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Initial Implementation of Natural Language Turn-Based Dialog System

Procedia Computer Science 2016年 84卷 49-56页

作者： Alexander Wachtel Sebastian Weigelt Walter F. Tichy Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Chair for Programming Systems Prof. Walter F. Tichy Am Fasanengarten 5 76131 Karlsruhe Germany

Our prototype implements a natural language dialog system for Excel spreadsheets. The work is motivated by a pilot study which shows that novice users have difficulties with the formula language of Excel and need interactive assistance. JustLingo 1 allows spreadsheet calculations in ordinary, written English. Furthermore, users can extend the system functionality by explaining of the calculations to the prototype. The keyword-based system analyzes the input using natural language processing techniques and translates it into Excel formulas. It asks for missing information such as operands and target cells and provides alternatives if there are ambiguities. It also handles references to previous inputs, allowing step-by-step construction of calculations. An evaluation shows that it properly resolves 82% of references and correctly interprets 79,5% of overall user input. Although far from perfect, the prototype demonstrates that computers may soon begin to take on simple, limited-domain programming tasks based on natural-language input.

关键词： Natural Language Processing Natural Language Interfaces Dialog Systems end-user programming Spreadsheet

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The State of the Art in end-user Software Engineering

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ACM COMPUTING SURVEYS 2011年第3期43卷 21-21页

作者： Ko, Andrew J. Abraham, Robin Beckwith, Laura Blackwell, Alan Burnett, Margaret Erwig, Martin Scaffidi, Chris Lawrance, Joseph Lieberman, Henry Myers, Brad Rosson, Mary Beth Rothermel, Gregg Shaw, Mary Wiedenbeck, Susan Univ Washington Informat Sch Seattle WA 98195 USA Microsoft Corp Redmond WA 98052 USA Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN England Oregon State Univ Corvallis OR 97331 USA MIT Media Lab Cambridge MA USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Penn State Univ University Pk PA 16802 USA Univ Nebraska Lincoln NE USA Drexel Univ Philadelphia PA USA

Most programs today are written not by professional software developers, but by people with expertise in other domains working towards goals for which they need computational support. For example, a teacher might write a grading spreadsheet to save time grading, or an interaction designer might use an interface builder to test some user interface design ideas. Although these end-user programmers may not have the same goals as professional developers, they do face many of the same software engineering challenges, including understanding their requirements, as well as making decisions about design, reuse, integration, testing, and debugging. This article summarizes and classifies research on these activities, defining the area of end-user Software Engineering (EUSE) and related terminology. The article then discusses empirical research about end-user software engineering activities and the technologies designed to support them. The article also addresses several crosscutting issues in the design of EUSE tools, including the roles of risk, reward, and domain complexity, and self-efficacy in the design of EUSE tools and the potential of educating users about software engineering principles.

关键词： Reliability Human Factors Languages Experimentation Design end-user software engineering end-user programming end-user development visual programming human-computer interaction

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PERLY - UNIX WITH BUTTONS

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 1991年第11期21卷 1165-1187页

作者： HESKETH, R Computing Laboratory University of Kent at Canterbury Canterbury Kent CT2 7NF U.K.

Modern UNIX-based graphical workstations still lack really graphical interfaces. Yet recreating existing UNIX tools with graphical interfaces may prove to be a prohibitive task. This paper describes the design and implementation of a set of tools that make the task of providing a graphical UNIX user interface easier. The main tool, called Perly, provides on-screen graphical buttons connected to UNIX command scripts. When a button is pressed, the associated command script is executed. The buttons are highly configurable, encouraging users to tailor and extend their workstation environment. The idea of on-screen buttons with underlying programmable scripts comes from the work done at Xerox EuroPARC into user-tailorable systems. Descriptions of Perly buttons are held in plain text files, allowing them to be given to other users via electronic mail. Examples of the use of buttons and the ideas behind the implementation of Perly buttons under the X Window System are discussed.

关键词： UNIX user INTERFACE GRAPHICAL WORKSTATION X-WINDOW SYSTEM end-user programming CUSTOMIZATION TAILORABILITY

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Refactoring in Computational Notebooks

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGY 2023年第3期32卷 77-77页

作者： Liu, Eric S. Lukes, Dylan A. Griswold, William G. Univ Calif San Diego Comp Sci & Engn 9500 Gilman Dr La Jolla CA 92093 USA

Due to the exploratory nature of computational notebook development, a notebook can be extensively evolved even though it is small, potentially incurring substantial technical debt. Indeed, in interview studies notebook authors have attested to performing ongoing tidying and big cleanups. However, many notebook authors are not trained as software developers, and environments like JupyterLab possess few features to aid notebook maintenance. As software refactoring is traditionally a critical tool for reducing technical debt, we sought to better understand the unique and growing ecology of computational notebooks by investigating the refactoring of public Jupyter notebooks. We randomly selected 15,000 Jupyter notebooks hosted on GitHub and studied 200 with meaningful commit histories. We found that notebook authors do refactor, favoring a few basic classic refactorings as well as those involving the notebook cell construct. Those with a computing background refactored differently than others, but not more so. Exploration-focused notebooks had a unique refactoring profile compared to more exposition-focused notebooks. Authors more often refactored their code as they went along, rather than deferring maintenance to big cleanups. These findings point to refactoring being intrinsic to notebook development.

关键词： Computational notebooks end-user programming refactoring

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A Study of Help Requested Online by Spreadsheet users

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JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND end user COMPUTING 2012年第4期24卷 41-53页

作者： Chambers, Chris Sommers, Zachary Scaffidi, Christopher Oregon State Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Corvallis OR 97331 USA

The software used by organizations can have a substantial effect on employees' productivity. One of the dominant kinds of software in the workplace today is the spreadsheet, which has proven useful for performing numeric computations as well as for organizing, manipulating, and visualizing data. The authors present an analysis of the problems reported online by users of different spreadsheet editors, in order to guide the selection and enhancement of those editors. They've found that most requests for help were related to operations that the authors refer to as "foundational," such as with configuring the editor and setting up real-world problems in the form of spreadsheets, rather than with using particular formulas or features. They have identified a number of key similarities and differences in questions about different spreadsheet editors and versions of Excel, ultimately leading to several challenging opportunities for future research.

关键词： end-user Development end-user programming Information Systems Information Technology Spreadsheets

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Situational Mashups for Ubiquitous Learning

数位学习科技期刊

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数位学习科技期刊 2009年第3期1卷 245-265页

作者：黃福銘楊鎮華

Mashups is an emerging technology on the Web 2.0. users can propose favorite preferences and compose various widgets in a mashboard. The mashups selection can be performed dynamically identifying the situational set of widgets available at runtime. Students can mash-up the required learning services in ubiquitous learning environment. In this context, there are dynamic changes in user situations, defined as the configuration of accessible widgets depending on user location and schedule. The development of Situational Mashups requires mechanisms to interpret user context and to mash-up optimal widgets. We proposed a system including context representation, situation reasoning, workflow planning, and mashups optimization, called SituMash, capable of supporting the automatic composition of widgets in response to situation changes without user manual selection. Students can interact with the learning services seamlessly. Experimental results demonstrated that the system possess effective capabilities in composition-time, ease-of-use and usefulness.

关键词： end-user programming Mashups Situation Awareness Ubiquitous Learning Web 2.0

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INTERACTIVE SPECIFICATION OF FLEXIBLE user INTERFACE DISPLAYS

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1990年第3期8卷 269-288页

作者： HUDSON, SE MOHAMED, SP Univ. of Arizona Tucson Univ. of Arizona Tucson

One of the problems with conventional UIMSs is that very often there is no graphical way to specify interfaces. This paper describes OPUS, the user interface editor of the Penguims UIMS. This system allows the presentation component of graphical user interfaces to be specified interactively in a graphical notation without explicit programming. The Penguims UIMS supports an underlying model of computation based loosely on spreadsheets. In particular, it supports incremental computations based on a system of equations (one-way constraints) over a set of named values (spreadsheet cells). These equations are used to provide immediate feedback at all levels of the interface. They are used to incrementally determine the position and dynamic appearance of the individual interactor objects that make up the interface. They are also used to connect the presentation directly to underlying application data thereby supporting semantic feedback. The OPUS user interface editor employs a special graphical notation for specifying the presentation component of a user interface. This notation allows the power of the underlying computational model to be expressed simply and quickly. The resulting presentations are very flexible in nature. They can automatically respond to changes in the size and position of display objects and can directly support derivation of their appearance from application data objects.

关键词： CONSTRAINT SYSTEMS DIRECT MANIPULATION end-user programming INTERFACE BUILDER user INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

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Give the people what they want: studying end-user needs for enhancing the web

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PEERJ COMPUTER SCIENCE 2016年第11期2016卷

作者： Lee, Tak Yeon Bederson, Benjamin B. Univ Maryland Human Comp Interact Lab Comp Sci College Pk MD 20742 USA

end-user programming (EUP) is a common approach for helping ordinary people create small programs for their professional or daily tasks. Since end-users may not have programming skills or strong motivation for learning them, tools should provide what end-users want with minimal costs of learning -i.e., they must decrease the barriers to entry. However, it is often hard to address these needs, especially for fast-evolving domains such as the Web. To better understand these existing and ongoing challenges, we conducted two formative studies with Web users-a semi-structured interview study, and a Wizard-of-Oz study. The interview study identifies challenges that participants have with their daily experiences on the Web. The Wizard-of-Oz study investigates how participants would naturally explain three computational tasks to an interviewer acting as a hypothetical computer agent. These studies demonstrate a disconnect between what end-users want and what existing EUP systems support, and thus open the door for a path towards better support for end user needs. In particular, our findings include: (1) analysis of challenges that end-users experience on the Web with solutions;(2) seven core functionalities of EUP for addressing these challenges;(3) characteristics of nonprogrammers describing three common computation tasks;(4) design implications for future EUP systems.

关键词： end-user programming user study Wizard-of-Oz study World-Wide Web

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ECCE Toolkit: Prototyping Sensor-Based Interaction

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SENSORS 2017年第3期17卷 438-438页

作者： Bellucci, Andrea Aedo, Ignacio Diaz, Paloma Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Comp Sci Madrid 28911 Spain

Building and exploring physical user interfaces requires high technical skills and hours of specialized work. The behavior of multiple devices with heterogeneous input/output channels and connectivity has to be programmed in a context where not only the software interface matters, but also the hardware components are critical (e.g., sensors and actuators). Prototyping physical interaction is hindered by the challenges of: (1) programming interactions among physical sensors/actuators and digital interfaces;(2) implementing functionality for different platforms in different programming languages;and (3) building custom electronic-incorporated objects. We present ECCE (Entities, Components, Couplings and Ecosystems), a toolkit for non-programmers that copes with these issues by abstracting from low-level implementations, thus lowering the complexity of prototyping small-scale, sensor-based physical interfaces to support the design process. A user evaluation provides insights and use cases of the kind of applications that can be developed with the toolkit.

关键词： end-user programming toolkits physical computing sensor-based interaction

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end-user Debugging Strategies: A Sensemaking Perspective

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-HUMAN INTERACTION 2012年第1期19卷 5-5页

作者： Grigoreanu, Valentina Burnett, Margaret Wiedenbeck, Susan Cao, Jill Rector, Kyle Kwan, Irwin Microsoft Corp Corvallis OR 97331 USA Oregon State Univ Corvallis OR 97331 USA Drexel Univ Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

Despite decades of research into how professional programmers debug, only recently has work emerged about how end-user programmers attempt to debug programs. Without this knowledge, we cannot build tools to adequately support their needs. This article reports the results of a detailed qualitative empirical study of end-user programmers' sensemaking about a spreadsheet's correctness. Using our study's data, we derived a sensemaking model for end-user debugging and categorized participants' activities and verbalizations according to this model, allowing us to investigate how participants went about debugging. Among the results are identification of the prevalence of information foraging during end-user debugging, two successful strategies for traversing the sensemaking model, potential ties to gender differences in the literature, sensemaking sequences leading to debugging progress, and sequences tied with troublesome points in the debugging process. The results also reveal new implications for the design of spreadsheet tools to support end-user programmers' sensemaking during debugging.

关键词： end-user programming end-user software engineering debugging debugging strategies gender differences gender HCI sensemaking spreadsheets

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