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On Evaluating Fault Resilient encoding schemes in Software

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEPENDABLE AND SECURE COMPUTING 2021年第3期18卷 1065-1079页

作者： Breier, Jakub Hou, Xiaolu Liu, Yang Underwriters Labs Singapore 138628 Singapore Acronis Singapore 038988 Singapore Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

Cryptographic implementations are often vulnerable against physical attacks, fault injection analysis being among the most popular techniques. On par with development of attacks, the area of countermeasures is advancing rapidly, utilizing both hardware- and software-based approaches. When it comes to software encoding countermeasures for fault protection and their evaluation, there are very few proposals so far, mostly focusing on single operations rather than cipher as a whole. In this paper we propose an evaluation framework that can be used for analyzing the effectivity of software encoding countermeasures against fault attacks. We first formalize the encoding schemes in software, helping us to define what properties are required when designing a fault protection. Based on these findings, we develop an evaluation metric that can be used universally to determine the robustness of a software encoding scheme against bit flip faults and instruction skips. We provide a way to select a code according to user criteria and also a dynamic code analysis method to estimate the level of protection of assembly implementations using encoding schemes. Finally, we verify our findings by implementing a block cipher PRESENT, protected by encoding scheme based on anticodes, and provide a detailed evaluation of this implementation using different codes.

关键词： encoding Software Ciphers Registers Circuit faults Measurement Redundancy Fault injection attacks encoding schemes software implementations block ciphers cryptography coding theory

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Strong continuous non-malleable encoding schemes with tamper-detection

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INFORMATION SCIENCES 2018年 451卷 253-270页

作者： Mortazavi, Amir S. Salmasizadeh, Mahmoud Daneshgar, Amir Sharif Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Tehran Iran Sharif Univ Technol Elect Res Inst Tehran Iran Sharif Univ Technol Dept EE Tehran Iran Sharif Univ Technol Dept Math Sci Tehran Iran

A non-malleable encoding scheme is a keyless encoding scheme which is resilient to tampering attacks. Such a scheme is said to be continuously secure if the scheme is resilient to attacks containing more than one tampering procedure. Moreover, such a scheme is said to have the T-tamper-detection property if any kind of tampering attack by an adversary chosen from a predetermined class of algorithms T is detected. Faust et al. have introduced a continuous non-malleable encoding scheme based on non-interactive zero knowledge (NIZK) which is secure in a strong model for which the adversary receives the tampered codeword as a response to its tampering query if the tampered codeword is not identical to the original codeword but is decodable, while it receives a failure signal 1 after sending the first undecodable tampered codeword. In this article, on the one hand, we propose a unified framework for security models related to tamper-detection and leakage-resilience, and on the other hand, we introduce a new strongly secure continuous non-malleable encoding scheme having tamper-detection property with respect to all polynomial-time adversaries, satisfying a better leakage bound whose security is based on the existence of secure MAC's. Also, as a byproduct, we introduce and justify the importance of an intermediate security model called semistrong continuous non-malleability, while we discuss different variants of these security models and provide a secure semistrong continuous non-malleable encoding scheme whose security is based on the existence of CCA-secure public-key encryption. We provide concrete proofs indicating that there is a trade-off between tamper-detection for all efficient Turing machines and being plain-CRS (i.e. the property that any user including adversaries can encode arbitrary messages), and we deduce that any tamper-detection encoding scheme for all efficient Turing machines cannot be re-encodable. Considering applications, it is instructive to note

关键词： encoding schemes Tamper-resilient cryptography Tamper-detection Continuous non-malleability

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encoding and Decoding schemes in Communication Systems using Orthogonal Coding for Noise Immunity's Increase

Encoding and Decoding Schemes in Communication Systems using...

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Wave Electronics and its Application in Information and Telecommunication Systems (WECONF)

作者： Rabin, A., V St Petersburg State Univ Aerosp Instrumentat St Petersburg Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728122885

The objective of the paper is a development and a research of the offered by the author orthogonal coding as a way of noise immunity's increase using the example of the information communication systems with a phase-shift keying. It is shown, that the orthogonal coding allows to provide the required quality of communication with a smaller energy cost. The energy gain in signal-to-noise ratio is provided by more effective use of energy of transmitted signals with the fixed code rate, without increase in complexity and cost of transmitting/receiving schemes. The orthogonal coding is an analogue of convolutional coding over the rational numbers' field. Properties of orthogonality of proposed codes allow to strengthen significance of useful signal with simultaneous weakening of influence of AWGN. Technical realization of orthogonal coding is characterized by low complexity: on each step a decoding process is reduced to calculation of several dot products and comparison with the fixed (zero, in this case) threshold. For this reason, the offered way of coding and design of receiving and transmitting schemes can be implemented in various communication systems.

关键词： noiseless coding orthogonal coding phase-shift keying spectral efficiency encoding schemes decoding schemes

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A study on analyzing side-channel resistant encoding schemes with respect to fault attacks

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JOURNAL OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING 2017年第4期7卷 311-320页

作者： Breier, Jakub Jap, Dirmanto Bhasin, Shivam Nanyang Technol Univ Temasek Labs Phys Anal & Cryptog Engn Singapore Singapore Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Phys & Math Sci Singapore Singapore

Recently, several software encoding countermeasures were proposed, utilizing the side-channel hiding concept for software implementations. While these schemes aim to protect the underlying code against various leakage models, they can also be utilized against fault injection attacks to some extent. This property comes from the data redundancy that is being employed in order to equalize the leakage. In this work, we analyze three different software encoding schemes with respect to fault injection attacks. We use a custom-made code analyzer to check the vulnerabilities in the assembly code, and we experimentally support our results using laser fault injection technique. Our results show that implementations based on table lookup operations provide reasonable security margin and thwart fault propagation.

关键词： Fault attacks Software countermeasures encoding schemes Hiding

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Evaluating the Impact of encoding schemes on Deep Auto-Encoders for DNA Annotation 13th

Evaluating the Impact of Encoding Schemes on Deep Auto-Encod...

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13th International Symposium on Bioinformatics Research and Applications (ISBRA)

作者： Yu, Ning Yu, Zeng Gu, Feng Pan, Yi Univ South Carolina Upstate Dept Informat 800 Univ Way Spartanburg SC 29303 USA Southwest Jiaotong Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Chengdu 611756 Sichuan Peoples R China CUNY Coll Staten Isl Dept Comp Sci 2800 Victory Blvd Staten Isl NY 10314 USA Georgia State Univ Dept Comp Sci 25 Pk Pl Atlanta GA 30303 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783319595757;9783319595740

Deep Neural Networks show their promise over traditional neural network on DNA genomic analysis. However, due to the uncertainty of DNA sequence data, it performs differently in various encoding schemes. In this article we focus on the comparison of different schemes on various auto-encoder algorithms in DNA annotation and analyze their impacts on deep learning. We also aim to find the best encoding schemes used on deep auto-encoder algorithms for DNA annotation.

关键词： Deep neural network Auto-encoders encoding schemes DNA genomic analysis

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Improving electrotactile communication with a multi-pad electrode under cognitive load

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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS 2024年第6期48卷 626-635页

作者： Jure, Fabricio A. Spaich, Erika G. Petrini, Laura Malesevic, Jovana Kostic, Milos Strbac, Matija Dosen, Strahinja Aalborg Univ Dept Hlth Sci & Technol Neurorehabil Syst Aalborg Denmark Aalborg Univ Ctr Neuroplast & Pain Dept Hlth Sci & Technol Aalborg Denmark Tecnalia Serbia Belgrade Serbia Aalborg Univ Fac Med Dept Hlth Sci & Technol Selma Lagerlofs Vej 249 DK-9260 Gistrup Denmark

BackgroundElectrotactile systems are compact interfaces that can be used to convey information through the skin by producing a range of haptic sensations. In many applications, however, the user needs to perceive and interpret haptic stimulation while being engaged in parallel activities. Developing methods that ensure reliable recognition of electrotactile messages despite additional cognitive load is, therefore, an important step for the practical application of electrotactile *** study investigated if a simple strategy of repeating electrotactile messages can improve message identification during multitasking. Ten participants identified 36 spatiotemporal electrotactile messages delivered through a 3 x 2 pad-matrix electrode placed on the torso while performing a concomitant cognitive task in three conditions: the messages were presented once (No-REP), and each message was repeated three (REP3) and five (REP5) times. The main outcome measure was the success rate (SR) of message *** multitasking, in the No-REP condition, the SR (median (IQR)) dropped to 56.25% (22.62%), demonstrating that the cognitive task decreased performance. However, the SR significantly improved with message repetitions, reaching 72.92% (21.87%) and 81.25% (18.66%) in REP3 and REP5 conditions respectively, without a statistically significant difference between REP3 and *** affected the efficacy of haptic communication, but message repetition was shown to be an effective strategy for improving performance. Additionally, only three repetitions were enough, as an additional increase in the duration of message transmission (5 repetitions) did not lead to further improvement. This study is an important step toward delivering electrotactile communication that can cope with the demands of real-world applications. Repeating the tactile message several times can be an effective method to cope with the inherent cognitive costs associat

关键词： encoding schemes haptics matrix electrodes sensory biofeedback task-switching

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encoding of spatial patterns using electrotactile stimulation via a multi-pad electrode placed on the torso

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ARTIFICIAL ORGANS 2022年第10期46卷 2044-2054页

作者： Jure, Fabricio A. Spaich, Erika G. Malesevic, Jovana Kostic, Milos Strbac, Matija Dosen, Strahinja Aalborg Univ Fac Med Dept Hlth Sci & Technol Neurorehabil Syst Aalborg Denmark Tecnalia Serbia Belgrade Serbia

Background Tactile stimulation can be used to convey information to a user in different scenarios while avoiding overloading other senses. Tactile messages can be transmitted as spatial patterns, potentially allowing for a high information throughput. The aim of the present study was to design and test different encoding schemes to determine the best approach for conveying spatial patterns. Methods encoding schemes with simultaneous (SIM) and sequential pad activation (SEQ) were evaluated, including four SEQ variants designed to potentially facilitate the recognition. In SEQ-col and SEQ-row, the column and row of the activated pad were signified using different frequencies, while SEQ-all and SEQ-all-fast included the activation of all pads where those belonging to the pattern were indicated by changes in frequency (ON pads). The success rate (SR) of the pattern identification and the response time were quantified in 15 participants who recognized 20 patterns delivered through a 3 x 2 pad matrix placed on the lateral torso. Results SIM was not a feasible method to present the patterns (median, 15%;IQR, 5%). The SR improved with SEQ (median, 60%;IQR, 20%) and further increased with additional cues, particularly with SEQ-row (median, 78.3%;IQR, 23.3%) and SEQ-all (median, 96.7%;IQR, 5%). Importantly, the stimulation time of SEQ-all could be decreased without a substantial drop in accuracy (SEQ-all-fast: median, 89.2%;IQR, 19.2%). Conclusions The spatiotemporal stimulation with sequential activation of all pads (SEQ-all) seems to be the method of choice when conveying tactile messages as spatial patterns. This is an important outcome for increasing the information bandwidth of communication through the tactile channel.

关键词： encoding schemes electrotactile stimulation matrix electrodes tactile communication sensory feedback haptics

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Modelling LSUTE: PKE schemes for Safeguarding Electronic Healthcare Records Over Cloud Communication Environment

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WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2021年第4期117卷 2695-2711页

作者： Preethi, P. Asokan, R. Kongunadu Coll Engn & Technol Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu India

Presently offering safety to the information stored in a cloud environment is a crucial and demanding process. For fulfilling various confidentiality safeguarding and encoding schemes several schemes are modelled but they comprise setbacks such as increased cost, increased time and poor safety levels. For addressing the setbacks the goal is to model a fresh scheme termed as layer screened unsigned tree based encoding (LSUTE) and position based keyword enquiry for offering confidentiality to the information stored into the cloud environment. Here the confidentiality is offered to the healthcare-related information uploaded into the electronic healthcare comprising two components for safeguarding the information storage and position based keyword exploration. Initially, the healthcare documents from the physician and lab technicians are stored in an encoded manner employing the modelled LSUTE scheme where only the trusted and verified individual can make use of the healthcare reports. Followed by which the position based exploration is performed based on the keyword and queries. A method based on decision trees is proposed to selectively decide whether to test all inter modes. The key merit is offering improved confidentiality to the healthcare information in a safe manner. The outcomes of the analyses reveal that the performance of the modelled schemes in terms of assessment cost, transmission cost, assessing queries, time of encoding, time of decoding and query reply time with negligible impact on coding efficiency. Therefore, algorithm to reduce the encoder run time with limited effects on the standard coding efficiency is implemented.

关键词： Cloud environment LSUTE PKE Confidentiality Verified users Keywords Healthcare documents encoding schemes

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Discrete Artificial Algae Algorithm for solving Job-Shop Scheduling Problems

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KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS 2022年第0期256卷

作者： Sahman, Mehmet Akif Korkmaz, Sedat Selcuk Univ Fac Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Konya Turkey Konya Tech Univ Fac Engn & Nat Sci Dept Comp Engn Konya Turkey

The Job-Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) is an NP-hard problem and can be solved with both exact methods and heuristic algorithms. When the dimensionality is increased, exact methods cannot produce proper solutions, but heuristic algorithms can produce optimal or near-optimal results for high-dimensional JSSPs in a reasonable time. In this work, novel versions of the Artificial Algae Algorithm (AAA) have been proposed to solve discrete optimization problems. Three encoding schemes (Random-Key (RK), Smallest Position Value (SPV), and Ranked-Over Value (ROV) encoding schemes) were integrated with AAA to solve JSSPs. In addition, the comparison of these three encoding schemes was carried out for the first time in this study. In the experiments, 48 JSSP problems that have 36 to 300 dimensions were solved with 24 different approaches obtained by integrating 3 different coding schemes into 8 state-of-the-art algorithms. As a result of the comparative and detailed analysis, the best results in terms of makespan value were obtained by integrating the SPV coding scheme into the AAA method. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Discrete optimization Job Shop Scheduling Problem Metaheuristic algorithms encoding schemes

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A Novel encoding Scheme for Complex Neural Architecture Search 34

A Novel Encoding Scheme for Complex Neural Architecture Sear...

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34th International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications (ITC-CSCC)

作者： Ahmad, Mobeen Abdullah, Muhammad Han, Dongil Sejong Univ Dept Comp Engn Vis & Image Proc Lab Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781728132716

Recent boom in Image Processing can be attributed mostly to Artificial Neural networks, enormity of data and availability of high-performance hardware. ANNs need to be designed with care and a lot of tweaking is required according to the problem at hand. However, they can be designed automatically by deploying search algorithms given a set of possible values for hyperparameters. Previously, network design has been limited because of the inherent complexity of network diversity in terms of their style (e.g. VGG-style or ResNet-style). Aforementioned two network styles require different kinds of parameters hence limiting the search algorithm to output only a specific style of architecture. We propose a methodology which will allow the system to search for the best architecture with least possible constraints.

关键词： Neural Network Architecture Search Functional Blocks encoding schemes

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