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Learning with Matrix Factorizations

Learning with Matrix Factorizations

引用

作者： Nathan Srebro Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Matrices that can be factored into a product of two simpler matrices can serve as a use- ful and often natural model in the analysis of tabulated or high-dimensional data. Models based on matrix factorization (Factor Analysis, PCA) have been extensively used in sta- tistical analysis and machine learning for over a century, with many new formulations and models suggested in recent years (Latent Semantic Indexing, Aspect Models, Probabilistic PCA, Exponential PCA, Non-Negative Matrix Factorization and others). In this thesis we address several issues related to learning with matrix factorizations: we study the asymp- totic behavior and generalization ability of existing methods, suggest new optimization methods, and present a novel maximum-margin high-dimensional matrix factorization for- mulation.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Tradeoffs of the use of SiGe buffer layers in tandem GaAsP/Si solar cells

Tradeoffs of the use of SiGe buffer layers in tandem GaAsP/S...

引用

作者： Polyzoeva, Evelina Aleksandrova Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

III-V multi-junction solar cells currently have the highest reported theoretical and experimental energy conversion efficiency but their cost, mainly attributed to the use of expensive substrates, limits their widespread use for terrestrial applications. Successful integration of III--V's on a Si substrate to enable a III-V/Si tandem cell can lower the cost of energy by combining the high-efficiency of the III--V materials with the low-cost and abundance of the Si substrate. A maximum theoretical efficiency of 44.8% from a tandem cell on Si can be achieved by using a GaAsP (Eg=1.7 eV) as the top cell. Out of several possible integration routes, the use of a linearly graded SiGe buffer as interfacial layer between the two cells potentially yields the highest quality for the epitaxial GaAsP layer, an essential requirement for realization of high-efficiency solar cells. In this thesis, the impact of the SiGe buffer layer on the optical and electrical characteristics of the bottom Si cell of a GaAsP/Si tandem solar cell was assessed via experimental work. The growth of a SiGe buffer layer was shown to increase the threading dislocation density and as a result the leakage current of the bottom Si cell by about 10x. In addition, the low-bandgap SiGe absorbs more than 80% of the light that is intended for the Si sub-cell, reducing the short-circuit current of the Si cell from 33 mA/cm² to only 6 mA/cm². By using a step-cell design, in which the SiGe was partially etched to allow more light to reach the bottom cell, the current was increased to 20 mA/cm². To quantify the merits of the studied approach as well as evaluate other approaches, we have carried out a theoretical study of absorbed irradiance in a Si single-junction cell, a bonded GaAsP/Si tandem cell, a GaAsP/SiGe/Si tandem cell as well as the step-cell design. The GaAsP/Si bonded tandem cell showed 24% relative improvement in light absorption over a single-junction Si cell. The addition of a SiGe graded buffer was

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Object management system concepts : supporting integrated office workstation applications

Object management system concepts : supporting integrated of...

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作者： Zdonik, Stanley Benjamin Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

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Exploring Possible Coupling Between Phonons and Internal Nuclear States

Exploring Possible Coupling Between Phonons and Internal Nuc...

引用

作者： Siyuan Lu Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

During the past three decades, there were approximately 25 different anomalies in the field of condensed matter nuclear science reported by researchers. One example involves collimated X-rays coming from metal samples with vibrations without a clear explanation or understanding of the underlying physics involved. Another example involves unexpected non-exponential decay of radioactive sources. These anomalies have motivated a research effort by my Ph.D. advisor at MIT, Professor Peter Hagelstein, to investigate the physical phenomena involved. Hagelstein came up with a theory predicting coupling between phonons and internal nuclear states, leading to excitation transfer between nuclei. The aim of this Ph.D. thesis is to experimentally test Hagelstein s theory. In this research, we used Co-57 as the sample to investigate the nuclear excited states. Unexpected non-exponential decay was seen in the first attempt to look for excitation transfer effect. Heat pulse can trigger X-ray signal increments. We performed angular anisotropy experiments which appears to support the conjecture that slow resonant excitation transfer occurs for the 136 keV excited state of Co-57. We also performed delocalization experiments which appears to support the conjecture that fast excitation transfer occurs for the 14.4 keV excited state of Co-57. Our conclusion is that the experimental data are not inconsistent with Hagelstein s theory.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Learning with kernel machine architectures

Learning with kernel machine architectures

引用

作者： Evgeniou, Theodoros K. (Theodoros Kostantinos) Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

This thesis studies the problem of supervised learning using a family of machines, namely kernel learning machines. A number of standard learning methods belong to this family, such as Regularization Networks (RN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The thesis presents a theoretical justification of these machines within a uni- fied framework based on the statistical learning theory of Vapnik. The generalization performance of RN and SVM is studied within this framework, and bounds on the generalization error of these machines are proved. In the second part, the thesis goes beyond standard one-layer learning machines, and probes into the problem of learning using hierarchical learning schemes. In partic- ular it investigates the question: what happens when instead of training one machine using the available examples we train many of them, each in a different way, and then combine the machines Two types of ensembles are defined: voting combinations and adaptive combinations. The statistical properties of these hierarchical learning schemes are investigated both theoretically and experimentally: bounds on their gen- eralization performance are proved, and experiments characterizing their behavior are shown. Finally, the last part of the thesis discusses the problem of choosing data repre- sentations for learning. It is an experimental part that uses the particular problem of object detection in images as a framework to discuss a number of issues that arise when kernel machines are used in practice.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Continued Assessment of Students' Learning Experience in an Oral Communication Course at MIT for EECS Majors

Continued Assessment of Students' Learning Experience in an ...

引用

24th IEEE-CS Conference on Software engineering Education and Training (CSEEandT)/33rd International Conference on Software engineering (ICSE)

作者： Eng, Tony L. Mitchell, Rudolph MIT Dept EECS Cambridge MA 02139 USA MIT Teaching & Learning Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781457703485

electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) majors at MIT are required to take an oral communications course called "6. UAT" that teaches oral presentation skills and other professional skills that students will need to be effective in the workplace. An assessment of the oral presentation skills component of the course, consisting of a survey and an interview, was designed and conducted in Spring 2009. We performed the assessment again, with a larger cohort during the Fall 2009 semester and in this paper, describe the outcomes of (1) a class survey of 146 students (with 104 respondents or a 71% response rate) and (2) student interviews in which 7 out of 10 randomly-selected individuals participated. The findings from both instruments for both cohorts were consistent and positive;students were enthusiastic about the course, found it useful and viewed the experience positively.

关键词： Context Education Instruments Interviews Materials Oral communication Springs computer aided instruction educational courses electrical engineering and computer science oral communication course oral presentation skill professional skill student learning

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Modeling and Measurement of Intermolecular Interaction Forces between Cartilage ECM Macromolecules

Modeling and Measurement of Intermolecular Interaction Force...

引用

作者： Delphine Marguerite Denise Dean Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

The mechanical properties of cartilage tissue depend largely on the macromolecules that make up its extracellular matrix (ECM). Aggrecan is the most abundant proteoglycan in articular cartilage. It is composed of a core protein with highly charged, densely packed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, which are responsible for [approximately] 50% of the equilibrium compressive stiffness of the tissue. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high resolution force spectroscopy (HRFS), it is now possible to directly measure nanoscale interactions between ECM macromolecules in physiologically relevant aqueous solution conditions. In order to interpret these data and compare them to macroscopic tissue measurements, a combination of experiments and theoretical modeling must be used. In this thesis, a new molecular-scale continuum Poisson-Boltzmann (PB)-based model was developed to predict the intermolecular interactions between GAG macromolecules by taking into account nanoscale space varying electric potential and fields between neighboring GAGs. A rod-like charge density distribution describing the time averaged space occupied by a single GAG chain was formulated. The spacing and size of the rods greatly influenced the calculated force even when the total charge was kept constant. The theoretical simulations described HRFS experimental data of the normal interaction force between two surfaces chemically end-grafted with an array of GAGs ("brushes") more accurately than simpler models which approximate the GAG charge as a homogeneous volume or planar surface charge. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of nonuniform molecular-level charge distribution on the measured GAG interaction forces. Normal interaction forces between aggrecan macromolecules were measured using contact mode AFM imaging and by HRFS.(cont.) The aggrecan molecules were end-grafted to gold-coated substrates and probe tips to achieve brush-like layers at physiologically relevant densitie

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Enhancement and stylization of photographs

Enhancement and stylization of photographs

引用

作者： Bychkovsky, Vladimir Leonid Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

A photograph captured by a digital camera may be the final product for many casual photographers. However, for professional photographers, this photograph is only the beginning: experts often spend hours on enhancing and stylizing their photographs. These enhancements range from basic exposure and contrast adjustments to dramatic alterations. It is these enhancements - along with composition and timing - that distinguish the work of professionals and casual photographers. The goal of this thesis is to narrow the gap between casual and professional photographers. We aim to empower casual users with methods for making their photographs look better. Professional photographers could also benefit from our findings: our enhancement methods produce a better starting point for professional processing. We propose and evaluate three different methods for image enhancement and stylization. First method is based on photographic intuition and is fully automatic. The second method relies on expert's input for training; after the training this method can be used to automatically predict expert adjustments for previously unseen photographs. The third method uses a grammar-based representation to sample the space of image filter and relies on user input to select novel and interesting filters.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Scalable trap technology for quantum computing with ions

Scalable trap technology for quantum computing with ions

引用

作者： Eltony, Amira M. (Amira Madeleine) Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Quantum computers employ quantum mechanical effects, such as superposition and entanglement, to process information in a distinctive way, with advantages for simulation and for new, and in some cases more-efficient algorithms. A quantum bit is a two-level quantum system, such as the electronic or spin state of a trapped atomic ion. Physics experiments with single atomic ions acting as "quantum bits" have demonstrated many of the ingredients for a quantum computer. But to perform useful computations these experimental systems will need to be vastly scaled-up. Our goal is to engineer systems for large-scale quantum computation with trapped ions. Building on established techniques of microfabrication, we create ion traps incorporating exotic materials and devices, and we investigate how quantum algorithms can be efficiently mapped onto physical trap hardware. An existing apparatus built around a bath cryostat is modified for characterization of novel ion traps and devices at cryogenic temperatures (4 K and 77 K). We demonstrate an ion trap on a transparent chip with an integrated photodetector, which allows for scalable, efficient state detection of a quantum bit. To understand and better control electric field noise (which limits gate fidelities), we experiment with coating trap electrodes in graphene. We develop traps compatible with standard CMOS manufacturing to leverage the precision and scale of this platform, and we design a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) algorithm for implementing the QFT using a distributed array of ion chains. Lastly, we explore how to bring it all together to create an integrated trap module from which a scalable architecture can be assembled.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Ranked personalized recommendations using discrete choice models

Ranked personalized recommendations using discrete choice mo...

引用

作者： Ammar, Ammar (Ammar T.) Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Personalized recommendation modules have become an integral part of most consumer information systems. Whether you are looking for a movie to watch, a restaurant to dine, or a news article to read, the number of available option has exploded significantly. Furthermore, the commensurate growth in data collection and processing has created a unique opportunity, where the successful identification of a relevant/desired item in a timely and efficient manner can have serious ramifications for the underlying business in terms of consumer satisfaction, operational efficiency, or both. Taken together, these developments create a need for a principled, scalable, and efficient approach for distilling the available consumer data into compact and accurate representations that can be utilized for making inference about future behavior and preference. In this work, we address the problem of providing such recommendations using ranked data, both as system input and output . In particular, we consider two concrete, and interrelated, scenarios, that capture a large number of applications in a variety of domains. In the first scenario, we consider a set-up where the desired goal is to identify a single global ranking, as we would in a tournament. This setup is analogous to the problem of rank aggregation, historically studied in political science and economics, and more recently in computer science and operations research. In the second scenario, we extend the setup to include multiple 'prominent' rankings. Taken together, these rankings reflect the intrinsic heterogeneity of the population, where each ranking can be viewed as a profile for a subset of said population. In both scenarios, the goal is to (i) devise a model to explain and compress the data, (ii) provide efficient algorithms to identify the relevant ranking for a given user, and (iii) provide a theoretical characterization of the difficulty of this task together with conditions under which this difficulty can be avoided.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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