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Rapid label-free electronic detection of biomarker using miniturized microfluidic system

Rapid label-free electronic detection of biomarker using min...

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作者： Lin, Zhongtian Rutgers University

学位级别：博士

The application of Lab-on-a-Chip or microfluidic technologies to perform protein assays is an emerging field and has a potential to be used for point-of-care device. In order to achieve this goal, the miniaturization of the biochip and high sensitivity is required. In this proposal, we addressed multiple novel solutions for biomarker detections in purified buffer, cancer cells and saliva sample using a micro sized biochip which includes sensor fabrication, sample preparation, theoretical consideration, impedance cytometry and data analysis. We started with detecting protein in purified buffer. We performed a sandwich immunoassay, where the complementary antibody pairs are immobilized on two different bead types, and the presence of target antigen results in bead aggregation, the amount of which depends on antigen quantity. When single beads or bead aggregates pass through the impedance sensor, differences in impedance change are detected. As for cancer cells, we focused on the rapid qualitative assessment of surface markers on cancer cells which can allow for point-of care prediction of patient response to various cancer drugs. Preclinical studies targeting cells with an antibody to “activated” matriptase conjugated to a potent toxin show promise as a selective treatment for a variety of solid tumors. We implemented a novel technique for electrical detection of proteins on surfaces of cancer cells using multi-frequency microfluidic impedance cytometry. The sensor is capable of differentiating between bare magnetic beads, cancer cells and bead-cell aggregates based on their various impedance and frequency responses. The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has always been appealing due to the ability for rapid and non-invasive sampling for monitoring health status and treatment progress. Saliva is rich in protein biomarkers and provides a wealth of information for diagnosis and prognosis of various disease conditions. Portable electronic tools that can monitor pr

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Modeling and control of modular multilevel converter based on ordinary differential equations and its applications for HVDC system

Modeling and control of modular multilevel converter based o...

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作者： Jiang, Haihao McGill University

学位级别：博士

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) system is more efficient than high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) system for long-distance, bulk power transmission. Modularity, flexibility, reliability and high efficiency make the modular multilevel converter (MMC) the topology of choice in HVDC applications. Because the increasing number of installations shows that the MMC-HVDC is the HVDC of the future, this thesis is continuing research to advance the capability of the MMC- HVDC. This thesis focuses on fast simulation capability and control strategies for the MMC-HVDC. The main objectives are: (1) to develop a fast and accurate simulation model of a single MMC station and models of multi-terminal MMC-HVDC stations (MTDC-MMC); (2) to investigate the method to design proper parameters for high damping; (3) to design the MMC-HVDC with the capability of power oscillation damping (POD). Simulation is computation-intensive in MMC. The thesis develops a fast and accurate method by which an MMC station is modeled by ordinary differential equations (ODE). The proposed MMC ODE model is implemented in MATLAB SIMULINK and its correctness is validated by the MMC Detail Equivalent Model (DEM) in RT-LAB. Taking advantage of its speed and accuracy, a Four-Terminal MMC-HVDC system based on the MMC ODE model is developed. The ODE model meets the speed and accuracy requirements of power systems engineers who are concerned with planning, operation and protection studies. As the ordinary differential equations are nonlinear, small perturbation about a steady-state is applied to obtain the linearized time-periodic matrix. The steady-state takes a long time to simulate because it depends on the transients to have all damped out. The method of Aprille and Trick is applied. Simulation converges to the steady-state in one cycle of 50 Hz. The resultant linearized matrix is time-periodic. The Floquet-Lyapunov Theorem is applied to construct the state-transition matrix from the linearized time-period

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Greener cyber physical systems - data analysis and algorithm design

Greener cyber physical systems - data analysis and algorithm...

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作者： Dong, Chuansheng McGill University

学位级别：doctor

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), such as transportation systems, smart grid, and critical infrastructures, are the main contributors of energy consumption. Unfortunately the detriment of CPS to the environment has been magnified by two facts: the overwhelming majority (81.59% in US) of the energy comes from fossil fuel; the energy efficiency is undesirably low (only 39.57%). In this thesis, we aim at making CPS greener by 1) replacing the fossil fuel usage with renewable energy; 2) improving the energy efficiency. Our approach centers around the gathering and analysis of data, and the design and optimization based on these data. In this thesis, we use three pieces of work to exemplify our approach. First, we notice the significance of wasted fuel during vehicle idling and other associated costs, and the ineffectiveness of the current idling reduction systems. We abstract the anti-idling problem as a classic ski rental problem so existing approaches can be adopted. We further propose to gather more information to provide abstraction of the stop lengths: the expected length of short stops and the probability of long stops. With these two additional statistics, we develop two online algorithms, which exhibit robustness in terms of worst case guarantee and average case performance when evaluated with the synthetic and the real-world driving data. Compared with the strategy to keep idling until the legal limit, the proposed strategy can save fuel by at least 32%. Secondly, we formulate the traffic assignment in a stochastic network with varying edge speed as Stochastic Delay Constrained Maximum Flow (SDCMF) problem. We propose the delay aware maximum flow algorithms, which find the maximum flow paths that efficiently use the transportation network on the system level, while keeping the delay constrained. These algorithms effectively improve the fuel economy as traffic jams are mitigated by balancing the traffics and avoiding low-speed driving situation. Finally, we aim to m

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Finite-element time-domain methods for nonlinear dispersive media

Finite-element time-domain methods for nonlinear dispersive ...

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作者： Abraham, David McGill University

学位级别：博士

L'infrastructure des télécommunications d'aujourd'hui dépend de plus en plus des interactions complexes entre les matériaux et les champs électromagnétiques. Par exemple, des ... 详细信息

L'infrastructure des télécommunications d'aujourd'hui dépend de plus en plus des interactions complexes entre les matériaux et les champs électromagnétiques. Par exemple, des effets tels que la dispersion, où la réponse d'un matériel à un champ appliqué dépend de sa fréquence, et la non-linéarité, où la réponse est une fonction complexe de l'ampleur du champ, forment la base de plusieurs domaines d'études tels que les fibres optiques non-linéaires. En conséquence, la demande d'outils de simulation numérique capables de modéliser ces interactions complexes d'une manière efficace, précise et fiable augmente en tant d'alternatives abordables à l'expérimentation et au *** cette thèse, une famille de méthodes numériques basées sur la méthode des éléments finis au domaine temporel (FETD) est proposée pour la simulation des problèmes électromagnétiques contenant des interactions matérielles complexes. En utilisant à la fois une formulation mixte et une formulation de l'équation d'ondes vectorielles, les méthodes présentées sont capables de modéliser des combinaisons très générales de dispersion linéaire, de non-linéarité instantanée et de non-linéarité dispersive dans les équations de Maxwell d'une manière complète et libre de toute hypothèse simplificatrice sur la nature des solutions. Contrairement aux méthodes existantes, ces techniques permettent une liberté géométrique accrue, une stabilité améliorée et sont capables de gérer des ordres dispersifs et non-linéaire arbitrairement élevé*** thèse présente également plusieurs outils et méthodes supplémentaires pour augmenter l'efficacité et la polyvalence de ces techniques. Par exemple, une couche absorbante parfaitement adaptée (PML) compatible avec les milieux dispersifs et non-linéaire est dérivée, permettant l'émulation des domaines infinies ainsi que la troncature de systèmes finis au sein de la méthode FETD non-linéaire. Plus précisément, en utilisant la formulation de coordonnées étirées du PML, la

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Security, protection, and control of power systems with large-scale wind power penetration

Security, protection, and control of power systems with larg...

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作者： Acharya, Naresh Iowa State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

As the number of wind generation facilities in the utility system is fast increasing, many issues associated with their integration into the power system are beginning to emerge. Of the various issues, this dissertation deals with the development of new concepts and computational methods to handle the transmission issues and voltage issues caused by large-scale integration of wind turbines. This dissertation also formulates a probabilistic framework for the steady-state security assessment of wind power incorporating the forecast uncertainty and correlation. Transmission issues are mainly related to the overloading of transmission lines, when all the wind power generated cannot be delivered in full due to prior outage conditions. To deal with this problem, a method to curtail the wind turbine outputs through Energy Management System facilities in the on-line operational environment is proposed. The proposed method, which is based on linear optimization, sends the calculated control signals via the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system to wind farm controllers. The necessary ramping of the wind farm outputs is implemented either by the appropriate blade pitch angle control at the turbine level or by switching a certain number of turbines. The curtailment strategy is tested with an equivalent system model of MidAmerican Energy Company. The results show that the line overload in high wind areas can be alleviated by controlling the outputs of the wind farms step-by-step over an allowable period of time. A low voltage event during a system fault can cause a large number of wind turbines to trip, depending on voltages at the wind turbine terminals during the fault and the under-voltage protection setting of wind turbines. As a result, an N-1 contingency may evolve into an N-(K+1) contingency, where K is the number of wind farms tripped due to low voltage conditions. Losing a large amount of wind power following a line contingency might lead to system instabiliti

关键词： curtailment fault current latin hypercube sampling low voltage ride through security assessment wind electrical and computer engineering

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Design and analysis of macro switched impedance motors

Design and analysis of macro switched impedance motors

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作者： Johnson, Weston C. University of Kentucky

学位级别：Ph.D.

For present day global economies energy use is the single most important criteria determining a nation’s wealth and sustainability. The global energy needs are met primarily by fossil fuels which are of finite supply. One means to extend the life span of the fossil fuel reserves has been to improve the efficiency of existing systems including generation, storage, usage etc., as a means of conservation. This dissertation investigates a motor technology that promises to complement existing conservation techniques. Given advances in high voltage power semiconductors, manufacturing techniques and materials research this dissertation evaluates the potential of the switched impedance motor (SIM), a type of electrostatic motor (ESM), as an efficient alternative to induction machines. Starting with a broad look at how force can be created using electrical means, this dissertation reviews the contributions of prior art, details their inhibitors and develops analytic expressions that allow these inhibitors to be overcome. Using these analytic expressions as design tools allows future SIM designers to realize this motor topology’s potential as a highly efficient machine and a global tool for energy conservation. Keywords: electrostatic, switched impedance, capacitive motor, electret, breakdown mitigation

关键词： electrostatic switched impedance capacitive motor electret breakdown mitigation electrical and computer engineering

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Moments-based techniques for complex microelectronic systems

Moments-based techniques for complex microelectronic systems

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作者： Kassis, Marco McGill University

学位级别：博士

À l’heure actuelle, le cycle de mise à jour de la plupart des produits électroniques est plus rapide que jamais. Par conséquent, le besoin pour des simulateurs de circuits plus rapides qui sont capables d’effectuer différents types d’analyse devient de plus en plus essentiel afin de répondre aux demandes de cycles de conception très courts. De plus, les critères de précision pour de tels simulateurs sont plus stricts que jamais et la taille des problèmes est très grande compte tenu du niveau actuel d’intégration et de mise à l’échelle. Des techniques de réduction de taille ont été déployées depuis plusieurs années afin de répondre à ces critères de complexité. Cependant, en raison de l’émergence de nouvelles applications telles que le calcul parallèle ainsi que de l’accès à de nouvelles ressources informatiques, des solutions modernes sont nécessaires. Cette thèse présente de nouvelles techniques de réduction de taille de modèles à base de moments qui aident à réduire la complexité de plusieurs problèmes modernes reliés à la conception assistée par ordinateur pour l’électronique. Ces méthodes sont capables d’accélérer les processus de conception de façon significative comparativement aux outils actuels qui sont à la fine pointe de la technologie, et ce, tout en conservant un haut niveau de pré*** simulation de circuits linéaires représentant des modèles de réseaux de distribution d’énergie sur puce constitue un goulet d’étranglement pour l’automatisation de la conception moderne principalement en raison des grandes tailles des matrices et du long temps d’analyse requis. Des méthodes à base de moments sont utilisées dans cette thèse pour segmenter de tels modèles et pour réduire leur ordre, ce qui accélère significativement le processus de simulation. Une autre application abordée est la modélisation à boîte noire de circuits non linéaires à l’aide de la méthode de distorsion polyharmonique, pour laquelle des méthodes à base de moments sont introduites afin de

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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MULTIDIMENSIONAL RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING BASED ON SPARSE FOURIER TRANSFORMS

MULTIDIMENSIONAL RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING BASED ON SPARSE FOU...

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作者： SHAOGANG W ANG Rutgers The State University of New Jersey

学位级别：博士

The conventional radar signal processing typically employs the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to detect targets and identify their parameters. The sample and computational complexity of the N-point FFT are O(N) and O(N log N), respectively. In modern Dig- ital Beamforming (DBF) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radars, N is large due to the increased dimensions of processing (i. e., range, Doppler and angle) and the need for high radar resolution in each dimension. Hence, the FFT-based radar processing is still challenging for DBF/MIMO radars of constrained computation resources, such as the state-of-the-art automotive radars. Sparse Fourier Transform (SFT) is a family of low-complexity algorithms that implement Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for frequency-domain sparse signals. State-of-the-art SFT algorithms achieve sample complexity of O(K) and computational complexity of O(K log K) for a K-sparse signal. When K << N, the sample and computational savings of SFT are significant as compared with that of the FFT. In radar applications, the number of radar targets is usually much smaller than the number of resolution cells in the multidimensional frequency domain, i. e., the radar signal is sparse in the frequency domain; thus, it is tempting to replace the FFT with SFT to reduce sample and computational complexity of signal processing. However, applying SFT in radar signal processing is not trivial for the following reasons: • Most existing SFT algorithms are designed for one-dimensional, ideal signals, which are noiseless and contain on-grid frequencies; those SFT algorithms are not practical for radar applications as the radar signals are multidimensional, noisy, and contain off-grid frequencies. • The signal processing schemes of different radar architectures need to be properly designed to support the application of SFT. When the radar signal is not naturally sparse, proper preprocessing is required to sparsify the signal. • The application of SFT in rad

关键词： electrical and computer engineering Radar

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Silicon Photonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator Architectures For High Order Modulation Formats

Silicon Photonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator Architectures For Hi...

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作者： Alireza Samani McGill University

学位级别：博士

Global internet traffic has been growing exponentially in the past several years. This increase is fueled by video streaming services (e.g. Netflix, YouTube), cloud-based storages (e.g. Dropbox, google drive), and machine-to-machine (e.g. Internet of Things) applications. Since 2008 most Internet traffic has originated or been terminated in datacenters and the datacenter traffic is forecasted to grow three-fold in the next five years to reach 20.6 zettabytes by 2021. On-Off-Keying (OOK) has been the main modulation format employed in short reach optical interconnects. The simplicity of the transmitter and receiver architectures have been an important factor in the success of OOK for short reach optical links. Recently deployed, 100 Gb/s systems utilize OOK modulation in 4 Ã 25 Gb/s configuration. However, as we move towards 400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s systems, OOK requires a proportional increase in the bandwidth. Hence, a more efficient modulation format is required to avoid such complexity. Silicon photonics (SiP) has recently become a popular choice for datacenter interconnects. Taking advantage of years of complementary metal oxide semiconductor research and development, SiP provides a low cost and high yield platform for datacenter optical interconnects. In this thesis, 3 different SiP Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) structures to generate higher order modulation formats are presented. First, the feasibility of utilizing coherent transmission systems as opposed to intensity modulation/direct detection systems for 400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s systems are discussed and an Inphase-Quadrature modulator is presented. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using coherent systems for short reach applications. Next, we investigate and compare the performance advantages of generating 4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) using various structures of MZM optically, instead of generating PAM-4 in the electrical domain using digital to analog convertors (DACs) for 400 Gb/s system

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Time Domain Numerical Modelling of Graphene

Time Domain Numerical Modelling of Graphene

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作者： Fatemeh Afshar McGill University

学位级别：博士

In this thesis, we focus on modelling a newly discovered material, called graphene, using time domain methods. First, a general finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach followed by FDTD update equations considering graphene is introduced. Subsequently, a new FDTD formulation for modelling intra-band conductivity term of graphene is proposed, in which graphene is modelled as a resistive sheet with a frequency-dependent conductivity. The formulation is first developed in the context of the vector wave finite-element time-domain (FETD) and then reduced to the FDTD based on the equivalence between these two techniques. The obtained formulation is easy-to-implement and does not alter the original FDTD update equations. It can be applied to an existing FDTD code by simply adding a correction term to appropriate variables. In addition, an efficient method based on the recursive fast Fourier transform (FFT) to incorporate both the intra-band and inter-band conductivity terms of graphene into FDTD method is proposed. As it only requires numerical values of the conductivity, it not only does not enforce any restrictions on the conductivity models, but also can directly take into account material properties obtained from measurement. It reduces the total computational cost from?(?? ) to?(??????) where? is the length of the unknown. The FDTD method is also modified and proven to retain the stability condition of the standard FDTD method.

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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