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An encryption-then-compression system for JPEG/Motion JPEG Standard

IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2015年第11期E98A卷 2238-2245页

作者： Kurihara, Kenta Kikuchi, Masanori Imaizumi, Shoko Shiota, Sayaka Kiya, Hitoshi Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Fac Syst Design Hino Tokyo 1910065 Japan Chiba Univ Grad Sch Adv Integrat Sci Chiba 2638522 Japan

In many multimedia applications, image encryption has to be conducted prior to image compression. This paper proposes a JPEG-friendly perceptual encryption method, which enables to be conducted prior to JPEG and Motion JPEG compressions. The proposed encryption scheme can provides approximately the same compression performance as that of JPEG compression without any encryption, where both gray scale images and color ones are considered. It is also shown that the proposed scheme consists of four block-based encryption steps, and provide a reasonably high level of security. Most of conventional perceptual encryption schemes have not been designed for international compression standards, but this paper focuses on applying the JPEG and Motion JPEG standards, as one of the most widely used image compression standards. In addition, this paper considers an efficient key management scheme, which enables an encryption with multiple keys to be easy to manage its keys.

关键词： encryption-then-compression system perceptual encryption JPEG color image cryptographic hash function

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An encryption-then-compression system for Lossless Image compression Standards

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND systemS 2017年第1期E100D卷 52-56页

作者： Kurihara, Kenta Imaizumi, Shoko Shiota, Sayaka Kiya, Hitoshi Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Grad Sch Syst Design Hino Tokyo 1910065 Japan Chiba Univ Grad Sch Adv Integrat Sci Chiba 2638522 Japan

In many multimedia applications, image encryption has to be conducted prior to image compression. This letter proposes an encryption-then-compression system using JPEG XR/JPEG-LS friendly perceptual encryption method, which enables to be conducted prior to the JPEG XR/JPEG-LS standard used as an international standard lossless compression method. The proposed encryption scheme can provides approximately the same compression performance as that of the lossless compression without any encryption. It is also shown that the proposed system consists of four block-based encryption steps, and provides a reasonably high level of security. Existing conventional encryption methods have not been designed for international lossless compression standards, but for the first time this letter focuses on applying the standards.

关键词： encryption-then-compression system lossless compression international standard JPEG XR JPEG-LS

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Cube-Based encryption-then-compression system for Video Sequences

Cube-Based Encryption-then-Compression System for Video Sequ...

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11th International Workshop on Smart Info-Media systems in Asia (SISA)

作者： Shimizu, Kosuke Suzuki, Taizo Kameyama, Keisuke Univ Tsukuba Dept Comp Sci Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058573 Japan Univ Tsukuba Fac Engn Informat & Syst Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058573 Japan

We propose the cube-based perceptual encryption (C-PE), which consists of cube scrambling, cube rotation, cube negative/positive transformation, and cube color component shuffling, and describe its application to the encryption-then-compression (ETC) system of Motion JPEG (MJPEG). Especially, cube rotation replaces the blocks in the original frames with ones in not only the other frames but also the depth-wise cube sides (spatiotemporal sides) unlike conventional block-based perceptual encryption (B-PE). Since it makes intra-block observation more difficult and prevents unauthorized decryption from only a single frame, it is more robust than B-PE against attack methods without any decryption key. However, because the encrypted frames including the blocks from the spatiotemporal sides affect the MJPEG compression performance slightly, we also devise a version of C-PE with no spatiotemporal sides (NSS-C-PE) that hardly affects compression performance. C-PE makes the encrypted video sequence robust against the only single frame-based algorithmic brute force (ABF) attack with only 21 cubes. The experimental results show the compression efficiency and encryption robustness of the C-PE/NSS-C-PE-based ETC system. C-PE-based ETC system shows mixed results depending on videos, whereas NSS-C-PE-based ETC system shows that the BD-PSNR can be suppressed to about -0.03 dB not depending on videos.

关键词： cube-based perceptual encryption encryption-then-compression system Motion JPEG

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Image Identification of Encrypted JPEG Images for Privacy-Preserving Photo Sharing Services

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND systemS 2020年第1期E103D卷 25-32页

作者： Iida, Kenta Kiya, Hitoshi Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Hino Tokyo 1910065 Japan

We propose an image identification scheme for double-compressed encrypted JPEG images that aims to identify encrypted JPEG images that are generated from an original JPEG image. To store images without any visual sensitive information on photo sharing services, encrypted JPEG images are generated by using a block-scrambling-based encryption method that has been proposed for encryption-then-compression systems with JPEG compression. In addition, feature vectors robust against JPEG compression are extracted from encrypted JPEG images. The use of the image encryption and feature vectors allows us to identify encrypted images recompressed multiple times. Moreover, the proposed scheme is designed to identify images re-encrypted with different keys. The results of a simulation show that the identification performance of the scheme is high even when images are recompressed and re-encrypted.

关键词： image identification JPEG encryption-then-compression system privacy-preserving

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Privacy-preserving Image Retrieval Scheme Allowing Mixed Use of Lossless and JPEG Compressed Images 3

Privacy-preserving Image Retrieval Scheme Allowing Mixed Use...

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IEEE 3rd Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (IEEE LifeTech)

作者： Iida, Kenta Kiya, Hitoshi Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781665418751

We propose a novel content based-image retrieval scheme for encryption-then-compression (EtC) images. In conventional retrieval schemes for EtC images, the JPEG standard was applied to EtC images as a compression method, although EtC images can be applied to both JPEG compression and lossless compression methods such as JPEG-LS. In contrast, the proposed retrieval scheme allows the mixed-use of lossless and lossy-compression methods. In an experiment, the proposed method is demonstrated to maintain a high retrieval performance, even under the mixed-use of lossless- and lossy-compressed EtC images.

关键词： encryption-then-compression system content-based image retrieval SIMPLE descriptor

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AN IMAGE IDENTIFICATION SCHEME OF ENCRYPTED JPEG IMAGES FOR PRIVACY-PRESERVING PHOTO SHARING SERVICES 26

AN IMAGE IDENTIFICATION SCHEME OF ENCRYPTED JPEG IMAGES FOR ...

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26th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

作者： Iida, Kenta Kiya, Hitoshi Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Hino Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538662496

关键词： image identification JPEG encryption-then-compression system privacy-preserving

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A Joint encryption and compression Algorithm for Multiband Remote Sensing Image Transmission

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SENSORS 2023年第17期23卷 7600-7600页

作者： Cao, Weijia Leng, Xiaoran Yu, Tao Gu, Xingfa Liu, Qiyue Chinese Acad Sci Aerosp Informat Res Inst Beijing 100094 Peoples R China North China Inst Aerosp Engn Sch Remote Sensing & Informat Engn Langfang 065000 Peoples R China

Due to the increasing capabilities of cybercriminals and the vast quantity of sensitive data, it is necessary to protect remote sensing images during data transmission with "Belt and Road" countries. Joint image compression and encryption techniques exhibit reliability and cost-effectiveness for data transmission. However, the existing methods for multiband remote sensing images have limitations, such as extensive preprocessing times, incompatibility with multiple bands, and insufficient security. To address the aforementioned issues, we propose a joint encryption and compression algorithm (JECA) for multiband remote sensing images, including a preprocessing encryption stage, crypto-compression stage, and decoding stage. In the first stage, multiple bands from an input image can be spliced together in order from left to right to generate a grayscale image, which is then scrambled at the block level by a chaotic system. In the second stage, we encrypt the DC coefficient and AC coefficient. In the final stage, we first decrypt the DC coefficient and AC coefficient, and then restore the out-of-order block through the chaotic system to get the correct grayscale image. Finally, we postprocess the grayscale image and reconstruct it into a remote sensing image. The experimental results show that JECA can reduce the preprocessing time of the sender by 50% compared to existing joint encryption and compression methods. It is also compatible with multiband remote sensing images. Furthermore, JECA improves security while maintaining the same compression ratio as existing methods, especially in terms of visual security and key sensitivity.

关键词： remote sensing image transmission image encryption JPEG 2D infinite collapse map encryption-then-compression system

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Effects of JPEG compression on Vision Transformer Image Classification for encryption-then-compression Images

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SENSORS 2023年第7期23卷 3400页

作者： Hamano, Genki Imaizumi, Shoko Kiya, Hitoshi Chiba Univ Grad Sch Sci & Engn 1-33 Yayoicho Chiba 2638522 Japan Chiba Univ Grad Sch Engn 1-33 Yayoicho Chiba 2638522 Japan Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Fac Syst Design 6-6 Asahigaoka Tokyo 1910065 Japan

This paper evaluates the effects of JPEG compression on image classification using the Vision Transformer (ViT). In recent years, many studies have been carried out to classify images in the encrypted domain for privacy preservation. Previously, the authors proposed an image classification method that encrypts both a trained ViT model and test images. Here, an encryption-then-compression system was employed to encrypt the test images, and the ViT model was preliminarily trained by plain images. The classification accuracy in the previous method was exactly equal to that without any encryption for the trained ViT model and test images. However, even though the encrypted test images can be compressible, the practical effects of JPEG, which is a typical lossy compression method, have not been investigated so far. In this paper, we extend our previous method by compressing the encrypted test images with JPEG and verify the classification accuracy for the compressed encrypted-images. Through our experiments, we confirm that the amount of data in the encrypted images can be significantly reduced by JPEG compression, while the classification accuracy of the compressed encrypted-images is highly preserved. For example, when the quality factor is set to 85, this paper shows that the classification accuracy can be maintained at over 98% with a more than 90% reduction in the amount of image data. Additionally, the effectiveness of JPEG compression is demonstrated through comparison with linear quantization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to classify JPEG-compressed encrypted images without sacrificing high accuracy. Through our study, we have come to the conclusion that we can classify compressed encrypted-images without degradation to accuracy.

关键词： JPEG compression vision transformer encryption-then-compression system encrypted domain image classification

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Privacy-Preserving Content-Based Image Retrieval Using Compressible Encrypted Images

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 200038-200050页

作者： Iida, Kenta Kiya, Hitoshi Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Dept Comp Sci Tokyo 1910065 Japan

In this article, we propose a novel content-based image-retrieval (CBIR) scheme using compressible encrypted images called "encryption-then-compression (EtC) images." The proposed scheme allows us not only to directly retrieve images from visually protected images but to also apply EtC images that can be compressed by using the JPEG standard for the first time. In addition, the sensitive management of secret keys is not required in our framework. The proposed retrieval scheme is carried out on the basis of weighted searching images with MPEG-7-powered localized descriptors (weighted SIMPLE descriptors) combining scalable color descriptor (SCD) or color and edge directivity descriptor (CEDD). Weighted SIMPLE descriptors are extended, and CEDD is also modified to avoid the influence of image encryption. In an experiment, the proposed scheme is demonstrated to have almost no degradation in retrieval performance compared with conventional content-based retrieval methods with plain images under the use of two datasets. In addition, the proposed scheme is shown to outperform conventional privacy-preserving CBIR schemes including state-of-the-art ones in terms of mean average precision (mAP) scores.

关键词： Content-based image retrieval encryption-then-compression system SIMPLE descriptors

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Reversible Data Hiding in Compressible Encrypted Images with Capacity Enhancement

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APSIPA TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL AND INFORMATION PROCESSING 2023年第1期12卷

作者： Motomura, Ryota Imaizumi, Shoko Kiya, Hitoshi Chiba Univ Chiba Japan Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Tokyo Japan

In this paper, we propose a method for high-capacity reversible data hiding in compressible encrypted images. While reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDH-EI) has been actively studied, most previous research in this field has focused on the hiding capacity. We previously proposed an RDH-EI method that achieves both a high hiding capacity and high compression performance simultaneously. The method can effectively compress marked encrypted images using lossless image coding standards with a hiding capacity of up to about 1 bpp. In addition, there is an option to decrypt marked encrypted images without data extraction, so marked images can be obtained, still containing the embedded data, i.e., payload. Without losing the advantages of the previous method, we propose an extended method, in which the highest frequency bin is constantly used for data hiding. Consequently, the hiding capacity is further enhanced up to 2.45 bpp for each color component in the proposed method. Through our experiments, we prove the superiority of the proposed method.

关键词： Reversible data hiding in encrypted images hiding capacity compressible image encryption encryption-then-compression system lossless compression

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