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A crowdsourcing method to develop virtual human conversational agents

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES 2012年第4期70卷 301-319页

作者： Rossen, Brent Lok, Benjamin Univ Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA

Educators in medicine, psychology, and the military want to provide their students with interpersonal skills practice. Virtual humans offer structured learning of interview skills, can facilitate learning about unusual conditions, and are always available. However, the creation of virtual humans with the ability to understand and respond to natural language requires costly engineering by conversation knowledge engineers (generally computer scientists), and incurs logistical cost for acquiring domain knowledge from domain experts (educators). We address these problems using a novel crowdsourcing method entitled Human-centered Distributed Conversational Modeling. This method facilitates collaborative development of virtual humans by two groups of end-users: domain experts (educators) and domain novices (students). We implemented this method in a web-based authoring tool called Virtual People Factory. Using Virtual People Factory, medical and pharmacy educators are now creating natural language virtual patient interactions on their own. This article presents the theoretical background for Human-centered Distributed Conversational Modeling, the implementation of the Virtual People Factory authoring tool, and five case studies showing that Human-centered Distributed Conversational Modeling has addressed the logistical cost for acquiring knowledge. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Virtual humans Agents and intelligent systems Human-centered computing Distributed knowledge acquisition end-user programming

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Identification, Impact, and Refactoring of Smells in Pipe-Like Web Mashups

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2013年第12期39卷 1654-1679页

作者： Stolee, Kathryn T. Elbaum, Sebastian Iowa State Univ Dept Comp Sci Ames IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Ames IA 50011 USA Univ Nebraska Dept Comp Sci Lincoln NE 68588 USA

With the emergence of tools to support visual mashup creation, tens of thousands of users have started to access, manipulate, and compose data from web sources. We have observed, however, that mashups created by these users tend to suffer from deficiencies that propagate as mashups are reused, which happens frequently. To address these deficiencies, we would like to bring some of the benefits of software engineering techniques to the end users creating these programs. In this work, we focus on identifying code smells indicative of the deficiencies we observed in web mashups programmed in the popular Yahoo! Pipes environment. Through an empirical study, we explore the impact of those smells on the preferences of 61 users, and observe that a significant majority of users prefer mashups without smells. We then introduce refactorings targeting those smells. These refactorings reduce the complexity of the mashup programs, increase their abstraction, update broken data sources and dated components, and standardize their structures to fit the community development patterns. Our assessment of a sample of over 8,000 mashups shows that smells are present in 81 percent of them and that the proposed refactorings can reduce the number of smelly mashups to 16 percent, illustrating the potential of refactoring to support the thousands of end-users programming mashups. Further, we explore how the smells and refactorings can apply to other end-user programming domains to show the generalizability of our approach.

关键词： end-user software engineering end-user programming web mashups refactoring code smells empirical studies

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user-INTERFACE SPECIFICATION USING AN ENHANCED SPREADSHEET MODEL

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICS 1994年第3期13卷 209-239页

作者： HUDSON, SE Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta

This paper describes a new interactive environment for user interface specification which is based on an enhanced spreadsheet model of computation. This environment allows sophisticated graphical user interfaces with dynamic feedback to be implemented with little or no explicit programming. Its goal is to support user interface specification by nonprogramming experts in human factors, visual design, or the application domain. In addition, the system is designed to allow sophisticated end-users to modify and customize their own interfaces. The system is based on a data flow model of computation. This model is presented to the interface designer in the form of a spreadsheet enhanced with new constructs for easier programming and reuse. These constructs include an improved interactive programming environment, a prototype-instance-based inheritance system, support for composition, abstraction, and customization using indirect references, the addition of support for graphical inputs and outputs, and support for the encapsulation of application data structures and routines within system objects.

关键词： AUTOMATIC DISPLAY UPDATE CONSTRAINT SYSTEMS DIRECT MANIPULATION end-user programming INTERFACE BUILDERS PROTOTYPE-INSTANCE-BASED INHERITANCE SEMANTIC FEEDBACK user INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

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Enabling Sophisticated Lifecycle Support for Mobile Healthcare Data Collection Applications

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 61204-61217页

作者： Schobel, Johannes Probst, Thomas Reichert, Manfred Schickler, Marc Pryss, Ruediger Ulm Univ Inst Databases & Informat Syst Ulm Germany Danube Univ Krems Dept Psychotherapy & Biopsychosocial Hlth Krems An Der Donau Austria

The widespread dissemination of smart mobile devices enables new ways of collecting longitudinal data sets in a multitude of healthcare scenarios. On the one hand, mobile data collection can be accomplished more effectively and quicker compared with validated paper-based instruments. On the other hand, it can increase the data quality significantly and enable data collection in scenarios not covered by existing approaches so far. Previous attempts to utilize smart mobile devices for collecting data in these scenarios, however, often struggle with high costs for developing and maintaining mobile applications, which need to run on a multitude of mobile operating systems. Therefore, in the QuestionSys project, we are developing a generic (i.e., platform-independent) framework for enabling mobile data collection and sensor data integration in healthcare scenarios. The latter, in turn, is addressed by a model-driven approach, which is shown this paper along with the core components of the QuestionSys framework. In particular, it is shown how healthcare experts are empowered to create mobile data collection and sensing applications on their own and with reasonable efforts.

关键词： end-user programming mobile data collection model-driven development

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Augmenting objects at home through programmable sensor tokens: A design journey

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES 2019年 122卷 211-231页

作者： Bellucci, Andrea Vianello, Andrea Florack, Yves Micallef, Luana Jacucci, Giulio Univ Carlos III Madrid Getafe Spain Aalto Univ Espoo Finland Univ Helsinki Helsinki Finland

end-user development for the home has been gaining momentum in research. Previous works demonstrate feasibility and potential but there is a lack of analysis of the extent of technology needed and its impact on the diversity of activities that can be supported. We present a design exploration with a tangible end-user toolkit for programming smart tokens embedding different sensing technologies. Our system allows to augment physical objects with smart tags and use trigger-action programming with multiple triggers to define smart behaviors. We contribute through a field-oriented study that provided insights on (i) household's activities as emerging from people's lived experience in terms of high-level goals, their ephemerality or recurrence, and the types of triggers, actions and interactions with augmented objects, and (ii) the programmability needed for supporting desired behaviors. We conclude that, while trigger action covers most scenarios, more advanced programming and direct interaction with physical objects spur novel uses.

关键词： end-user programming Smart home Do-it-yourself toolkits Trigger-action programming Physical interaction

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APPLICATION INTEGRATION - CONSTRUCTING COMPOSITE APPLICATIONS FROM INTERACTIVE COMPONENTS

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 1993年第3期23卷 255-275页

作者： COWAN, DD STEPIEN, TM IERUSALIMSCHY, R LUCENA, CJP UNIV WATERLOO COMP SYST GRPWATERLOO N2L 3G1ONTARIOCANADA PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA DEPT INFORMATBR-22453 RIO JANEIROBRAZIL

Creating new applications by integrating user interface and application components is a relatively new idea which is currently of wide interest. A significant part of this problem is dearly defining the separation between user interface and application components. This paper proposes a new design methodology based on the concept of an abstract data view (ADV), a structuring method which cleanly defines this separation. A number of examples of composite interactive documents, ones which could contain several different user interfaces with entities such as text, calculations, drawings and possibly even multi-media presentations, illustrate the ADV concept. These examples lead naturally to the introduction of the concept of hole, a user interface area in a composite interactive document which is managed by an external program, and uses ADVs. Prototypes of a number of systems supporting ADVs and holes are currently running in our laboratory.

关键词： ABSTRACT DATA TYPES INTERACTIVE APPLICATIONS programming user INTERFACES end-user programming SCRIPT LANGUAGES

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Engaging end-user driven recommender systems: personalization through web augmentation

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第5期80卷 6785-6809页

作者： Wischenbart, Martin Firmenich, Sergio Rossi, Gustavo Bosetti, Gabriela Kapsammer, Elisabeth Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Linz Austria Univ Nacl La Plata Lab Invest & Formac Informat Avanzada LIFIA La Plata Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn La Plata Argentina Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Dept Cooperat Informat Syst CIS Linz Austria

In the past decades recommender systems have become a powerful tool to improve personalization on the Web. Yet, many popular websites lack such functionality, its implementation usually requires certain technical skills, and, above all, its introduction is beyond the scope and control of end-users. To alleviate these problems, this paper presents a novel tool to empower end-users without programming skills, without any involvement of website providers, to embed personalized recommendations of items into arbitrary websites on client-side. For this we have developed a generic meta-model to capture recommender system configuration parameters in general as well as in a web augmentation context. Thereupon, we have implemented a wizard in the form of an easy-to-use browser plug-in, allowing the generation of so-called user scripts, which are executed in the browser to engage collaborative filtering functionality from a provided external rest service. We discuss functionality and limitations of the approach, and in a study with end-users we assess the usability and show its suitability for combining recommender systems with web augmentation techniques, aiming to empower end-users to implement controllable recommender applications for a more personalized browsing experience.

关键词： Web augmentation Visual programming Client-side personalization end-user programming end-user development Controllability of recommender systems Browser-side trans-coding

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What happened to my application? Helping end users comprehend evolution through variation management

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2018年 103卷 55-74页

作者： Kuttarl, Sandeep Kaur Sarma, Anita Rothermel, Gregg Wang, Zhendong Univ Tulsa Tulsa OK 74104 USA Oregon State Univ Corvallis OR 97331 USA Univ Nebraska Lincoln NE 68583 USA Univ Calif Irvine Irvine CA 92717 USA

Context: Millions of end users are creating software applications. These end users typically do not have clear requirements in mind;instead, they debug their programs into existence and reuse their own or other persons' code. These behaviors often result in the creation of numerous variants of programs. Current end-user programming environments do not provide support for managing such variants. Objective: We wish to understand the variant creation behavior of end user programmers. Based on this understanding we wish to develop an automated system to help end user programmers efficiently manage variants. Method: We conducted an on-line survey to understand when and how end-user programmers create program variants and how they manage them. Our 124 survey respondents were recruited via email from among non computer science majors who had taken at least one course in the computer science department at our university;the respondents were involved in the Engineering, Sciences, Arts, and Management fields. Based on the results of this survey we identified a set of design requirements for providing variation management support for end users. We implemented variation management support in App Inventor - a drag and drop programming environment for creating mobile applications. Our support, AppinventorHelper, is meant to help end-user programmers visualize the provenance of and relationships among variants. We conducted a think-aloud study with 10 participants to evaluate the usability of AppinventorHelper. The participants were selected on a first come, first-served basis from those who responded to our recruitment email sent to list-servers. They were all end users majoring in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, or physics. None had formal training in software engineering methods, but all had some experience with visual programming languages. Results: Our (user study) results indicate that AppinventorHelper can help end users navigate through variants and find va

关键词： end-user programming end-user software engineering App inventor Variation management

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Composing high-level stream processing pipelines

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JOURNAL OF BIG DATA 2020年第1期7卷 1-28页

作者： Mahapatra, Tanmaya Tech Univ Munich Inst Med Informat Stat & Epidemiol IMedIS Sch Med Ismaninger Str 22 D-81675 Munich Germany Tech Univ Munich Software & Syst Engn Res Grp Boltzmannstr 03 D-85748 Garching Germany

The growing number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices provide a massive pool of sensing data. However, turning data into actionable insights is not a trivial task, especially in the context of IoT, where application development itself is complex. The process entails working with heterogeneous devices via various communication protocols to co-ordinate and fetch datasets, followed by a series of data transformations. Graphical mashup tools, based on the principles of flow-based programming paradigm, operating at a higher-level of abstraction are in widespread use to support rapid prototyping of IoT applications. Nevertheless, the current state-of-the-art mashup tools suffer from several architectural limitations which prevent composing in-flow data analytics pipelines. In response to this, the paper contributes by (i) designing novel flow-based programming concepts based on the actor model to support data analytics pipelines in mashup tools, prototyping the ideas in a new mashup tool called aFlux and providing a detailed comparison with the existing state-of-the-art and (ii) enabling easy prototyping of streaming applications in mashup tools by abstracting the behavioural configurations of stream processing via graphical flows and validating the ease as well as the effectiveness of composing stream processing pipelines from an end-user perspective in a traffic simulation scenario.

关键词： Flow-based programming Graphical pipelines Mashup tools Graphical stream processing Stream analytics end-user programming Data Analytics as a Service (DAaaS) Data Analytics Applications (DAAs)

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Interactive fault localization techniques in a spreadsheet environment

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2006年第4期32卷 213-239页

作者： Ruthruff, JR Burnett, M Rothermel, G Univ Nebraska Dept Comp Sci & Engn Lincoln NE 68588 USA Oregon State Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Corvallis OR 97331 USA

end-user programmers develop more software than any other group of programmers, using software authoring devices such as multimedia simulation builders, e-mail filtering editors, by-demonstration macro builders, and spreadsheet environments. Despite this, there has been only a little research on finding ways to help these programmers with the dependability of the software they create. We have been working to address this problem in several ways, one of which includes supporting end-user debugging activities through interactive fault localization techniques. This paper investigates fault localization techniques in the spreadsheet domain, the most common type of end-user programming environment. We investigate a technique previously described in the research literature and two new techniques. We present the results of an empirical study to examine the impact of two individual factors on the effectiveness of fault localization techniques. Our results reveal several insights into the contributions such techniques can make to the end-user debugging process and highlight key issues of interest to researchers and practitioners who may design and evaluate future fault localization techniques.

关键词： fault localization debugging end-user software engineering spreadsheets end-user programming

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