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Lawful relation between perceptual bias and discriminability

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2017年第38期114卷 10244-10249页

作者： Wei, Xue-Xin Stocker, Alan A. Columbia Univ Grossman Ctr Stat Mind New York NY 10027 USA Columbia Univ Ctr Theoret Neurosci New York NY 10027 USA Columbia Univ Dept Stat New York NY 10027 USA Univ Penn Dept Psychol Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Univ Penn Dept Elect & Syst Engn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

Perception of a stimulus can be characterized by two fundamental psychophysical measures: how well the stimulus can be discriminated from similar ones (discrimination threshold) and how strongly the perceived stimulus value deviates on average from the true stimulus value (perceptual bias). We demonstrate that perceptual bias and discriminability, as functions of the stimulus value, follow a surprisingly simple mathematical relation. The relation, which is derived from a theory combining optimal encoding and decoding, is well supported by a wide range of reported psychophysical data including perceptual changes induced by contextual modulation. The large empirical support indicates that the proposed relation may represent a psychophysical law in human perception. Our results imply that the computational processes of sensory encoding and perceptual decoding are matched and optimized based on identical assumptions about the statistical structure of the sensory environment.

关键词： perceptual behavior efficient coding Bayesian observer Weber-Fechner stimulus statistics

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From likely to likable: The role of statistical typicality in human social assessment of faces

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2020年第47期117卷 29371-29380页

作者： Ryali, Chaitanya K. Goffin, Stanny Winkielman, Piotr Yu, Angela J. Univ Calif San Diego Dept Comp Sci & Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA Univ Calif San Diego Dept Psychol La Jolla CA 92093 USA Maastricht Univ Dept Cognit Neurosci NL-6229 ER Maastricht Netherlands SWPS Univ Social Sci & Humanities Fac Psychol PL-03815 Warsaw Poland Univ Calif San Diego Dept Cognit Sci La Jolla CA 92093 USA Univ Calif San Diego Halicioglu Data Sci Inst La Jolla CA 92093 USA

Humans readily form social impressions, such as attractiveness and trustworthiness, from a stranger's facial features. Understanding the provenance of these impressions has clear scientific importance and societal implications. Motivated by the efficient coding hypothesis of brain representation, as well as Claude Shannon's theoretical result that maximally efficient representational systems assign shorter codes to statistically more typical data (quantified as log likelihood), we suggest that social "liking" of faces increases with statistical typicality. Combining human behavioral data and computational modeling, we show that perceived attractiveness, trustworthiness, dominance, and valence of a face image linearly increase with its statistical typicality (log likelihood). We also show that statistical typicality can at least partially explain the role of symmetry in attractiveness perception. Additionally, by assuming that the brain focuses on a task-relevant subset of facial features and assessing log likelihood of a face using those features, our model can explain the "ugliness-in-averageness" effect found in social psychology, whereby otherwise attractive, intercategory faces diminish in attractiveness during a categorization task.

关键词： face evaluation attractiveness statistical typicality attention efficient coding

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Visual communication at limited colour display capability

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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2002年第25期38卷 1657-1659页

作者： Lu, Y Gao, W Wu, F Harbin Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci Harbin 150001 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Comp Technol Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Microsoft Res Asia Beijing 100080 Peoples R China

A novel scheme for visual communication by means of mobile devices with limited colour display capability is proposed. A colour quantisation technique is first proposed based on the perception of the human visual system on skin colour. An efficient coding scheme is then developed to compress colour quantised video at very low bit rate.

关键词： colour display very low bit rate Image and video coding skin colour image colour analysis mobile handsets visual communication mobile devices colour displays quantisation (signal) colour quantisation perception colour quantised video compression efficient coding Video signal processing visual perception Display equipment and systems video coding human visual system

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THEORY OF LATTICE-BASED FINE-COARSE VECTOR QUANTIZATION

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 1991年第4期37卷 1072-1084页

作者： MOAYERI, N NEUHOFF, DL UNIV MICHIGAN DEPT ELECT ENGN & COMP SCI ANN ARBOR MI 48109 USA

The performance of a lattice-based fast vector quantization (VQ) method, which yields rate-distortion performance close to that of an optimal VQ, is analyzed. The method, which is a special case of fine-coarse vector quantization (FCVQ), uses the cascade of a "fine" lattice quantizer and a "coarse" optimal VQ to encode a given source vector. The second stage is implemented in the form of a lookup table, which needs to be stored at the encoder. The arithmetic complexity of this method is essentially that of lattice VQ. Its distortion can be made arbitrarily close to that of an optimal VQ, provided sufficient storage for the table is available. It is shown that the distortion of lattice-based FCVQ is larger than that of full search quantization by an amount that decreases as the square of the diameter of the lattice cells, and exact formulas are provided for the asymptotic constant of proportionality in terms of the properties of the lattice, coarse codebook and source density. It is also shown that the excess distortion asymptotically equals that of the fine quantizer itself. Finally, simulation results indicate how small the lattice cells must be in order for the asymptotic formulas to be applicable.

关键词： SOURCE coding VECTOR QUANTIZATION QUANTIZATION LATTICE QUANTIZATION FINE-COARSE QUANTIZATION LATTICE CODES 2-STAGE coding efficient coding ERGODIC THEORY COMPLEXITY

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The bounded rationality of probability distortion

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2020年第36期117卷 22024-22034页

作者： Zhang, Hang Ren, Xiangjuan Maloney, Laurence T. Peking Univ Sch Psychol & Cognit Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Beijing Key Lab Behav & Mental Hlth Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ IDG McGovern Inst Brain Res Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Peking Tsinghua Ctr Life Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Key Lab Machine Percept Minist Educ Beijing 100871 Peoples R China NYU Dept Psychol 6 Washington Pl New York NY 10003 USA NYU Ctr Neural Sci New York NY 10003 USA

In decision making under risk (DMR) participants' choices are based on probability values systematically different from those that are objectively correct. Similar systematic distortions are found in tasks involving relative frequency judgments (JRF). These distortions limit performance in a wide variety of tasks and an evident question is, Why do we systematically fail in our use of probability and relative frequency information? We propose a bounded log-odds model (BLO) of probability and relative frequency distortion based on three assumptions: 1) log-odds probability and relative frequency are mapped to an internal log-odds scale, 2) boundedness: the range of representations of probability and relative frequency are bounded and the bounds change dynamically with task, and 3) variance compensation: the mapping compensates in part for uncertainty in probability and relative frequency values. We compared human performance in both DMR and JRF tasks to the predictions of the BLO model as well as 11 alternative models, each missing one or more of the underlying BLO assumptions (factorial model comparison). The BLO model and its assumptions proved to be superior to any of the alternatives. In a separate analysis, we found that BLO accounts for individual participants' data better than any previous model in the DMR literature. We also found that, subject to the boundedness limitation, participants' choice of distortion approximately maximized the mutual information between objective task-relevant values and internal values, a form of bounded rationality.

关键词： frequency judgment decision under risk efficient coding mutual information Bayesian inference

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Non-uniform phase sensitivity in spatial frequency maps of the human visual cortex

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2017年第4期595卷 1351-1363页

作者： Farivar, Reza Clavagnier, Simon Hansen, Bruce C. Thompson, Ben Hess, Robert F. McGill Univ McGill Vis Res Montreal PQ H3A 2T5 Canada Colgate Univ Dept Psychol Neurosci Program Hamilton NY 13346 USA Univ Waterloo Dept Optometry & Visual Sci Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

Complex natural scenes can be decomposed into their oriented spatial frequency (SF) and phase relationships, both of which are represented locally at the earliest stages of cortical visual processing. The SF preference map in the human cortex, obtained using synthetic stimuli, is orderly and correlates strongly with eccentricity. In addition, early visual areas show sensitivity to the phase information that describes the relationship between SFs and thereby dictates the structure of the image. Taken together, two possibilities arise for the joint representation of SF and phase: either the entirety of the cortical SF map is uniformly sensitive to phase, or a particular set of SFs is selectively phase sensitive - for example, greater phase sensitivity for higher SFs that define fine-scale edges in a complex scene. To test between these two possibilities, we constructed a novel continuous natural scene video whereby phase information was maintained in one SF band but scrambled elsewhere. By shifting the central frequency of the phase-aligned band in time, we mapped the phase-sensitive SF preference of the visual cortex. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that phase sensitivity in early visual areas is biased toward higher SFs. Compared to a SF map of the same scene obtained using linear-filtered stimuli, a much larger patch of areas V1 and V2 is sensitive to the phase alignment of higher SFs. The results of early areas cannot be explained by attention. Our results suggest non-uniform sensitivity to phase alignment in population-level SF representations, with phase alignment being particularly important for fine-scale edge representations of natural scenes.

关键词： edges efficient coding fmri natural scene phase phase coherence spatial frequency visual cortex

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Color opponency is an efficient representation of spectral properties in natural scenes

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VISION RESEARCH 2002年第17期42卷 2095-2103页

作者： Lee, TW Wachtler, T Sejnowski, TJ Univ Calif San Diego Inst Neural Computat La Jolla CA 92093 USA Salk Inst Biol Studies Computat Neurobiol Lab La Jolla CA 92037 USA Univ Freiburg D-79104 Freiburg Germany Univ Calif San Diego Dept Biol La Jolla CA 92093 USA

The human visual system encodes the chromatic signals conveyed by the three types of retinal cone photoreceptors in an opponent fashion. This opponency is thought to reduce redundant information by decorrelating the photoreceptor signals. Correlations in the receptor signals are caused by the substantial overlap of the spectral sensitivities of the receptors, but it is not clear to what extent the properties of natural spectra contribute to the correlations. To investigate the influences of natural spectra and photoreceptor spectral sensitivities, we attempted to find linear codes with minimal redundancy for trichromatic images assuming human cone spectral sensitivities, or hypothetical non-overlapping cone sensitivities, respectively. The resulting properties of basis functions are similar in both cases. They are non-orthogonal, show strong opponency along an achromatic direction (luminance edges) and along chromatic directions, and they achieve a highly efficient encoding of natural chromatic signals. Thus, color opponency arises For the encoding of human cone signals, i.e. with strongly overlapping spectral sensitivities, but also under the assumption of non-overlapping spectral sensitivities. Our results suggest that color opponency may in part be a result of the properties of natural spectra and not solely a consequence of the cone spectral sensitivities. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： color opponency independent component analysis receptive fields efficient coding natural images human cone sensitivities

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Learning receptive fields using predictive feedback

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-PARIS 2006年第1-3期100卷 125-132页

作者： Jehee, Janneke F. M. Rothkopf, Constantin Beck, Jeffrey M. Ballard, Dana H. Univ Rochester Dept Comp Sci Ctr Visual Sci Rochester NY 14627 USA

Previously, it was suggested that feedback connections from higher- to lower-level areas carry predictions of lower-level neural activities, whereas feedforward connections carry the residual error between the predictions and the actual lower-level activities [Rao, R.P.N., Ballard, D.H., 1999. Nature Neuroscience 2, 79-87.]. A computational model implementing the hypothesis learned simple cell receptive fields when exposed to natural images. Here, we use predictive feedback to explain tuning properties in medial superior temporal area (MST). We implement the hypothesis using a new, biologically plausible, algorithm based on matching pursuit, which retains all the features of the previous implementation, including its ability to efficiently encode input. When presented with natural images, the model developed receptive field properties as found in primary visual cortex. In addition, when exposed to visual motion input resulting from movements through space, the model learned receptive field properties resembling those in MST. These results corroborate the idea that predictive feedback is a general principle used by the visual system to efficiently encode natural input. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： efficient coding predictive feedback visual system minimum description length matching pursuit computational model

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Local non-linear interactions in the visual cortex may reflect global decorrelation

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2011年第1期30卷 109-124页

作者： Vanni, Simo Rosenstrom, Tom Aalto Univ Sch Sci & Technol Brain Res Unit Low Temp Lab Espoo Finland Aalto Univ Sch Sci & Technol Adv Magnet Imaging Ctr Espoo Finland

The classical receptive field in the primary visual cortex have been successfully explained by sparse activation of relatively independent units, whose tuning properties reflect the statistical dependencies in the natural environment. Robust surround modulation, emerging from stimulation beyond the classical receptive field, has been associated with increase of lifetime sparseness in the V1, but the system-wide modulation of response strength have currently no theoretical explanation. We measured fMRI responses from human visual cortex and quantified the contextual modulation with a decorrelation coefficient (d), derived from a subtractive normalization model. All active cortical areas demonstrated local non-linear summation of responses, which were in line with hypothesis of global decorrelation of voxels responses. In addition, we found sensitivity to surrounding stimulus structure across the ventral stream, and large-scale sensitivity to the number of simultaneous objects. Response sparseness across voxel population increased consistently with larger stimuli. These data suggest that contextual modulation for a stimulus event reflect optimization of the code and perhaps increase in energy efficiency throughout the ventral stream hierarchy. Our model provides a novel prediction that average suppression of response amplitude for simultaneous stimuli across the cortical network is a monotonic function of similarity of response strengths in the network when the stimuli are presented alone.

关键词： Functional magnetic resonance imaging efficient coding Ventral stream Information theory Energy consumption

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Normative Principles for Decision-Making in Natural Environments

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ANNUAL REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022年 73卷 53-77页

作者： Summerfield, Christopher Parpart, Paula Univ Oxford Dept Expt Psychol Oxford OX2 6GG England

The decisions we make are shaped by a lifetime of learning. Past experience guides the way that we encode information in neural systems for perception and valuation, and determines the information we retrieve when making decisions. Distinct literatures have discussed how lifelong learning and local context shape decisions made about sensory signals, propositional information, or economic prospects. Here, we build bridges between these literatures, arguing for common principles of adaptive rationality in perception, cognition, and economic choice. We discuss how a single common framework, based on normative principles of efficient coding and Bayesian inference, can help us understand a myriad of human decision biases, including sensory illusions, adaptive aftereffects, choice history biases, central tendency effects, anchoring effects, contrast effects, framing effects, congruency effects, reference-dependent valuation, nonlinear utility functions, and discretization heuristics. We describe a simple computational framework for explaining these phenomena.

关键词： decision-making efficient coding optimality ecological approach psychophysics valuation

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