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Active silicon photonic components for datacom transceivers

Active silicon photonic components for datacom transceivers

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作者： Jacques, Maxime McGill University

学位级别：博士

The dramatic surge of cloud-based applications, connected objects, online gaming, streaming services and global mobile data users keep driving the increase in Internet protocol (IP) traffic around the world. Global data-center IP traffic will be 20.6 zettabytes in 2021, and Cisco now estimates the world will count 3.6 networked devices per capita before 2023, compared to just 2.4 in 2018. With the deployment of the 5G network, enabling mobile live video streaming, demand for more bandwidth will continue to grow at a fast pace in the upcoming years. To cope with this data volume, their will be twice as many hyper-scale data centers in 2021 versus just 5 years before. Optical fibers and transceivers ensure data transport and electrical/optical conversion in data center networks. Among the available technologies to build transceivers, silicon photonics (SiP) has increasing traction and market shares due to the possibility of mass production at a reduced cost, and high yields. In this thesis, we study and develop active SiP components to improve the platform competitiveness and enable future 800 Gbit/s and 1.6 Tb/s optical transceivers. First, we study the impact of distortions inherent to the modulation mechanism on optical coherent transmission systems by comparing the 3 main commercial integrated platforms: lithium niobate (LN), indium phosphide and SiP. We compare the received vector diagram chirp parameter and error vector magnitude (EVM) for each modulator, and find that SiP distortions lead to a slightly worst penalty than InP compared to the LN benchmark. We also show that phase non-linearity in SiP degrades the performance of a common symbol timing recovery algorithm. These SiP impairments are found to be proportional to the modulator drive voltage relative to 2x Vpi (half-wave voltage).Second, we optimize the design of metal-based and doped-Si-based resistive thermo-optic (TOPS) phase shifters, and fabricate both on the same silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. A

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Deep Discriminative Speaker Representations for Identity Verification

Deep Discriminative Speaker Representations for Identity Ver...

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作者： Bhattacharya, Gautam McGill University (Canada)

学位级别：Ph.D.

Automatic Speaker Verification is a challenging task for several reasons. Firstly, we need to learn speaker representations from recordings of arbitrary duration. Secondly, we need to be able to generalize to new speakers, languages and recording conditions. Over the last few years Deep Neural Networks have established themselves as the state-of-the-art technique for this task. However, these methods require vast amounts of training data and are heavily dependent on additional classifiers for performing speaker verification. Our goal in this research is to develop techniques that are able to overcome the core challenges of speaker verification, while also addressing the limitations of the current generation of neural network based solutions. In order to achieve this goal we make several contributions to neural network based speaker verification. Firstly, we propose network architectures that are computationally efficient, and capable of processing recordings of arbitrary size. Secondly, we show that robust verification performance can be achieved using simple non-parametric classifiers like cosine distance. This not only simplifies the verification process, but leads to representations that inherently capture more speaker discriminative information. Thirdly, we show that we can transfer knowledge between different verification tasks, leading to robust performance even on small datasets. Finally, we propose a novel approach that allows us to adapt speaker representations to new languages and recording conditions.

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Unitary space-time waveform scheduling for high-resolution delay-doppler mimo radar sensing

Unitary space-time waveform scheduling for high-resolution d...

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作者： Qureshi, Tariq R. Purdue University

学位级别：Ph.D.

In this dissertation, we deal with radar systems where multiple radar waveforms are simultaneously transmitted from different antennas. The goal is to process the returns in a way that the overall ambiguity function is a sum of individual ambiguity functions, such that the sum better approximates the ideal thumbtack shape. The transmitted waveforms are based on complementary sequences, which have this property that their individual autocorrelation functions sum to a delta function. A unitary design for the illustrative 4×4 example prescribes the scheduling of the complementary sequence based waveforms over four transmit antennas over four PRIs. Further, it dictates how the matched filtering of the returns over four PRIs are combined in such a way so as to achieve both perfect separation (of the superimposed returns) AND perfect reconstruction. Perfect reconstruction implies that the sum of the time-autocorrelations associated with each of the four waveforms is a delta function. The net result of the processing of four antennas over four PRIs yields 16 cross-correlations all of which ideally exhibit a sharp peak at each target delay. Conditions for both perfect separation and perfect reconstruction are developed, and a variety of unitary waveform sets satisfying both are proposed. Since complementary sequences are very sensitive to Doppler, a scheme for Doppler compensation is proposed based on a data dependent weighting of the different PRI matched-filtered outputs prior to summing. The scheme is further improved to provide a reasonable estimate of the Doppler phase shift using the MUSIC algorithm. A new Doppler estimation and compensation scheme based on a clever application of DFT is also developed, which provides an improvement in both in detection performance, and processing times. We have also developed a channel estimation scheme for MIMOOFDM systems based on our proposed designs. We show that our designs are not limited to symmetric MIMO systems, and that the

关键词： applied sciences delay-doppler resolution mimo radar subspace signal processing waveform design electrical and computer engineering

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High efficiency nanowire-based phosphor-free white and deep ultraviolet light sources

High efficiency nanowire-based phosphor-free white and deep ...

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作者： Djavid, Mehrdad McGill University

学位级别：doctor

We have developed several methods to enhance the external quantum efficiency of GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs). As electron leakage out of the device active region is primarily responsible for internal efficiency degradation in such devices, we have demonstrated that electron overflow in nanowire LEDs can be effectively prevented with the incorporation of a p-doped AlGaN electron blocking layer (EBL), leading to the achievement of phosphor-free white LEDs that can exhibit virtually zero efficiency droop. We further report on the demonstration of a new type of axial nanowire LED heterostructures, with the use of self-organized InGaN/AlGaN dot-in-a-wire core-shell nanowire arrays. The p-doped AlGaN barrier layers as distributed EBLs is found to be more effective in reducing electron overflow, compared to the conventional AlGaN EBL. In the second approach, we have proposed and demonstrated InGaN/GaN dot-in-a-wire tunnel injection white light emitting diodes on Si, wherein electrons and holes are injected into the quantum dot active region through two separate InGaN injector wells. Significantly reduced electron overflow is realized without the use of any Al-containing EBL. On the other hand, extracting the generated photons out of the GaN LEDs is difficult. Most of the photons are reflected at the GaN/air interface due to the total internal reflection, and consequently are trapped and absorbed inside the LED. We have shown that the light extraction efficiency of GaN LEDs can be significantly enhanced by integrating with nanotube arrays. The light extraction involves two successive steps, including the coupling from the light source to the tube and the subsequent emission from the tube to the air. We have further enhanced the light extraction efficiency of deep UV LEDs using periodic array of nanowires. The emission of the guided modes could be inhibited and redirected into radiated modes utilizing nanowire structures. We have shown that an unprecedentedly high light

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Efficient processing of system scenarios in statistical and machine learning studies for power system operational and investment planning

Efficient processing of system scenarios in statistical and ...

引用

作者： Krishnan, Venkat Kumar Iowa State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Power System security assessment and the associated planning studies are becoming more and more complex with ever increasing uncertainties in all time horizons. An effective means of performing operational and investment planning studies of network limitations associated with static or dynamic post-disturbance performance problems has been to take a Monte Carlo simulation based approach. The approach harnesses computing power to develop a database of post-contingency response over a wide range of different operating conditions, and then apply statistical or machine learning methods to extract useful planning and operational information from the database. Key to the machine learning based planning approach is the manner in which the different operating conditions are sampled to generate a training database. This work develops an efficient sampling procedure that maximizes information content in the training database while minimizing computing requirements to generate it, by finding the most influential region in the sampling state space and sampling operating conditions from it according to their relative likelihood. The Monte-Carlo variance-reduction methods are used to construct the proposed sampling approach, which is envisioned to allow market-oriented industries to operate the system according to economic rule. The dissertation also develops a comprehensive methodology to perform decision tree based security assessment for multiple contingencies. The system security limits and associated operating rules depend on the set of contingencies considered for planning. Considering the probabilistic nature of the power system, this work develops a risk based contingency ranking method that helps in screening the most critical contingencies from a contingency list. The developed contingency risk estimation method gives realistic risk indices since it takes into account the non-parametric nature of operating condition distribution, and it also saves tremendous computation

关键词： Contingency Grouping Decision Trees Importance Sampling Linear Sensitivities Operational Planning Voltage Stability electrical and computer engineering

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Effect of Grain Size and Interface engineering on the Photovoltaic Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

Effect of Grain Size and Interface Engineering on the Photov...

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作者： Mamun, Abdullah Al Old Dominion University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have grown rapidly in recent years due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties, high efficiency, and low-cost. However, this emerging solar cell technology is experiencing some challenges such as defects, hysteresis, and long-term stability, which need to be addressed in order to make it commercially available. This dissertation aims to assist in overcoming some of the barriers and is therefore important to the field of perovskite solar cells. Initially, this dissertation focuses on investigating the role of grain interiors (GIs) and grain boundaries (GBs) of perovskite film using chemically, spatially, and temporally resolved measurements at the nanoscale level. It is shown that, the GBs are defective with deeper defect levels and are unfavorable to the high performance of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, larger grain perovskite film can be considered as a plausible solution for better quality perovskite films. This work leads to a novel deconvoluted PL approach to determine the charge carrier dynamics of the GI and the GB of the perovskite film. We have quantitatively demonstrated that the charge carrier dynamics of the GI and GB can be analyzed from the ordered and disordered phase of the asymmetric PL spectrum observed in the perovskite film. This deconvoluted PL approach is simple, rapid, non-destructive, and requires no sample preparation compared with the currently available nanoscale characterization measurements. Subsequently, this dissertation describes the interface defect passivation between perovskite and the electron transport layer (ETL). To address this, a novel thin film of PCBM/carbon was introduced as ETL in the device architecture, which reduces the interface defects and increases the conductivity compared with that of the competitive ETL of PCBM/C60. Moreover, carbon is abundant in nature and the use of carbon in perovskite solar cells will reduce the manufacturing cost. Finally, th

关键词： Defects Degradation Grain boundary Grain interior Perovskite Solar cell electrical and computer engineering Power and Energy

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Time-domain RF breast health monitoring: Advancements and optimization of wearable prototype for a clinical setup

Time-domain RF breast health monitoring: Advancements and op...

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作者： Kranold, Lena McGill University

学位级别：博士

Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in women, and five-year-survival rates significantly increase if the cancer is discovered at an early stage. Early detection is an essential factor for improved treatment and prospects of cancer patients. While x-ray mammography is the standard screening modality, it relies on the painful compression of the breast and the use of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, other options, such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound, are expensive to operate or require real-time involvement of the radiologist and have hence limited accessibility. A proposed alternative for breast health monitoring is provided by microwave technologies, which rely on the previously reported inherent dielectric contrast of fibroglandular, adipose and malignant tissue within the breast. Advantageously, microwave methods use non-ionizing radiation and are available at a low *** this thesis, I am presenting my contributions to a time domain microwave (2 - 4 GHz) radar for breast health screening. I advanced the existing prototype in several stages with the goal to provide a low-cost, wearable device for frequent breast screening. The prototype tracks the breast health by comparing subsequent scans that were taken one to two months apart and hence provides the opportunity to detect a malignant change at an early stage. Moreover, I have conducted and will show results of two clinical trials on patients that showed a suspicious region on a previous breast screening whose nature was later confirmed by *** another outcome of my research, I am presenting a long-term stability study on breast phantoms. These phantoms are experimental models that are essential to testing microwave breast screening prototypes with a known and electrically realistic model under test. These phantoms have helped me identify challenges and redesign hardware accordingly, resulting in three prototype *** the first prototype stage, the thesis present

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Security Models

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Security Models

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作者： Al-kofahi, Majd Mahmoud Iowa State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Interest in Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is rapidly increasing in the business world due to the many benefits it offers such as reliability, manageability, re-usability, flexibility, efficiency, and interoperability. Many security technologies, models and systems have been developed for SOA, covering one or a combination of security aspects such as authentication, authorization, encryption, trust, confidentiality or access control. Even though many security areas have been thoroughly investigated, many are still unexplored such as integrity protection and SOA intrusion detection systems. In this thesis we are proposing Service Clark-Wilson Integrity Model (SCWIM), a top down integrity model for SOA capable of describing sufficient conditions to protect data integrity in any SOA implementation based on the original Clark-Wilson Integrity Model. Our model can form the basis for system security audits and assist SOA architects in developing systems that protect data integrity as well as providing guidance for evaluating existing SOA systems. We are also proposing SOA Specification Based Intrusion Detection System capable of detecting intrusions affecting service behaviors in SOA networks. A SOA testbed was implemented, configured, and modified to accommodate the needs of our research and to work as the base for the development of our specification based IDS. We believe that our IDS will provide a low false negative/positive rate and will be able to detect known and novel attacks that affect the behavior of the monitored services.

关键词： Service oriented architecture (SOA) SOA integrity model SOA Intrusion Detection SOA monitoring SOA security Specification based IDS electrical and computer engineering

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Aluminum Gallium Nitride Nanostructures For High Efficiency Ultraviolet Light Sources

Aluminum Gallium Nitride Nanostructures For High Efficiency ...

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作者： Xianhe Liu McGill University

学位级别：博士

To date, it has remained difficult to realize efficient deep ultraviolet (UV) light emitting devices. The underlying challenges include presence of dislocations and defects, inefficient doping for Al-rich AlGaN, and poor light extraction efficiency (LEE) due to in-plane transverse magnetic polarized emission. In this thesis, we have investigated molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of AlGaN nanostructures, as well as applications in UV LEDs and lasers, in order to address the performance bottleneck of conventional AlGaN-based planar deep ultraviolet (UV) light emitting devices. We firstly performed a systematic study on the molecular beam epitaxial growth and charge carrier transport properties of Mg-doped AlGaN with ~60% Al composition. High hole concentration of 8.7Ã1017 cm-3 and mobility values between 10 and 17 cm2/(VÂ·s) were achieved at room temperature. Under optimal condition, a resistivity of 0.7 â¦Â·cm was obtained. The conduction mechanism is identified to be hole conduction in the Mg impurity band. We also studied the improvement of LEE for transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized emission by using nanowire photonic crystals. By coupling in-plane TM-polarized emission to vertical emission at Î point, LEE can be in principle enhanced to over 90% from below 10% in the conventional planar structure. Further considering the absorption in p-AlGaN contact layer and p-metal contact grid, LEE over 30% was predicted. To demonstrate the feasibility of nanowire photonic crystal, we developed the process of selective area epitaxy (SAE) of AlGaN nanowire and further demonstrate an LED at 279 nm. Regular and uniform AlGaN nanowire arrays with precisely controlled diameter and spacing were realized in the full compositional range. An IQE of 45% at room temperature was estimated with the presence of Al-rich shell suppressing surface nonradiative recombination. Excellent electrical and optical performance were achieved, including a small turn-on voltage of 4

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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Finite-element time-domain methods for nonlinear dispersive media

Finite-element time-domain methods for nonlinear dispersive ...

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作者： Abraham, David McGill University

学位级别：博士

L'infrastructure des télécommunications d'aujourd'hui dépend de plus en plus des interactions complexes entre les matériaux et les champs électromagnétiques. Par exemple, des ... 详细信息

L'infrastructure des télécommunications d'aujourd'hui dépend de plus en plus des interactions complexes entre les matériaux et les champs électromagnétiques. Par exemple, des effets tels que la dispersion, où la réponse d'un matériel à un champ appliqué dépend de sa fréquence, et la non-linéarité, où la réponse est une fonction complexe de l'ampleur du champ, forment la base de plusieurs domaines d'études tels que les fibres optiques non-linéaires. En conséquence, la demande d'outils de simulation numérique capables de modéliser ces interactions complexes d'une manière efficace, précise et fiable augmente en tant d'alternatives abordables à l'expérimentation et au *** cette thèse, une famille de méthodes numériques basées sur la méthode des éléments finis au domaine temporel (FETD) est proposée pour la simulation des problèmes électromagnétiques contenant des interactions matérielles complexes. En utilisant à la fois une formulation mixte et une formulation de l'équation d'ondes vectorielles, les méthodes présentées sont capables de modéliser des combinaisons très générales de dispersion linéaire, de non-linéarité instantanée et de non-linéarité dispersive dans les équations de Maxwell d'une manière complète et libre de toute hypothèse simplificatrice sur la nature des solutions. Contrairement aux méthodes existantes, ces techniques permettent une liberté géométrique accrue, une stabilité améliorée et sont capables de gérer des ordres dispersifs et non-linéaire arbitrairement élevé*** thèse présente également plusieurs outils et méthodes supplémentaires pour augmenter l'efficacité et la polyvalence de ces techniques. Par exemple, une couche absorbante parfaitement adaptée (PML) compatible avec les milieux dispersifs et non-linéaire est dérivée, permettant l'émulation des domaines infinies ainsi que la troncature de systèmes finis au sein de la méthode FETD non-linéaire. Plus précisément, en utilisant la formulation de coordonnées étirées du PML, la

关键词： electrical and computer engineering

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