Mondrian is an object-oriented graphical editor that can learn new graphical procedures through programming by demonstration. A user can demonstrate a sequence of graphical editing commands on a concrete example to il...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9051991339
Mondrian is an object-oriented graphical editor that can learn new graphical procedures through programming by demonstration. A user can demonstrate a sequence of graphical editing commands on a concrete example to illustrate how the new procedure should work. An interface agent records the steps of the procedure in a symbolic form, using machine learning techniques, tracking relationships between graphical objects and dependencies among the interface operations. The agent generalizes a program that can then be used on “analogous” examples. The generalization heuristics set it apart from conventional “macros” that can only repeat an exact sequence of steps. The system represents user-defined operations using pictorial “storyboards” of examples. By bringing the power of procedural programming to easy-to-use graphical interfaces, we hope to break down the “Berlin Wall” that currently exists between computer users and computer programmers.
While the body of research focusing on Intelligent Environments (IEs) programming by adults is steadily growing, informed insights about children as programmers of such environments are limited. Previous work already ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781450384520
While the body of research focusing on Intelligent Environments (IEs) programming by adults is steadily growing, informed insights about children as programmers of such environments are limited. Previous work already established that young children can learn programming basics. Yet, there is still a need to investigate whether this capability can be transferred in the context of IEs, since encouraging children to participate in the management of their intelligent surroundings can enhance responsibility, independence, and the spirit of cooperation. We performed a user study (N=15) with children aged 7-12, using a block-based, gamified AR spatial coding prototype allowing to manipulate smart artifacts in an Intelligent Living room. Our results validated that children understand and can indeed program IEs. Based on our findings, we contribute preliminary implications regarding the use of specific technologies and paradigms (e.g. AR, trigger-action programming) to inspire future systems that enable children to create enriching experiences in IEs.
programming-by-example technologies empower end-users to create simple programs merely by providing input/output examples. Existing systems are designed around solvers specialized for a specific set of data types or d...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781450327848
programming-by-example technologies empower end-users to create simple programs merely by providing input/output examples. Existing systems are designed around solvers specialized for a specific set of data types or domain-specific language (DSL). We present a program synthesizer which can be parameterized by an arbitrary DSL that may contain conditionals and loops and therefore is able to synthesize programs in any domain. In order to use our synthesizer, the user provides a sequence of increasingly sophisticated input/output examples along with an expert-written DSL definition. These two inputs correspond to the two key ideas that allow our synthesizer to work in arbitrary domains. First, we developed a novel iterative synthesis technique inspired by test-driven development-which also gives our technique the name of test-driven synthesis-where the input/output examples are consumed one at a time as the program is refined. Second, the DSL allows our system to take an efficient component-based approach to enumerating possible programs. We present applications of our synthesis methodology to end-user programming for transformations over strings, XML, and table layouts. We compare our synthesizer on these applications to state-of-the-art DSL-specific synthesizers as well to the general purpose synthesizer Sketch.
Thanks to their flexibility and intuitive programming model, spreadsheets are widely used in industry, often for business-critical applications. Similar to software developers, professional spreadsheet users demand su...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781450304450
Thanks to their flexibility and intuitive programming model, spreadsheets are widely used in industry, often for business-critical applications. Similar to software developers, professional spreadsheet users demand support for maintaining and transferring their spreadsheets. In this paper, we first study the problems and information needs of professional spreadsheet users by means of a survey conducted at a large financial company. Based on these needs, we then present an approach that extracts this information from spreadsheets and presents it in a compact and easy to understand way, with leveled dataflow diagrams. Our approach comes with three different views on the dataflow that allow the user to analyze the dataflow diagrams in a top-down fashion. To evaluate the usefulness of the proposed approach, we conducted a series of interviews as well as nine case studies in an industrial setting. The results of the evaluation clearly indicate the demand for and usefulness of our approach in ease the understanding of spreadsheets.
Corporate decision makers have individual requirements for decision support influenced by business goals, regulatory restrictions or access to resources such as data. Ideally, decision makers could quickly create tail...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783031147852;9783031147845
Corporate decision makers have individual requirements for decision support influenced by business goals, regulatory restrictions or access to resources such as data. Ideally, decision makers could quickly create tailored decision support systems (DSS) themselves which optimally address their individual requirements for decision support. Although service-oriented architectures have been proposed for DSS customization, they are primarily targeting trained software developers and cannot immediately be adapted by decision makers or domain experts with little to no software development knowledge. In this paper, we therefore motivate an assisted process-based service composition approach which can be used by non-developers to create tailored DSS. For assistance during service composition, we contribute a meta-model for the formalization of both decision support requirements and functionality of decision support services. Models created according to the meta-model can be used to detect mismatches between a decision maker's requirements for decision support and services selected in the service composition representing a DSS. Furthermore, the formalizations may even be used for automated service composition given a decision maker's decision support requirements. We demonstrate the expressiveness of our metamodel in the domain of regional energy distribution network planning.
Currently, applications that focus on providing conversations with virtual humans require extensive work to create robust conversational models. We present a new approach called Human-centered Distributed Conversation...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783642043796
Currently, applications that focus on providing conversations with virtual humans require extensive work to create robust conversational models. We present a new approach called Human-centered Distributed Conversational Modeling. Using this approach, users create conversational models in a distributed manner. To do this, end-users interact with virtual humans to provide new stimuli (questions and statements), and domain-specific experts (e.g. medical/psychology educators) provide new virtual human responses. Using this process, users become the primary developers of conversational models. We tested our approach by creating an example application, Virtual People Factory. Using Virtual People Factory, a pharmacy instructor and 186 pharmacy students were able to create a robust conversational model in 15 hours. This is approximately 10% of the time typical in current approaches and results in more comprehensive coverage of the conversational space. In addition, surveys demonstrate the acceptability of this approach by both educators and students.
We report an empirical study of nonprogrammers' mental models regarding particular concerns in web application development such as input validation, database lookup, and overview-detail relationships. The goal of ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780386965
We report an empirical study of nonprogrammers' mental models regarding particular concerns in web application development such as input validation, database lookup, and overview-detail relationships. The goal of the study was to understand how nonprogrammers think about the data and logic underlying a web application. In continuing work, we are using this understanding as a basis for the design of tools and development resources that are intuitive and easy to use. The current paper describes the empirical work that was done and discusses its implications for the design of end-user web development tools that could be used to develop web applications of intermediate complexity.
Mashups represent a typical type of service oriented applications targeting end-user development. However, due to lack of development expertise, end-users usually find it hard to build a mashup. Therefore, it is of pa...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479936168
Mashups represent a typical type of service oriented applications targeting end-user development. However, due to lack of development expertise, end-users usually find it hard to build a mashup. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to provide effective assistance to achieve efficient mashup development. In this work, we aim at leveraging the expertise that can be mined from voluminous mashups on Internet to recommend appropriate mashup modules and their composition patterns to facilitate pipe-like mashup development. First, we crawl all the mashups available in Yahoo! Pipes and extract the meta-data of each mashup from original JSON data. Second, we use GSP (Generalized Sequential Pattern) algorithm to mine the frequent composition pattern of mashup modules, and design an interactive recommendation algorithm to assist mashup development. Third, we implement a system prototype based on the proposed method and evaluate its effectiveness with 848 Yahoo! mashups through cross-validation.
This paper presents a systematic literature review of end-user service composition. It reviews current activities performed by endusers, and tools and approaches that enable them to compose and develop service system...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467372725
This paper presents a systematic literature review of end-user service composition. It reviews current activities performed by endusers, and tools and approaches that enable them to compose and develop service systems from Web Services. The paper also highlights some key open research issues for the future.
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