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Building an Interface for Controlling IoT Devices 5

Building an Interface for Controlling IoT Devices

IEEE/ACM 5th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Practices for the Internet of Things (SERP4IoT)

作者： Reiss, Steven P. Brown Univ Dept Comp Sci Providence RI 02912 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350301885

As more and more devices become available and interconnected, there is a growing need for end users to control the devices in a programmatic manner. Our prior work explored end-user programming models for the Internet of Things (IoT). We started with the premise that current trigger-based approaches, while helpful, are not sufficient. What is needed was a more program-oriented, continuous approach for handling more complex devices. Our prior work explored different strategies for such a continuous approach. In this paper we detail the lessons learned and outline our current directions aimed at creating a practical system.

关键词： Internet of things end-user programming debugging program understanding

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Helping users Debug Trigger-Action Programs

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON INTERACTIVE MOBILE WEARABLE AND UBIQUITOUS TECHNOLOGIES-IMWUT 2022年第4期6卷 1-32页

作者： Zhang, Lefan Zhou, Cyrus Littman, Michael L. Ur, Blase Lu, Shan Univ Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA Brown Univ Providence RI 02912 USA

Trigger-action programming (TAP) empowers a wide array of users to automate Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, it can be challenging for users to create completely correct trigger-action programs (TAPs) on the first try, necessitating debugging. While TAP has received substantial research attention, TAP debugging has not. In this paper, we present the first empirical study of users' end-to-end TAP debugging process, focusing on obstacles users face in debugging TAPs and how well users ultimately fix incorrect automations. To enable this study, we added TAP capabilities to an existing 3-D smart home simulator. Thirty remote participants spent a total of 84 hours debugging TAPs using this simulator. Without additional support, participants were often unable to fix buggy TAPs due to a series of obstacles we document. However, we also found that two novel tools we developed helped participants overcome many of these obstacles and more successfully debug TAPs. These tools collect either implicit or explicit feedback from users about automations that should or should not have happened in the past, using a SAT-solving-based algorithm we developed to automatically modify the TAPs to account for this feedback.

关键词： Trigger-action programming end-user programming end-user debugging smart environment symbolic reasoning IoT Internet of Things IFTTT

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FxD: a functional debugger for dysfunctional spreadsheets

FxD: a functional debugger for dysfunctional spreadsheets

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： Drosos, Ian Wilson, Nicholas Gordon, Andrew D. Ragavan, Sruti Srinivasa Williams, Jack Microsoft Res Cambridge England Univ Edinburgh Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland Indian Inst Technol Kanpur Uttar Pradesh India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350329469

Recent enhancements to the spreadsheet formula language and intelligent spreadsheet interfaces allow spreadsheet users to build more complex spreadsheets in systematic ways (e.g., via functional abstractions). However, users have been slow to adopt such features, partly due to the absence of corresponding improvements in tools such as editors and debuggers. In this paper, we present FXD, a novel spreadsheet debugging interface, which provides structured information needed for spreadsheet users to debug formulas in systematic ways through affordances such as the ability to step into the execution of dependencies and provide contextual information to users based on the current context. An in-vitro, within-subject (n=12) experiment revealed that, even though using FXD did not lead to faster debugging, participants reported qualitative improvements (e.g., feelings of efficiency and capability) when debugging with it. Further, participants were more satisfied with the amount of information provided by FXD and felt that it would enhance their existing debugging workflows. Our results have implications for the design of debuggers for spreadsheets and for functional programming languages in general.

关键词： spreadsheets debugging end-user programming functional programming

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In Search of The Essence of No-code - Elements of Data Modeling

In Search of The Essence of No-code - Elements of Data Model...

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ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)

作者： Favre, Jean-Marie de Oliveira, Raquel Araujo Sottet, Jean-Sebastien Quast, Marc Univ Grenoble Alpes LIG Lab Grenoble France ITIS Dept LIST Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg STMicroelectronics Technol R&D Crolles France

ISBN: (纸本)9798350324983

Low-code and no-code development has emerged as a significant trend in the software industry, empowering the masses and revolutionizing the way software applications are created. While often labeled as buzzwords, these two terms correspond in reality to a very large set of tools and growing communities. While many studies have been made for low-code, this study aims instead at better understanding the essence of no-code. To do so, we propose, a rigorous selection of 9 data centric no-code tools. Then, we study through the lens of data-modeling (e.g., UML/Class + OCL), how features proposed by those tools compare to their opposite, i.e. coding approaches. Thus, exhibiting an empirical way to define no-code through comparison with coding approaches.

关键词： no-code low-code spreadsheets end-user programming data modeling UML class diagram feature model

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Timing-Specified Controllers with Feedback for Human-Robot Handovers 31

Timing-Specified Controllers with Feedback for Human-Robot H...

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31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) - Social, Asocial, and Antisocial Robots

作者： Kshirsagar, Alap Ravi, Rahul Kumar Kress-Gazit, Hadas Hoffman, Guy Cornell Univ Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn Ithaca NY 14853 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728188591

We develop and evaluate two human-robot handover controllers that allow end-users to specify timing parameters for the robot reach motion, and that provide feedback if the robot cannot satisfy those constraints. end-user tuning with feedback is a useful controller feature in settings where robots have to be re-programmed for varying task requirements but end-users do not have programming knowledge. The two controllers we propose are both receding-horizon controllers that differ in their objective function, and their user specified parameters, and subsequently their user-interface: One controller uses a minimum cumulative jerk (MCJ) objective function, and the other a minimum cumulative error (MCE) objective function. We implemented the controllers on a collaborative robot and conducted two controlled experiments to compare the user experience and performance of these controllers vis-`avis a baseline proportional velocity (PV) controller. In each experiment, participants (n = 30) interactively tuned the controller parameters, and collaborated with a robot to perform a time-constrained repetitive task. We found that the timing controller with the MCE implementation can provide a better user experience, both while setting the parameters ( p = 0.011) and performing the handovers with the robot (p < 0.001), and fewer failures (p = 0.016) compared to the PV controller, however the MCJ implementation did not provide better user experience compared to the PV controller. The MCJ controller also resulted in more failures than the PV controller. These results could inform the design of usable and effective end-user configurable controllers for human-robot interaction.

关键词： end-user programming Human-Robot Handovers Model Predictive Control

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Linear programming Meets Block-based Languages

Linear Programming Meets Block-based Languages

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： da Giao, Hugo Cunha, Jacome Pereira, Rui Univ Minho Braga Portugal HASLab INESC TEC Porto Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781665445924

Linear programming is a mathematical optimization technique used in numerous fields including mathematics, economics, and computer science, with numerous industrial contexts, including solving optimization problems such as planning routes, allocating resources, and creating schedules. As a result of its wide breadth of applications, a considerable amount of its user base is lacking in terms of programming knowledge and experience and thus often resorts to using graphical software such as Microsoft Excel. However, despite its popularity amongst less technical users, the methodologies used by these tools are often ad-hoc and prone to errors. To counteract this problem we propose creating a block-based language that allows users to create linear programming models using data contained inside spreadsheets. This language will guide the users to write syntactically and semantically correct programs and thus aid them in a way that current languages do not.

关键词： linear programming spreadsheets block-based languages end-user programming

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Building an IOT programming environment with and for preschool children 21

Building an IOT programming environment with and for prescho...

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20th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC)

作者： Neto, Benedito Silva Neris, Vania Rodriguez, Carla Univ Fed Sao Carlos Dept Comp Sci Sao Carlos SP Brazil Univ Fed Abc Math Comp & Cognit Ctr Santo Andre SP Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781450386173

Children are exposed to a set of Internet of Things (IOT) devices such as IOToys. Some of these devices are not only for use, but offer possibilities of customization through programming by children. Despite the existence of products and projects aimed at children, the initiatives presented to children of preschool age are generally educational or focused on entertainment and do not consider the possibility that children will control their functioning, programming the behavior of these products. This research aimed at investigating how children from 4 to 6 years old perceive the programming of IOT devices and, from the practice with them, build a prototype of a programming environment for them. To this end, 3 Participatory Design techniques were adapted and applied with 30 children. A final prototype was built and the usability was assessed by an analytical and an empirical method with the participation of 6 children. Lessons learned for the design of these solutions are discussed.

关键词： end-user programming IOT children Participatory design

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GridBook: Natural Language Formulas for the Spreadsheet Grid 22

GridBook: Natural Language Formulas for the Spreadsheet Grid

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27th Annual International Conference on Intelligent user Interfaces (ACM IUI)

作者： Ragavan, Sruti Srinivasa Hou, Zhitao Wang, Yun Gordon, Andrew D. Zhang, Haidong Zhang, Dongmei Microsoft Res Cambridge England Microsoft Res Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450391443

Writing formulas on the spreadsheet grid is arguably the most widely practiced form of programming. Still, studies highlight the difficulties experienced by end-user programmers when learning and using traditional formulas, especially for slightly complex tasks. The purpose of GridBook is to ease these difficulties by supporting formulas expressed in natural language within the grid;it is the first system to do so. GridBook builds on a parser utilizing deep learning to understand analysis intents from the natural language input within a spreadsheet cell. GridBook also leverages the spatial context between cells to infer the analysis parameters underspecified in the natural language input. Natural language enables users to analyze data easily and flexibly, to build queries on the results of previous analyses, and to view results intelligibly within the grid-thus taking spreadsheets one step closer to computational notebooks. We evaluated GridBook via two comparative lab studies, with 20 data analysts new only to GridBook. In our studies, there were no significant differences, in terms of time and cognitive load, in participants' data analysis using GridBook and spreadsheets;however, data analysis with GridBook was significantly faster than with computational notebooks. Our study uncovers insights into the application of natural language as a special purpose programming language for end-user programming in spreadsheets.

关键词： Spreadsheets end-user programming programming by Natural Language Data Analysis

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Authoring Human Simulators via Probabilistic Functional Reactive Program Synthesis 22

Authoring Human Simulators via Probabilistic Functional Reac...

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17th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

作者： Chung, Michael Jae-Yoon Cakmak, Maya Univ Washington Comp Sci & Engn Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781665407311

ISBN: (纸本)9781665407311

One of the core challenges in creating interactive behaviors for social robots is testing. Programs implementing the interactive behaviors require real humans to test and this requirement makes testing of the programs extremely expensive. To address this problem, human-robot interaction researchers in the past proposed using human simulators. However, human simulators are tedious to set up and context-dependent and therefore are not widely used in practice. We propose a program synthesis approach to building human simulators for the purpose of testing interactive robot programs. Our key ideas are (1) representing human simulators as probabilistic functional reactive programming programs and (2) using probabilistic inference for synthesizing human simulator programs. Programmers then will be able to build human simulators by providing interaction traces between a robot and a human or two humans which they can later use to test interactive robot programs and improve or tweak as needed.

关键词： probabilistic programming program synthesis end-user programming social robots

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Tisane: Authoring Statistical Models via Formal Reasoning from Conceptual and Data Relationships 22

Tisane: Authoring Statistical Models via Formal Reasoning fr...

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CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)

作者： Jun, Eunice Seo, Audrey Heer, Jeffrey Just, Rene Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450391573

Proper statistical modeling incorporates domain theory about how concepts relate and details of how data were measured. However, data analysts currently lack tool support for recording and reasoning about domain assumptions, data collection, and modeling choices in an integrated manner, leading to mistakes that can compromise scientific validity. For instance, generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) help answer complex research questions, but omitting random effects impairs the generalizability of results. To address this need, we present Tisane, a mixed-initiative system for authoring generalized linear models with and without mixed-effects. Tisane introduces a study design specification language for expressing and asking questions about relationships between variables. Tisane contributes an interactive compilation process that represents relationships in a graph, infers candidate statistical models, and asks follow-up questions to disambiguate user queries to construct a valid model. In case studies with three researchers, we find that Tisane helps them focus on their goals and assumptions while avoiding past mistakes.

关键词： statistical analysis linear modeling end-user programming end-user elicitation domain-specifc language transparent statistics validity

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