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Learning to prevent healthcare-associated infections : leveraging data across time and space to improve local predictions

Learning to prevent healthcare-associated infections : lever...

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作者： Wiens, Jenna Marleau Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

The proliferation of electronic medical records holds out the promise of using machine learning and data mining to build models that will help healthcare providers improve patient outcomes. However, building useful models from these datasets presents many technical problems. Among the challenges are the large number of factors (both intrinsic and extrinsic) influencing a patient's risk of an adverse outcome, the inherent evolution of that risk over time, and the relative rarity of adverse outcomes, institutional differences and the lack of ground truth. In this thesis we tackle these challenges in the context of predicting healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). HAIs are a serious problem in US acute care hospitals, affecting approximately 4% of all inpatients on any given day. Despite best efforts to reduce incidence, HAIs remain stubbornly prevalent. We hypothesize that one of the reasons why is lack of an effective clinical tool for accurately measuring patient risk. Therefore, we develop accurate models for predicting which patients are at risk of acquiring an infection with Clostridium difficile (a common HAI). In contrast to previous work, we take a novel data-centric approach, leveraging the contents of EMRs from over 100,000 hospital admissions. We show how, by adapting techniques from time-series classification, transfer learning and multitask learning, we can learn more accurate models for patient risk stratification. Our model, based on thousands of variables both time-varying and time-invariant, does not remain static but changes over the course of a patient admission. Applied to a held-out validation set of 25,000 patient admissions. our model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.81 (95% CI 0.78-0.84). The model has been successfully integrated into the health record system at a large hospital in the US, and is being used to produce daily risk estimates for each inpatient. While more complex than traditional risk stra

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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On the design of lithographic interferometers and their application

On the design of lithographic interferometers and their appl...

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作者： Michael E. Walsh Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Interference lithography is presented as an ideal technique for fabricating large-area periodic structures with sub-100nm dimensions. A variety of interferometer designs are discussed and implemented, each of which emphasizes a different attribute. Curvature of the substrate during exposures in a Mach-Zender interferometer is demonstrated as a method for reducing periodicity variations in the printed pattern down to the level of picometers. A robust Lloyd's-mirror interferometer is developed as a simple and flexible lithography system capable of sub-100nm features. Prospects and designs for the use of grating interferometers for the fabrication of structures with 50nm spatial-periodicity are discussed. A novel, integrated, thin-film interferometer exploiting solid immersion is introduced for the fabrication of features below the diffraction-limit. Using 193nm illumination, 45nm dense features are demonstrated. Aspects of sub-wavelength diffraction and thin-film resonance are discussed in relation to the fabrication of structures with sub-50nm periodicity. A selection of applications are discussed which take advantage of the unique capabilities of interference lithography, including patterned magnetic media, DFB lasers and the templated self-assembly of nano-particles. A novel technique for ion-beam etching, applicable to any material system, is shown to improve the patterning of nanoscale magnetic elements.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Strained SiGe-channel p-MOSFETs: Impact of Heterostructure Design and Process Technology

Strained SiGe-channel p-MOSFETs: Impact of Heterostructure D...

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作者： Cait Ni Chleirigh Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Conventional Si CMOS intrinsic device performance has improved by 17% per year over the last 30 years through scaling of the gate length of the MOSFET along with process innovations such as the super-steep retrograde channel doping and ultra shallow source-drain junctions. In order to continue performance scaling with gate length for the 90 nm node and beyond (physical gate length 45 nm) an increase in the carrier mobility through the introduction of strain to the Si channel was required. To continue this scaling down to gate lengths of 10 nm new channel materials with superior mobility will be required. Superior hole mobility (up to 1oX enhancement over bulk Si channels) and com- patibility with mainstream Si processing technology make compressively strained SiGe an attractive channel material for sub 45 nm p-MOSFETs. This research investigates strained SiGe as a suitable channel material for p-MOSFETs using SiGe grown pseu- domorphically on both relaxed SiGe and bulk Si substrates. Some of the fundamental and technological challenges that must be faced in order to incorporate SiGe chan- nel materials are addressed, including the impact of heterostructure composition and SiGe channel thickness on mobility and MOSFET off-state leakage, as well as critical thickness and thermal budget constraints. In particular, the impact of the strained channel thickness on mobility is analyzed in detail. This work provides a detailed analysis of the design space for the SiGe heterostructure required to evaluate the trade off's between mobility enhancement, subthreshold characteristics and ease of integration with conventional CMOS processing in order to determine the optimum device structure.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Electronic systems for interfacing with new materials and devices

Electronic systems for interfacing with new materials and de...

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作者： Ha, Sungjae Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

The focus of this thesis is to explore and demonstrate electronics systems utilizing new materials and devices beyond the traditional ones solely based on Si CMOS technology. The first part of this thesis is to explore the combination of Bio-MEMS devices with traditional electronics as an effective diagnostic tool. In the case study of malaria, we report a microfluidic device as part of a continuous-flow cellular impedance spectroscopy system and a new data analysis method to differentiate Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes including the early ring stage. The next parts of this thesis focus on two-dimensional (2D) materials which are believed to be a tool set for future electronics. In particular, graphene is explored as a new infrared sensitive material that can be used for sensors in mid- and long-wavelength infrared spectrum ([lambda] = 2- 15[mu]m) imaging systems. We demonstrate a Si CMOS-based readout IC and monolithic integration of an array of > 4000 electronically tunable graphene thermocouples. The prototype system shows that use of 2D material as add-on parts of the conventional technology can lead to development of new types of electronic applications. In addition to combinational uses with Si CMOS technology, 2D materials and their heterostructures have the potential to be used as stand-alone electronic systems. In the latter part of the thesis, we present a computer-aided design (CAD) flow for large-scale MoS₂ electronics. Combined with the state-of-the-art fabrication technology and the physics-based device model for MoS 2 FETs, a switched capacitor DC-DC converter, a half-wave rectifier, and a voltage doubler are implemented, and good agreement between simulation and measurement is observed. The presented CAD flow enables large-scale integrated circuit design on MoS₂ technology and paves the way for ubiquitous, flexible and possibly transparent electronics, such as printed RFID tags and transparent display drivers. Utilizing these desig

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Ferrohydrodynamic Flows in Uniform and Non-uniform Rotating Magnetic Fields

Ferrohydrodynamic Flows in Uniform and Non-uniform Rotating ...

引用

作者： Xiaowei He Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Ferrofluids are conventionally used in such DC magnetic field applications as rotary and exclusion seals, stepper motor dampers, and heat transfer fluids. Recent research demonstrates ferrofluid use in alternating and rotating magnetic fields for MEMS/NEMS application of microfluidic devices and bio-applications such as targeted drug delivery, enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and hyperthermia. This thesis studies ferrofluid ferrohydrodynamics in uniform and non-uniform rotating magnetic fields through modeling and measurements of ferrofluid torque and spin-up flow profiles. To characterize the water-based and oil-based ferrofluids used in the experiments, measurements were made of the mass density, surface tension, viscosity, magnetization curve, nanoparticle size, and the speed of sound. Initial analysis for planar Couette and Poiseuille flows exploit DC magnetic field effects on flow and spin velocities with zero spin viscosity. Above critical values of magnetic field strength and flow velocity, multiple values of magnetic field, spin velocity, and effective magnetoviscosity result, indicating that zero spin viscosity may be non-physical. Torque and spin-up flow profile measurements show the effect of volume torque density and body force density in uniform and non-uniform rotating magnetic fields. Ferrofluid "negative viscosity" measurements in uniform and non-uniform rotating magnetic fields occur when magnetic field induced flow creates torque that exceeds the torque necessary to drive a viscometer spindle. Numerical simulations of torque and spin-up flow in uniform and non-uniform rotating magnetic fields, including contribution from the spin velocity and spin viscosity terms, are fitted to measurements to estimate the value ranges of relaxation time r - 1.3-30 gs and spin viscosity n' - 1-11.8x10 9 Nos in waterbased ferrofluid. Based on the ferrohydrodynamic theory and models, theory of the complex magnetic susceptibility tensor is derived, which depends o

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Magnetic Machines and Power Electronics for Power MEMS Applications

Magnetic Machines and Power Electronics for Power MEMS Appli...

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作者： Saupama Das Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

This thesis presents the modeling, design, and characterization of microfabricated, surface-wound, permanent-magnet (PM) generators, and their power electronics, for use in Watt-level Power MEMS applications such as a microscale gas turbine engine. The generators are three-phase, axial-flux, synchronous machines, comprising a rotor with an annular PM and ferromagnetic core, and a stator with multi-turn surface windings on a soft magnetic substrate. The fabrication of the PM generators, as well as the development of their high-speed spinning rotor test stand, was carried out by collaborators at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The machines are modeled by analytically solving 2D magneto-quasistatic Maxwell's Equations as a function of radius and then integrating the field solutions over the radial span of the machine to determine the open-circuit voltage, torque and losses in the stator core. The model provides a computationally fast method to determine power and efficiency of an axial-air-gap PM machine as a function of geometry, speed and material properties. Both passive and active power electronics have been built and tested. The passive power electronics consist of a three-phase transformer and diode bridge rectifier. The active power electronics consist of a switch-mode rectifier based on the boost semi-bridge topology which is used to convert the unregulated AC generator voltages to a regulated 12 V DC without the need for rotor position/speed or stator terminal current/voltage sensing. At the rotational speed of 300,000 rpm, one generator converts 16.2 W of mechanical power to electrical power. Coupled to the transformer and diode bridge rectifier, it delivers 8 W DC to a resistive load. This is the highest output power ever delivered by a microscale electric generator to date. The corresponding power and current densities of 57.8 MW/m 3 and 6x 108 AiM 2, respectively, are much higher than those of a macroscale electric generator. At the rotational speed o

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with 2D spectroscopy for the detection of brain metabolites

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with 2D spectroscop...

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作者： Kok, Trina Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derives its signal from protons in water, additional biochemical compounds are detectable in vivo within the proton spectrum. The detection and mapping of these much weaker signals is known as magnetic resonance spectroscopy or spectroscopic imaging. Among the complicating factors for this modality applied to human clinical imaging are limited chemical-shift dispersion and J-coupling, which cause spectral overlap and complicated spectral shapes that limit detection and separation of brain metabolites using MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Existing techniques for improved detection include so-called 2D spectroscopy, where additional encoding steps aid in the separation of compounds with overlapping chemical shift. This is achieved by collecting spectral data over a range of timing parameters and introducing an additional frequency axis. While these techniques have been shown to improve signal separation, they carry a penalty in scan time that is often prohibitive when combined with MRSI. Beyond scan time constraints, the lipid signal contamination from the subcutaneous tissue in the head pose problems in MRSI. Due to the large voxel size typical in MRSI experiments, ringing artifacts from lipid signals become more prominent and contaminate spectra in brain tissue. This is despite the spatial separation of subcutaneous and brain tissue. This thesis first explores the combination of a 2D MRS method, _Constant Time Point REsolved SpectroScopy (CT-PRESS) with fast spiral encoding in order to achieve feasible scan times for human in-vivo scanning. Human trials were done on a *** scanner and with a 32-channel receive coil array. A lipid contamination minimization algorithm was incorporated for the reduction of lipid artifacts in brain metabolite spectra. This method was applied to the detection of cortical metabolites in the brain and results showed that peaks of metabolites, glutamate, glutamine and N-acetyl-aspartate were recovered

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Microsensors for the measurement of shear forces in turbulent boundary layers

Microsensors for the measurement of shear forces in turbulen...

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作者： Schmidt, Martin Arnold Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

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Applications of optical parametric downconversion : I. Self-phase locking, [and] II. Generation of entangled photon pairs in periodically-poled lithium niobate

Applications of optical parametric downconversion : I. Self-...

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作者： Mason, Elliott J. (Elliot James) Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

Nonlinear optics plays a key role in many applications not only as a means of frequency synthesis and control, but also as a source of twin photons and other nonclassical states of light. Advances in nonlinear materials, including engineered nonlinear interactions through the use of quasi-phase matching, have increased the flexibility and performance of many nonlinear optical devices. One of the devices presented in this thesis is a 2:1 frequency divider based on self-phase locking in a type-II phase matched optical parametric oscillator. This device is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Results are also presented on fabrication of periodically-poled nonlinear crystals for quasi-phase matching in lithium niobate and barium magnesium fluoride. Finally, a high-efficiency frequency-nondegenerate twin photon source is implemented in periodically-poled lithium niobate.

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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Probabilistic methods for distributed information dissemination

Probabilistic methods for distributed information disseminat...

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作者： Haeupler, Bernhard Massachusetts Institute of Technology

学位级别：博士

The ever-increasing growth of modern networks comes with a paradigm shift in network operation. Networks can no longer be abstracted as deterministic, centrally controlled systems with static topologies but need to be understood as highly distributed, dynamic systems with inherent unreliabilities. This makes many communication, coordination and computation tasks challenging and in many scenarios communication becomes a crucial bottleneck. In this thesis, we develop new algorithms and techniques to address these challenges. In particular we concentrate on broadcast and information dissemination tasks and introduce novel ideas on how randomization can lead to powerful, simple and practical communication primitives suitable for these modern networks. In this endeavor we combine and further develop tools from different disciplines trying to simultaneously addresses the distributed, information theoretic and algorithmic aspects of network communication. The two main probabilistic techniques developed to disseminate information in a network are gossip and random linear network coding. Gossip is an alternative to classical flooding approaches: Instead of nodes repeatedly forwarding information to all their neighbors, gossiping nodes forward information only to a small number of (random) neighbors. We show that, when done right, gossip disperses information almost as quickly as flooding, albeit with a drastically reduced communication overhead. Random linear network coding (RLNC) applies when a large amount of information or many messages are to be disseminated. Instead of routing messages through intermediate nodes, that is, following a classical store-and-forward approach, RLNC mixes messages together by forwarding random linear combinations of messages. The simplicity and topology-obliviousness of this approach makes RLNC particularly interesting for the distributed settings considered in this thesis. Unfortunately the performance of RLNC was not well understood even for

关键词： electrical engineering and computer science

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