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Designing DEVS visual interfaces for end-user programmers

SIMULATION-TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR MODELING AND SIMULATION INTERNATIONAL 2015年第8期91卷 715-734页

作者： Maleki, Maryam Woodbury, Robert Goldstein, Rhys Breslav, Simon Khan, Azam Simon Fraser Univ Sch Interact Arts & Technol Surrey BC V3T 0A3 Canada Autodesk Res Toronto ON Canada

Although the Discrete Event System specification (DEVS) has over recent decades provided systems engineers with a scalable approach to modeling and simulation, the formalism has seen little uptake in many other disciplines where it could be equally useful. Our observations of end-user programmers confronted with DEVS theory or software suggest that learning barriers are largely responsible for this lack of utilization. To address these barriers, we apply ideas from human-computer interaction to the design of visual interfaces intended to promote their users' effective knowledge of essential DEVS concepts. The first step is to propose a set of names that make these concepts easier to learn. We then design and provide rationale for visual interfaces for interacting with various elements of DEVS models and simulation runs. Both the names and interface designs are evaluated using the Cognitive Dimensions of Notations framework, which emphasizes trade-offs between 14 aspects of information artifacts. As a whole, this work illustrates a generally applicable design process for the development of interactive formalism-based simulation environments that are learnable and usable to those who are not experts in simulation formalisms.

关键词： Discrete-event simulation end-user programming visual programming cognitive dimensions

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Web-centred end-user component modelling

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FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2016年 54卷 16-40页

作者： Lizcano, David Alonso, Fernando Soriano, Javier Lopez, Genoveva Univ Distancia Madrid UDIMA Madrid Spain Univ Politecn Madrid E-28040 Madrid Spain

This paper formally defines a web component model enabling end-user programmers to build component-based rich internet applications (RIAs) that are tailored to meet their particular needs. It is the product of a series of previously published papers. The formal definition in description logic verifies that the model is consistent and subsumes currently existing models. We demonstrate experimentally that it is more effective than the others. Current tools propose very disparate web component models, which are based on the appropriate invocation of service backends, overlooking user needs in order to exploit these services and resources in a friendly manner. We have proposed a web model based on a detailed study of existing tools, their pros and cons, limitations and key success factors that have enabled other web end-user development (WEUD) solutions to help end-user programmers to build software to support their needs. In this paper we have verified that the proposed model subsumes and is instantiated by the models of the other existing tools that we analysed, coming a step closer to the standardization of end-user centred RIAs and development environments. We have implemented a development tool, called EzWeb, to produce RIAs that implement the proposed model. This tool enables users to develop their application following the model's component structure based on end-user programming success factors. We report a statistical experiment in which users develop increasingly complex web software using the EzWeb tool generating RIAs that conform to the proposed component model, and other WEUD tools generating RIAs that conform to other models. This experiment confirms the applicability of the proposed model and demonstrates that more enduser programmers (EUPs) (users concerned with programming primarily for personal rather public use) successfully develop web solutions for complex problems using the EzWeb tool that implements the model, which is more efficient than existin

关键词： end-user programming Web engineering Component-based software Human factors Visual programming Component modelling

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Training industrial end-user programmers with interactive tutorials

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2023年第3期53卷 729-747页

作者： Ritschel, Nico Sawant, Anand Ashok Weintrop, David Holmes, Reid Bacchelli, Alberto Garcia, Ronald Chandrika, K. R. Mandal, Avijit Francis, Patrick Shepherd, David C. Univ British Columbia Dept Comp Sci Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada Univ Calif Davis Dept Comp Sci Davis CA 95616 USA Univ Maryland Coll Educ College Pk MD USA Univ Zurich Dept Informat Zurich Switzerland ABB Corp Res Bangalore Karnataka India UserVoice Inc Raleigh NC USA Virginia Commonwealth Univ Dept Comp Sci Richmond VA USA

Newly released robot programming tools have made it feasible for end-users to program industrial robots by combining block-based languages and lead-through programming. To use these systems effectively, end-users, who usually have limited or no programming experience, require training. To train users, tutoring systems are often used for block-based programming-some even for lead-through programming-but no tutorial system combines these two types of programming. We present CoBlox Interactive Tutorials (CITs), a novel tutoring approach that teaches how to use both the hardware and software components that comprise a typical end-user robot programming environment. As users switch between the two programming styles, CITs provide them with extensive scaffolding, give users immediate feedback on missteps, and provide guidance on next steps. To evaluate CITs, we conducted a study with 79 industrial end-users using a programming environment released by ABB Robotics that compares our approach to training with training videos, the most commonly used training in industry. This study, one of the largest to date on training professional end-users, found that CIT-trained users authored more correct programs in less time than video-trained users. This shows that a tight integration of hardware and software concepts is crucial to training end-users to program industrial robots.

关键词： end-user programming programming support robotics tutorials user study

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Leveraging Low Code Development of Smart Personal Assistants: An Integrated Design Approach with the SPADE Method

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JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2023年第1期40卷 96-129页

作者： Elshan, Edona Ebel, Philipp Soellner, Matthias Leimeister, Jan Marco Univ St Gallen Inst Informat Management Mulller Friedbergstr 6-8 CH-9000 St Gallen Switzerland Univ Kassel Res Ctr IS Design Informat Syst & Syst Engn ITeG Kassel Germany

Smart personal assistants (SPAs), such as Alexa for example, promise individualized user interactions owing to their varying interaction possibilities, knowledgeability, and human-like behaviors. To support the widespread adoption and use of SPAs, organizations such as Google or Amazon provide low code environments that support the development of SPAs (e.g., for Google Home or Amazon's Alexa). These so-called low code platforms enable domain experts (e.g., business users without programming skills or experience) to develop SPAs for their purposes. However, using these platforms alone does not guarantee a useful and good conversation with novel SPAs due to non-intuitive design choices. Following a design science research approach, we propose the Smart Personal Assistant for Domain Experts (SPADE) method to address the missing link. This method supports domain experts in the development and contextualization of sophisticated SPAs for various application scenarios and focuses especially on conversational and anthropomorphic design steps. Our proof of concept and proof of value results show that SPADE is useful for supporting domain experts to create effective SPAs in different domains beyond private set-ups.

关键词： Anthropomorphic design conversational agents conversational design IS development low code development platform smart personal assistant citizen development end-user programming

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Dynamic Interaction in Decision Support: Effects on Perceived Diagnosticity and Confidence in Unstructured Domains

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN CYBERNETICS-SYSTEMS 2013年第1期43卷 74-84页

作者： Beemer, Brandon A. Gregg, Dawn G. McKesson Provider Technol San Francisco CA 94104 USA Univ Colorado Denver CO 80204 USA

The evolution of eCommerce over the past decade has resulted in a wide range of tools that enable consumers to make better decisions about the products or services that they are purchasing. One class of tools that are now widely used in a variety of eCommerce domains are mashups, which combine disparate sources of information (e. g., price, product reviews, and seller reviews) to support buyer decision making. Previous academic studies that examined decision support tools for eCommerce domains have focused on the impacts on information search, consideration set size, and decision quality. This paper discusses dynamic interaction, namely, the degree to which a user can revisit and revise their inputs and consider alternative solutions during a decision. The relationships between dynamic interaction, diagnosticity, confidence, and intention were investigated in an experiment. The results of the study indicated that increasing dynamic interaction increased the perceived diagnosticity (i.e., the extent to which the user believes that the tool is useful to evaluate a product) of the decision support tool and the overall confidence in the decision. In addition, a post hoc analysis of decision quality suggests that increased levels of dynamic interaction also improve the overall quality of the decision made.

关键词： Calibration confidence dynamic interaction perceived diagnosticity Web 2.0 mashups end-user programming

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How end-user programmers debug visual web-based programs: An information foraging theory perspective

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES 2019年 53卷 22-37页

作者： Kuttal, Sandeep Kaur Sarma, Anita Burnett, Margaret Rothermel, Gregg Koeppe, Ian Shepherd, Brooke Univ Tulsa Tulsa OK 74104 USA Oregon State Univ Corvallis OR 97331 USA North Carolina State Univ Raleigh NC USA Univ Nebraska Omaha NE 68182 USA

Web-active end-user programmers squander much of their time foraging for bugs and related information in mashup programming environments as well as on the web. To analyze this foraging behavior while debugging, we utilize an Information Foraging Theory perspective. Information Foraging Theory models the human (predator) behavior to forage for specific information (prey) in the webpages or programming IDEs (patches) by following the information features (cues) in the environment. We qualitatively studied the debugging behavior of 16 web-active end users. Our results show that end-user programmers spend substantial amounts (73%) of their time just foraging. Further, our study reveals new cue types and foraging strategies framed in terms of Information Foraging Theory, and it uncovers which of these helped end-user programmers succeed in their debugging efforts.

关键词： Information Foraging Theory end-user programming end-user software engineering Visual programming language Debugging

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ABSTRACT DATA VIEWS - AN INTERFACE SPECIFICATION CONCEPT TO ENHANCE DESIGN FOR REUSE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1995年第3期21卷 229-243页

作者： COWAN, DD LUCENA, CJP UNIV WATERLOO COMP SYST GRPWATERLOOON N2L 3G1CANADA PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA RIO DE JANEIRO DEPT INFORMATBR-22460 RIO JANEIROBRAZIL

The abstract data view (ADV) design model was originally created to specify clearly and formally the separation of the user interface from the application component of a software system, and to provide a systematic design method that is independent of specific application environments, Such a method should lead to a high degree of reuse of designs for both interface and application components, The material in this paper extends the concept of ADV's to encompass the general specification of interfaces between application components in the same or different computing environments, This approach to specifying interfaces clearly separates application components from each other, since they do not need to know how they are used, or how they obtain services from other application components, Thus, application components called abstract data objects (ADO's) in this paper, are designed to minimize knowledge of the environment in which they are used and should be more amenable to reuse.

关键词： ABSTRACT DATA OBJECTS INTERACTIVE APPLICATIONS programming user INTERFACES end-user programming SCRIPT LANGUAGES INTERFACES

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Expert and Novice end-user Spreadsheet Debugging: A Comparative Study of Performance and Behaviour

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JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND end user COMPUTING 2011年第2期23卷 57-80页

作者： Bishop, Brian McDaid, Kevin Dundalk Inst Technol Software Technol Res Ctr Dundalk Ireland

The reliability of end-user developed spreadsheets is poor Research studies find that 94% of spreadsheets contain errors. Although some research has been conducted in the area of spreadsheet testing, little is known about the behaviour or processes of individuals during the debugging task. In this paper;the authors investigate the performance and behaviour of evert and novice end-users in the debugging of an experimental spreadsheet. To achieve this aim, a spreadsheet debugging experiment was conducted, with professional and student participants requested to debug a spreadsheet seeded with errors. The work utilises a novel approach for acquiring experimental data through the unobtrusive recording of participants 'actions using a custom built IBA tool Based on findings front the experiment, a debugging tool is developed. and its effects on debugging performance are investigated

关键词： Auditing Debugging Electronic Spreadsheets end-user programming user-Centered Design

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Taming access control security: extending capabilities using the views relationship

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2002年第4期32卷 341-358页

作者： Markiewicz, ME Lucena, CJP Cowan, DD Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio de Janeiro Dept Informat Lab Engn Software BR-22460 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

The 'views' relationship indicates how an object-oriented design can be clearly separated into objects and their corresponding interface. This paper uses the concept of 'views' in order to achieve full separation between the application and the security policy in the design and implementation. The result is achieved by providing a model for capabilities using 'views' that is richer than the traditional capability model. In addition, a distributed access control model is shown to be effective through the use of Secure Object Communication Channels (SOCCs) to allow for secure connections at the abstract object level. This security is applicable in the e-commerce application domain, bringing security directly to the application abstraction level. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： views abstract design views abstract design objects end-user programming capability subject-oriented programming reuse security e-commerce

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NLCI: a natural language command interpreter

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AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2017年第4期24卷 839-861页

作者： Landhaeusser, Mathias Weigelt, Sebastian Tichy, Walter F. Karlsruhe Inst Technol Inst Program Struct & Data Org Karlsruhe Germany

Natural language interfaces are becoming more and more common, because they are powerful and easy to use. Examples of such interfaces are voice controlled navigation devices, Apple's personal assistant Siri, Google Voice Search, and translation services. However, such interfaces are extremely difficult to build, to maintain, and to port to new domains. We present an approach for building and porting such interfaces quickly. NLCI is a natural language command interpreter that accepts action commands in English and translates them into executable code. The core component is an ontology that models an API. Once the API is "ontologized", NLCI translates input sentences into sequences of API calls that implement the intended actions. Two radically different APIs were ontologized: openHAB for home automation and Alice for building 3D animations. Construction of the ontology can be automated if the API uses descriptive names for its components. In that case, the language interface can be generated completely automatically. Recall and precision of NLCI on a benchmark of 50 input scripts are 67 and 78 %, resp. Though not yet acceptable for practical use, the results indicate that the approach is feasible. NLCI accepts typed input only. Future work will use a speech front-end to test spoken input.

关键词： programming in natural language end-user programming Knowledge-based software engineering Program synthesis Natural language processing for software engineering

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