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end-user System Development: Lessons from a Case Study of IT Usage in an Engineering Organization

JOURNAL OF CASES ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2005年第2期7卷 67-81页

作者： Jennex, Murray E. San Diego State Univ San Diego CA 92182 USA Fdn Knowledge Management LLC Vienna VA 22182 USA

How much end-user computing is too much? Should end users develop systems? This case looks at a study of end user computing within the engineering organizations of an electric utility undergoing deregulation. The case was initiated when management perceived that too much engineering time was spent doing IS functions. The case found that there was significant effort being expended on system development, support, and ad hoc use. Reviews of a few key systems illustrate quality problems found with the end-user developed systems. Several issues were identified affecting system development including use of programming standards, documentation, infrastructure integration, and system support. Additionally, the issues of obsolescence, security, and procurement are discussed.

关键词： case study end-user computing end-user programming IS project development policies IS project development priorities knowledge sharing management support user attitudes user needs user requirements user satisfaction

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Database design for ecologists: Composing core entities with observations

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ECOLOGICAL INFORMATICS 2007年第3期2卷 224-236页

作者： McIntosh, Anne C. S. Cushing, Judith B. Nadkarni, Nalini M. Zeman, Lee Evergreen State Coll Olympia WA 98505 USA

The ecoinformatics community recognizes that ecological synthesis across studies, space, and time will require new informatics tools and infrastructure. Recent advances have been encouraging, but many problems still face ecologists who manage their own datasets, prepare data for archiving, and search data stores for synthetic research. In this paper, we describe how work by the Canopy Database Project (CDP) might enable use of database technology by field ecologists: increasing the quality of database design, improving data validation, and providing structural and semantic metadata - all of which might improve the quality of data archives and thereby help drive ecological synthesis. The CDP has experimented with conceptual components for database design, templates, to address information technology issues facing ecologists. Templates represent forest structures and observational measurements on these structures. using our software, researchers select templates to represent their study's data and can generate normalized relational databases. information hidden in those databases is used by ancillary tools, including data intake forms and simple data validation, data visualization, and metadata export. The primary question we address in this paper is, which templates are the right templates. We argue for defining simple templates (with relatively few attributes) that describe the domain's major entities, and for coupling those with focused and flexible observation templates. We present a conceptual model for the observation data type, and show how we have implemented the model as an observation entity in the DataBank database designer and generator. We show how our visualization tool CanopyView exploits metadata made explicit by DataBank to help scientists with analysis and synthesis. We conclude by presenting future plans for tools to conduct statistical calculations common to forest ecology and to enhance data mining with DataBank databases. DataBank could be extend

关键词： data visualization domain-specific conceptual structures ecoinformatics end-user programming forest canopy semantic data integration database design

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Targets-Drives-Means: A declarative approach to dynamic behavior specification with higher usability

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ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 2014年第4期62卷 545-555页

作者： Berenz, V. Suzuki, K. RIKEN Brain Sci Inst Toyoto Collaborat Ctr Wako Saitama Japan Univ Tsukuba Artificial Intelligence Lab Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan Univ Tsukuba Fac Engn Informat & Syst Dept Intelligent Interact Technol Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan

Small humanoid robots are becoming more affordable and are now used in fields such as human-robot interaction, ethics, psychology, or education. For non-roboticists, the standard paradigm for robot visual programming is based on the selection of behavioral blocks, followed by their connection using communication links. These programs provide efficient user support during the development of complex series of movements and sequential behaviors. However, implementing dynamic control remains challenging because the data flow between components to enforce control loops, object permanence, the memories of object positions, odometry, and finite state machines has to be organized by the users. In this study, we develop a new programming paradigm, Targets-Drives-Means, which is suitable for the specification of dynamic robotic tasks. In this proposed approach, programming is based on the declarative association of reusable dynamic components. A central memory organizes the information flows automatically and issues related to dynamic control are solved by processes that remain hidden from the end users. The proposed approach has advantages during the implementation of dynamic behaviors, but it requires that users stop conceiving robotic tasks as the execution of a sequence of actions. Instead, users are required to organize their programs as collections of behaviors that run in parallel and compete for activation. This might be considered non-intuitive but we also report the positive outcomes of a usability experiment, which evaluated the accessibility of the proposed approach. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： end-user programming Usability Application layer Behavior specification Dynamic behaviors Commercial humanoid robots TDM

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Potluck: Data mash-up tool for casual users

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JOURNAL OF WEB SEMANTICS 2008年第4期6卷 274-282页

作者： Huynh, David F. Miller, Robert C. Karger, David R. MIT Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

As more and more reusable structured data appears on the Web, casual users will want to take into their own hands the task of mashing up data rather than wait for mash-up sites to be built that address exactly their individually unique needs. In this paper, we present Potluck, a Web user interface that let's casual users-those without programming skills and data modeling expertise-mash up data themselves. Potluck is novel in its use of drag and drop for merging fields, its integration and extension of the faceted browsing paradigm for focusing on subsets of data to align, and its application of simultaneous editing for cleaning up data syntactically. Potluck also lets the user construct rich visualizations of data in-place as the user aligns and cleans up the data. This iterative process of integrating the data while constructing useful visualizations is desirable when the user is unfamiliar with the data at the beginning-acommon case-and wishes to get immediate value out of the data without having to spend the overhead of completely and perfectly integrating the data first. A user study on Potluck indicated that it was usable and learnable, and elicited excitement from programmers who, even with their programming skills, previously had great difficulties performing data integration. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mash up Drag and drop Faceted browsing Simultaneous editing Ontology alignment end-user programming Semantic web RDF

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Caregiver development of activity-supporting services for smart homes

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JOURNAL OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE AND SMART ENVIRONMENTS 2021年第6期13卷 453-471页

作者： Belloum, Rafik Yaddaden, Amel Lussier, Maxime Bier, Nathalie Consel, Charles INRIA Talence France Univ Montreal Inst Univ Geriatrie Montreal Ctr Rech Montreal PQ Canada Bordeaux INP Dept Comp Sci Bordeaux France

Older adults often need some level of assistance in performing daily living activities. Even though these activities are common to the vast majority of individuals (e.g., eating, bathing, dressing), the way they are performed varies across individuals. Supporting older people in performing their everyday activities is a major avenue of research in smart homes. However, because of its early stage, this line of work has paid little attention on customizing assistive computing support with respect to the specific needs of each older adult towards improving its effectiveness and acceptability. We propose a tool-based approach to allowing caregivers to define services in the area of home daily living, leveraging their knowledge and expertise on the older adult they care for. This approach consists of two stages: 1) a wizard allows caregivers to define an assistive service, which supports aspects of a daily activity that are specific to an older adult;2) the wizard-generated service is uploaded in an existing smart home platform and interpreted by a dedicated component, carrying out the caregiver-defined service. Our approach has been implemented. Our wizard has been successfully used to define existing manually-programmed, activity-supporting services. The resulting services have been deployed and executed by an existing assisted living platform deployed in the home of community-dwelling individuals. They have been shown to be equivalent to their manually-programmed counterparts. We also conducted an ergonomics study involving five occupational therapists, who tested our wizard with clinical vignettes describing fictitious patients. Participants were able to successfully define services while revealing an ease of use of our wizard.

关键词： Smart home ambient assisted living assistive computing end-user programming

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Component-based end-user database design for ecologists

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JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2007年第1期29卷 7-24页

作者： Cushing, Judith Bayard Nadkarni, Nalini Finch, Michael Fiala, Anne Murphy-Hill, Emerson Delcambre, Lois Maier, David Evergreen State Coll Olympia WA 98505 USA Univ Arizona Dept Planetary Sci Lunar & Planetary Lab Tucson AZ 85721 USA Portland State Univ Portland OR 97201 USA

To solve today's ecological problems, scientists need well documented, validated, and coherent data archives. Historically, however, ecologists have collected and stored data idiosyncratically, making data integration even among close collaborators difficult. Further, effective ecology data warehouses and subsequent data mining require that individual databases be accurately described with metadata against which the data themselves have been validated. Using database technology would make documenting data sets for archiving, integration, and data mining easier, but few ecologists have expertise to use database technology and they cannot afford to hire programmers. In this paper, we identify the benefits that would accrue from ecologists' use of modern information technology and the obstacles that prevent that use. We describe our prototype, the Canopy DataBank, through which we aim to enable individual ecologists in the forest canopy research community to be their own database programmers. The key feature that makes this possible is domain-specific database components, which we call templates. We also show how additional tools that reuse these components, such as for visualization, could provide gains in productivity and motivate the use of new technology. Finally, we suggest ways in which communities might share database components and how components might be used to foster easier data integration to solve new ecological problems.

关键词： ecosystem informatics end-user programming domain-specific data structures spatial databases scientific visualization

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Puncalc: task-based parallelism and speculative reevaluation in spreadsheets

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JOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTING 2020年第7期76卷 4977-4997页

作者： Bock, Alexander Asp Biermann, Florian IT Univ Copenhagen Rued Langgaards Vej 7 DK-2300 Copenhagen S Denmark

Spreadsheets are commonly declarative, first-order functional programs and are used as organizational tools, for end-user development and for educational purposes. Spreadsheet end users are usually domain experts who use spreadsheets as their main computational model, but are seldom trained IT professionals who can leverage today's abundant multicore processors for spreadsheet computation. In this paper, we present an algorithm for automatic, parallel evaluation of spreadsheets targeting shared-memory multicore architectures, which lets end users transparently make use of their multicore processors. We evaluate our algorithm on a set of synthetic and real-world spreadsheets and obtain up to 16 times speedup on 48 cores.

关键词： Spreadsheets Parallelism Tasks Speculative Declarative programming end-user programming

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A Language for end-user Web Augmentation: Caring for Producers and Consumers Alike

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON THE WEB 2013年第2期7卷 1-51页

作者： Diaz, Oscar Arellano, Cristobal Azanza, Maider Univ Basque Country UPV EHU Madrid Spain

Web augmentation is to the Web what augmented reality is to the physical world: layering relevant content/layout/navigation over the existing Web to customize the user experience. This is achieved through JavaScript (JS) using browser weavers (e.g., Greasemonkey). To date, over 43 million of downloads of Greasemonkey scripts ground the vitality of this movement. However, Web augmentation is hindered by being programming intensive and prone to malware. This prevents end-users from participating as both producers and consumers of scripts: producers need to know JS, consumers need to trust JS. This article aims at promoting end-user participation in both roles. The vision is for end-users to prosume (the act of simultaneously caring for producing and consuming) scripts as easily as they currently prosume their pictures or videos. Encouraging production requires more "natural" and abstract constructs. Promoting consumption calls for augmentation scripts to be easier to understand, share, and trust upon. To this end, we explore the use of Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) by introducing Sticklet. Sticklet is an internal DSL on JS, where JS generality is reduced for the sake of learnability and reliability. Specifically, Web augmentation is conceived as fixing in existing web sites (i.e., the wall) HTML fragments extracted from either other sites or Web services (i.e., the stickers). Sticklet targets hobby programmers as producers, and computer literates as consumers. From a producer perspective, benefits are threefold. As a restricted grammar on top of JS, Sticklet expressions are domain oriented and more declarative than their JS counterparts, hence speeding up development. As syntactically correct JS expressions, Sticklet scripts can be installed as traditional scripts and hence, programmers can continue using existing JS tools. As declarative expressions, they are easier to maintain, and amenable for optimization. From a consumer perspective, domain specificity brings

关键词： Standardization Design Web augmentation domain-specific language end-user programming Greasemonkey JavaScript

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end-user software engineering

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COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 2004年第9期47卷 53-58页

作者： Burnett, M Cook, C Rothermel, G Oregon State Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Corvallis OR 97331 USA

end-user programming has become the most common form of pro- gramming in usetoday, but there has been little investigation into the dependability of the programs end userscreate. This is problematic because the dependability of these programs can be very important; insome cases, errors in end-user programs, such as formula errors in spreadsheets, have cost millionsof dollars. (For example, see ***/content/67/*** ***/ssr/Mypapers/***.) We have been investigating ways to address thisproblem by developing a software engineering paradigm viable for end-user programming, an approachwe call end-user software engineering.

关键词： .spreadsheets end-user programming

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Framing reinforcement learning from human reward: Reward positivity, temporal discounting, episodicity, and performance

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2015年 225卷 24-50页

作者： Knox, W. Bradley Stone, Peter MIT Media Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA Univ Texas Austin Dept Comp Sci Austin TX 78712 USA

Several studies have demonstrated that reward from a human trainer can be a powerful feedback signal for control-learning algorithms. However, the space of algorithms for learning from such human reward has hitherto not been explored systematically. Using model-based reinforcement learning from human reward, this article investigates the problem of learning from human reward through six experiments, focusing on the relationships between reward positivity, which is how generally positive a trainer's reward values are;temporal discounting, the extent to which future reward is discounted in value;episodicity, whether task learning occurs in discrete learning episodes instead of one continuing session;and task performance, the agent's performance on the task the trainer intends to teach. This investigation is motivated by the observation that an agent can pursue different learning objectives, leading to different resulting behaviors. We search for learning objectives that lead the agent to behave as the trainer intends. We identify and empirically support a "positive circuits" problem with low discounting (i.e., high discount factors) for episodic, goal-based tasks that arises from an observed bias among humans towards giving positive reward, resulting in an endorsement of myopic learning for such domains. We then show that converting simple episodic tasks to be non-episodic (i.e., continuing) reduces and in some cases resolves issues present in episodic tasks with generally positive reward and-relatedly-enables highly successful learning with non-myopic valuation in multiple user studies. The primary learning algorithm introduced in this article, which we call "VI-TAMER", is the first algorithm to successfully learn non-myopically from reward generated by a human trainer;we also empirically show that such non-myopic valuation facilitates higher-level understanding of the task. Anticipating the complexity of real-world problems, we perform further studies-one with a fai

关键词： Reinforcement learning Modeling user behavior end-user programming Human-agent interaction Interactive machine learning Human teachers

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