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The impact of ion-host interactions on the 5d-to-4f spectra of lanthanide rare earth ions

The impact of ion-host interactions on the 5d-to-4f spectra ...

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作者： Aull, Brian Francis Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

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All-Optical Interferometric Switches for Data Regeneration in Fiber Optic Networks

All-Optical Interferometric Switches for Data Regeneration i...

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作者： Shelby Jay Savage Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

In the thirty years since the installation of the first fiber optic data link, data rates in installed fiber links have risen from a few Mb/s to tens of Gb/s. In the laboratory, data rates in a single optical fiber have already reached tens of Tb/s. These data rates greatly exceed electronic processing rates, so researchers have turned to all-optical signal processing to achieve many basic network tasks, like wavelength conversion, packet switching, and data regeneration. As data rates increase, the impairments caused by propagation through the glass of optical fiber become worse. Chromatic dispersion causes the temporal broaden- ing of optical bits during propagation, leading to interference between neighboring bits. Nonlinear effects, like the nonlinear index of refraction and four-wave mixing, can cause interference between neighboring wavelength channels. The interaction of dispersion and nonlinearities can lead to variations in the timing of bits and the appearance of optical energy where there had been none. All these effects make 1-bits and 0-bits difficult to distinguish. Today, these dis- tortions are overcome by electronic regenerators. Optical data streams are converted to electrical signals, processed electronically, converted back to an optical signal, and returned to the optical network. In this way, regenerators prevent the accumulation of noise and prevent noise from contributing to the production of more noise. The electronic solution is costly because of the extra hardware required for optical to elec- trical to optical conversions and performs poorly because of the losses incurred by those conversions. In this thesis, we investigate two regenerators that restore the data quality of ON/OFF keyed data without a conversion of the data to the electrical domain. Both regenerators are based on all-optical switches that take two inputs: the data pulses from the network, and a locally generated clock-pulse train. The all-optical switches then modulate the

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Leveraging text representations for clinical predictive tasks

Leveraging text representations for clinical predictive task...

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作者： Naumann, Tristan Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

The increasing prevalence of digitized clinical data creates new opportunities to use machine learning to unlock clinical insights, and ultimately improve healthcare delivery. However, while data from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have become common, they present unique challenges. Clinical data are noisy, sparse, irregularly sampled, and often biased in their recording of health state and care patterns. Further, much of the most important information used by care staff is recorded in unstructured text notes that are not easily deciphered by non-experts. In this work, we present machine learning methods that distill large amounts of text-based clinical data into latent representations. These representations are then used to predict a variety of important outcomes. In particular, we focus on prediction tasks that can provide evidence-based risk assessment and forecasting in settings with guidelines that have not traditionally been data-driven. We consider several abstractions for clinical narrative text, and evaluate their utility on common predictive tasks, such as mortality and readmission. We argue that a "good" representation will improve performance on these tasks and that multiple representations may be necessary, as different models excel on differing tasks. We present three case studies in which we use representations of clinical text to improve performance of clinical prediction tasks. First, we augment predictive models that used baseline clinical features by including features from clinical progress notes [31].These features are derived using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and incorporated as features using per-patient topic membership. Notably, this representation has the benefit of interpretable topics over which each patient can be represented as a distribution. Second, we explore the expressive power of clinical prose by evaluating the performance of several common models on both downstream clinical tasks and their ability to identify information

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Transmission diffraction gratings for soft x-ray spectroscopy and spatial period division

Transmission diffraction gratings for soft x-ray spectroscop...

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作者： Hawryluk, Andrew M Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

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Silicon microaccelerometer fabrication technologies

Silicon microaccelerometer fabrication technologies

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作者： Hsu, Charles Heng-Yuan Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

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Generation of policy-rich websites from declarative models

Generation of policy-rich websites from declarative models

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作者： Chang, Felix Sheng-Ho Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Protecting sensitive data stored behind online websites is a major challenge, but existing techniques are inadequate. Automated website builders typically offer very limited options for specifying custom access policies. Manually adding access policy checks to website code is tedious and error-prone, and it is currently not. feasible to automatically verify that a website conforms to its required access policy. Furthermore, policies change over time, and it can be costly to modify an existing website to reflect the changes or to certify that the modified website still complies with the desired policy. This research presents a declarative modeling approach designed to address these issues, where the data model and the access policy are specified using Alloy, and tile Weballoy tool automatically generates a dynamic website that guarantees the access policy by construction.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Low power digital filtering using adaptive approximate processing

Low power digital filtering using adaptive approximate proce...

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作者： Ludwig, Jeffrey Thomas Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

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Energy management in biomedical applications : wireless power and biosensing

Energy management in biomedical applications : wireless powe...

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作者： Avestruz, Al-Thaddeus Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Wireless health and fitness devices as well as traditional medical devices such as cardiac and neurological implants, skin patch sensors, and automatic drug delivery pumps extend and improve life by providing therapy, monitoring, and diagnostics. They ensure health and safety while promoting prevention and wellness. These devices are found in chronic and acute settings that range from emergency and critical care to personalized health and telemedicine; they accelerate medical research and support data-driven medicine. The push towards the ubiquity of ever smaller devices with more functionality compels power-centric strategies in every aspect of design. Long-term implantables such as neural implants for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and epilepsy traditionally rely on primary cell batteries, which occupy a large portion of the implant volume and when exhausted require a new surgery for replacement. The motivation of the thesis is to reduce the size (weight and volume) and increase the lifetime of neural implants through the use of a smaller rechargeable battery. The two strategies chosen in this thesis are: 1) using a new spread-spectrum wireless power transfer to recharge and ultimately, eliminate the battery through direct powering; 2) reducing power consumption through the use of closed-loop decision and parameterization of electrical stimulation using feedback from neural sensing. The first part of this thesis is the development of spread-spectrum wireless power transfer to deliver power over many frequencies over a uniform single-sided magnetic field, which enables better design of systems with various physical dimensions, lower tissue loss, and less sensitivity to component tolerances, while remaining within the regulatory limits for electromagnetic interference. The investigation encompasses the design of a spread-spectrum transmitter and modulation method that resolves the ostensible paradox of "resonant, yet spread-spectrum", a passive power receiver,

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Three-Dimensional Nanofabrication of Photonic Crystals and Polarization Splitters and Rotators

Three-Dimensional Nanofabrication of Photonic Crystals and P...

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作者： Minghao Qi Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

One of the most critical challenges in nanoscale science and engineering is to make func- tional 3D nanodevices with high-accuracy. While considerable progress has been made in the "bottom-up" approach, the lithographic "top-down" approach remains the only way to encode human engineering effort, and to meet the optimal theoretical designs. Probably the most prominent example of lithographic fabrication is semiconductor manufacturing. However such manufacturing, aside from being extremely expensive, is highly inflexible, virtually excluding any work other than silicon microelectronic devices. Meanwhile, the miniaturization and integration of optical devices can potentially revolu- tionize the field of optics, with an impact that may prove comparable to the transition of electronics from vacuum tubes to transistors. To achieve high-level functionalities and to meet the stringent tolerance in optical information processing, multilayered structures with both minimum feature sizes and layer-to-layer overlay accuracy down to a few of nanometers are required, thus posing significant challenges in fabrication. Some require- ments, such as nanometer-level spatial coherence, are beyond the capability of current semiconductor manufacturing. As part of an effort to develop a low-cost, highly-flexible "nano-machine-shop", this the- sis addresses the fabrication of 3D photonic nanostructures. Low-cost planarization and high overlay-accuracy electron-beam lithography were developed to achieve seven func- tional layers in a new type of 3D Photonic Crystal (PhC). For the first time, designed point defects were introduced in such a 3D crystal, and optical measurement showed excellent agreement with numerical simulations. For a subset of 3D structures, a new fabrication strategy was proposed and implemented, leading to the first demonstration of an on-chip, high-efficiency, and wide-bandwidth polarization splitter/rotator. A new type of lithography, Coherent Diffraction Lithography (C

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Pearls of Wisdom: Technology for Intentional Reflection and Learning in Constructionist Cooperatives

Pearls of Wisdom: Technology for Intentional Reflection and ...

引用

作者： Robbin Nicole Chapman Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

At the core of the constructionist learning paradigm is the idea that people learn through design experiences. However, in most settings, learners rarely revisit their work to reflect on design and learning processes. The practice of reflection is not integrated into regular community practice. That omission results in lost opportunities for deeper learning because reflection plays an important role in knowledge integration. In order to leverage the benefits of constructionist learning, learners must go beyond the activities of construction and reflect on their learning. This involves examining and gaining a deeper understanding of the how and why of their design process, including learning strategies. The conceptual framework of this dissertation, Cooperative Constructionism, establishes a design approach to reflection with a set of tools and methods that support reflection on learning. A Constructionist Cooperative is a community of learners where articulating and sharing of learning experiences is a regular practice. A goal of this dissertation is to explore the computational tools and practices that promote and support such activities. Using these tools, learners construct intentional-reflective artifacts, which embody their reflection on their design and learning experiences. There were two learning scaffolds developed to promote emergence of a Constructionist Cooperative. The first is a computational scaffold, a software toolkit called Pearls of Wisdom. The software is used to design, edit, and share intentional-reflective artifacts, called Pearls. Pearls are the concrete instantiation of learner reflection on the design and learning process. The second scaffold, called the Reflective Mentor Model, is social in nature. This scaffold promotes a regular practice of intentional reflection within the learning environment by building a mentor community of practice around supporting learner reflection. A range of empirical studies were conducted, which combined theo

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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