of real-time programming for centralized computers are not easily extensible to distributed computer systems. There is a growing awareness, however, that some new applications of computers, such as Real-Time control of a Flexible Manufacturing System can benefit directly from a state-based DCCS approach. This paper describes some aspects of the design of a programming environment, called “SHOPTALK” that implements certain fundamental concepts of real-time distributed computer control. “SHOPTALK” is targeted at computer hardware comprising a number of microprocessors interconnected via a Local Area Network (LAN). It is intended to provide a software basis for a Real-Time distributed computer control System for a Flexible Manufacturing Cell.

关键词： distributed computer control systems Multiprocessing systems Local Area Networks Time-varying systems computer architecture Artificial Intelligence

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The Roles of Information Technology in systems control

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1987年第5期20卷 9-23页

作者： S. Narita Department of Electrical Engineering Waseda University Tokyo 160 Japan

This report is intended to provide a perspective on the roles of recent information technology in systems control. In the first place, a brief historical sketch is presented on the use of computers from its infant stage to recent highly integrated total systems. It is pointed out that the areas of computer application have been spreading out from continuous processes to discrete systems where a wide variety of novel computer aided technologies are incorporated not only in the execution stage but also in the plan, design, evaluation and test stages of systems control. Various functions of information technology in systems control such as information acquisition, information transmission, information processing and information storage are then reviewed, together with their recent developments and foreseeable future prospects. Finally, image processing, machine diagnosis and knowledge engineering approaches are discussed as salient examples of the intensive use of information technology in systems control.

关键词： Information technology distributed computer control systems computer integrated manufacturing microelectronics parallel processing industrial local area networks digital signal processing knowledge engineering machine diagnosis

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Integrated Simulation System for Design and Evaluation of distributed computer control systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1984年第2期17卷 2669-2674页

作者： H. Kasahara S. Narita Department of Electrical Engineering Waseda University Tokyo 160 Japan

This paper presents an integrated simulation system to be used for the design and evaluation of distributed computer control systems. The simulation system is comprised of Communication Performance Evaluation Module, System Reliability Evaluation Module and control Performance Evaluation Module. Different from conventional all-software approaches, dedicated hardware facilities such as a parallel multimicroprocessor system for real-time simulation of controlled system dynamics and a mimic communication system are used advantageously to achieve best overall economy of simulation in conjunction with software simulation modules. The features of the proposed of simulation system as applied to several distributed computer control systems with different system architectures are described.

关键词： computer control Markov processes Network analysers Parallel processing Reliability theory Local area network Simulation distributed computer control systems

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Using Real-Time to Achieve Co-Ordination in distributed computer control systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1984年第2期17卷 2689-2693页

作者： I.M. MacLeod Department of Electrical Engineering University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

Although a high-speed Local Area Network environment offers great potential for building reliable and flexible real-time distributed computer control systems (DCCS), such communication systems possess undesirable delay and message loss characteristics. In order to overcome these problems, the unique requirements implied by real-time in DCCS are examined and a new protocol based on the inclusion of a validity time as an atomic attribute of every message is proposed as a solution.

关键词： distributed computer control systems real-time systems local area networks communications computer applications

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Real-time distributed computer control in flexible manufacturing systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1985年第1期18卷 1-7页

作者： S.P. Meyer I.M. MacLeod M.G. Rodd G. Bloch MechaTronics Division of The University of the Witwatersrand Technology Centre Johannesburg South Africa

As computer Integrated Manufacturing becomes a reality, issues relating to the computer networks which are the backbone of such innovations require careful consideration. Whilst local area network proposals, such as the General Motors MAP initiative, are of great significance at the factory-wide level, problems at the lowest level of such systems are not really being addressed. This paper focuses on aspects of the communication requirements between components in a localized Flexible Manufacturing System, sometimes called an Island of Automation. These issues predominantly surround the problems of co-ordination and synchronization in multiple-robot situations. The paper suggests that there are three areas of particular importance in such a Flexible Manufacturing System, relating to synchronization of real-time activities, consistency of real-time data bases, and the scheduling activities within the FMS. This latter aspect is particularly important when one considers the possibility of failure in a part of the FMS, in which case dynamic rescheduling becomes essential. The paper discusses how the real-time network proposals which have been produced by the authors in the past are now applicable in this new situation. The system under discussion in this paper has been designed and is currently being implemented in a working, full-scale model of a computer Integrated Factory.

关键词： distributed computer control systems Real-Time systems Flexible Manufacturing systems computer Integrated Manufacturing Local Area Networks in FMS distributed Data Bases

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CONIC - AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO distributed computer control-systems

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IEE PROCEEDINGS-E computerS AND DIGITAL TECHNIQUES 1983年第1期130卷 1-10页

作者： KRAMER, J MAGEE, J SLOMAN, M LISTER, A Department of Computing University of Queensland Brisbane Australia Department of Computing Imperial College of Science & Technology London UK

distributed computer control systems (DCCS) have a number of potential advantages over centralised systems, especially where the application is itself physically distributed. A computer station can be placed close to the plant being controlled, and a communications network used to enable the stations to communicate to co-ordinate their actions. However, the software must be carefully designed to exploit the potential advantages of distribution. In the paper, the CONIC architecture for DCCS is described, concentrating on the software structure but also briefly describing the physical architecture designed to support a CONIC system. The software structure emphasises the distinction between the writing of individual software components and the construction and configuration of a system from a set of components. A modular structure is used to separate programming from configuration. Typed entry and exit ports clearly define a module interface which, like the plugs and sockets of hardware components, permit modules to be interconnected in different ways. On-line modification and extension of the system is supported by permitting the dynamic creation and interconnection of modules. Message-passing primitives are provided to permit modules to co-ordinate and synchronise control actions.

关键词： software structure control engineering computing CONIC integrated approach distributed control computerised control control systems and instrumentation distributed computer control systems modular structure DCCS software

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Data Consistency in Sensor-Based distributed computer control systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1983年第5期16卷 87-91页

作者： I.M. MacLeod Department of Electrical Engineering University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

The possibility of holding the data collected from the plant in a functionally distributed data base is one of the interesting possibilities offered by distributed computer control systems. In the paper, the concept of state information is clarified and a new definition is given for the validity and consistency of state values in real-time sensor-based systems. A real-time distributed algorithm for establishing a valid and consistent distributed representation of the data collected from sensors by periodic sampling is presented.

关键词： distributed computer control systems real-time systems real-time programming process control distributed data base distributed algorithms data consistency periodic sampling

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Link Bandwidth Planning for distributed computer control systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1981年第1期14卷 65-69页

作者： W.P. Paula Filho H.P.L. Luna Computer Science Department Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil

In the economics of DCCS the cost of data communication is usually one of the dominant factors. This cost depends strongly on the bandwidth assignment plan, i.e., the topology and capacities of the data communication network. A model for optimization of this plan is proposed, as well as a solution method based on decomposition into more tractable separate topology and capacity assignment subproblems. Convergence and computational feasibility are theoretically discussed

关键词： Concave programming optimization nonlinear programming system analysis communication computers applications distributed computer control systems data communication network design

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