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Using and Exploring Hierarchical Data in Spreadsheets 16

Using and Exploring Hierarchical Data in Spreadsheets

引用

34th Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI4GOOD)

作者： Chang, Kerry Shih-Ping Myers, Brad A. Carnegie Mellon Univ Human Comp Interact Inst Pittsburgh PA 15232 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450333627

More and more data nowadays exist in hierarchical formats such as JSON due to the increasing popularity of web applications and web services. While many end-user systems support getting hierarchical data from databases without programming, they provide very little support for using hierarchical data beyond turning the data into a flat string or table. In this paper, we present a spreadsheet tool for using and exploring hierarchical datasets. We introduce novel interaction techniques and algorithms to manipulate and visualize hierarchical data in a spreadsheet using the data's relative hierarchical relationships with the data in its adjacent columns. Our tool leverages the data's structural information to support selecting, grouping, joining, sorting and filtering hierarchical data in spreadsheets. Our lab study showed that our tool helped spreadsheet users complete data exploration tasks nearly two times faster than using Excel and even outperform programmers in most tasks.

关键词： Spreadsheets hierarchical data end-user programming

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Development of Mobile Data Collection Applications by Domain Experts: Experimental Results from a Usability Study 29

Development of Mobile Data Collection Applications by Domain...

引用

29th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE)

作者： Schobel, Johannes Pryss, Ruediger Schlee, Winfried Probst, Thomas Gebhardt, Dominic Schickler, Marc Reichert, Manfred Ulm Univ Inst Databases & Informat Syst Ulm Germany Regensburg Univ Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy Regensburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783319595368;9783319595351

Despite their drawbacks, paper-based questionnaires are still used to collect data in many application domains. In the QuestionSys project, we develop an advanced framework that enables domain experts to transform paper-based instruments to mobile data collection applications, which then run on smart mobile devices. The framework empowers domain experts to develop robust mobile data collection applications on their own without the need to involve programmers. To realize this vision, a configurator component applying a model-driven approach is developed. As this component shall relieve domain experts from technical issues, it has to be proven that domain experts are actually able to use the configurator properly. The experiment presented in this paper investigates the mental efforts for creating such data collection applications by comparing novices and experts. Results reveal that even novices are able to model instruments with an acceptable number of errors. Altogether, the QuestionSys framework empowers domain experts to develop sophisticated mobile data collection applications by orders of magnitude faster compared to current mobile application development practices.

关键词： Process-driven applications end-user programming Experimental results

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Towards aiding within-patch information foraging by end-user programmers

Towards aiding within-patch information foraging by end-user...

引用

IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： Athreya, Balaji Scaffidi, Chris Oregon State Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Corvallis OR 97331 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479940356

Many tools help professional programmers with the difficult problem of finding information during code maintenance. The empirical success of these tools can be explained by Information Foraging Theory (IFT), which predicts how a person seeks information by navigating through an information system based on the visual weight of information features presented to the person. Motivated by the success of these tools, we investigated the reasonable expectation that end-user programmers would likewise benefit from tools that increased the relative visual weight of important information features. We prototyped and evaluated two tools, each of which uses an existing algorithm to identify the most important lines of code. One prototype highlights important lines of code;the other prototype hides unimportant lines of code. An empirical study revealed that increasing the relative weight of important information features by highlighting did positively impact the amount of information foraged and the rate of information gained;on the other hand, decreasing the relative weight of unimportant information features by hiding had a modest negative impact. These results reveal opportunities for enhancing existing IFT-based foraging models and applying them to design more effective end-user programming tools for coding, debugging, and code reuse.

关键词： end-user programming code maintenance information foraging

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FlashExtract: A Framework for Data Extraction by Examples 14

FlashExtract: A Framework for Data Extraction by Examples

引用

35th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI)

作者： Le, Vu Gulwani, Sumit Univ Calif Davis Davis CA 95616 USA Microsoft Res Redmond Redmond WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450327848

Various document types that combine model and view (e. g., text files, webpages, spreadsheets) make it easy to organize (possibly hierarchical) data, but make it difficult to extract raw data for any further manipulation or querying. We present a general framework FlashExtract to extract relevant data from semi-structured documents using examples. It includes: (a) an interaction model that allows end-users to give examples to extract various fields and to relate them in a hierarchical organization using structure and sequence constructs. (b) an inductive synthesis algorithm to synthesize the intended program from few examples in any underlying domain-specific language for data extraction that has been built using our specified algebra of few core operators (map, filter, merge, and pair). We describe instantiation of our framework to three different domains: text files, webpages, and spreadsheets. On our benchmark comprising 75 documents, FlashExtract is able to extract intended data using an average of 2.36 examples in 0.84 seconds per field.

关键词： Languages Algorithms Human Factors Program Synthesis end-user programming programming by Examples

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From Ideas to Implementations: Closing the Gaps between Technical Experts and Software Solutions 1

From Ideas to Implementations: Closing the Gaps between Tech...

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1st International Workshop on Continuous Software Evolution and Delivery (CSED)

作者： Smiley, Karen Harding, Jeff Patel, Pankesh ABB Corp Res 940 Main Campus Dr Raleigh NC 27606 USA ABB Corp Res Whitefield Rd Block 1 Bangalore Karnataka India

ISBN: (纸本)9781450341578

Rapid delivery strategies strive to balance critical performance qualities vs. reducing the time between an idea and deployment of a software implementation of that idea. For industrial software solutions that encapsulate expertise in deliverable components, technical SMEs (Subject Matter Experts) with ideas and knowledge have traditionally partnered as requirements providers with software development teams. These human processes are not optimally fast, are vulnerable to errors in translating or interpreting requirements, and do not scale when software teams need to integrate the knowledge of many SMEs into multiple software solutions and deployments. To address these limitations, ABB has pursued an industrial research initiative for innovative SME toolsets with focus on two goals: to accelerate the creation, evolution, reuse, and delivery of expert algorithms, and to streamline the deployment of these algorithms into releases and fielded solutions. The vision underpinning the initiative is to empower technical SMEs as "end-user developers" to convert their knowledge into reusable software solution components without having to learn, perform, or partner on traditional software development, integration, or deployment. In this paper, we summarize our experiences and lessons learned to date from this initiative, key continuing challenges, and some positional thoughts on how end-user development by technical SMEs aligns with emerging approaches for rapid delivery and evolution.

关键词： Subject Matter Expert Industrial Analytics end-user programming end-user Software Engineering Visual programming Environments Continuous Deployment

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Koala: Capture, Share, Automate, Personalize Business Processes on the Web 07

Koala: Capture, Share, Automate, Personalize Business Proces...

引用

Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

作者： Little, Greg Lau, Tessa A. Cypher, Allen Lin, James Haber, Eben M. Kandogan, Eser MIT CSAIL Cambridge MA 02139 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595935939

We present Koala, a system that enables users to capture, share, automate, and personalize business processes on the web. Koala is a collaborative programming-by-demonstration system that records, edits, and plays back user interactions as pseudo-natural language scripts that are both human- and machine-interpretable. Unlike previous programming by demonstration systems, Koala leverages sloppy programming that interprets pseudo-natural language instructions (as opposed to formal syntactic statements) in the context of a given web page's elements and actions. Koala scripts are automatically stored in the Koalescence wiki, where a community of users can share, run, and collaboratively develop their "how-to" knowledge. Koala also takes advantage of corporate and personal data stores to automatically generalize and instantiate user-specific data, so that scripts created by one user are automatically personalized for others. Our initial experiences suggest that Koala is surprisingly effective at interpreting instructions originally written for people.

关键词： end-user programming programming by Demonstration Wiki Automation

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A Plug-in Architecture for Connecting to New Data Sources on Mobile Devices

A Plug-in Architecture for Connecting to New Data Sources on...

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： Chang, Kerry Shih-Ping Myers, Brad A. Cahill, Gene M. Simanta, Soumya Morris, Edwin Lewis, Grace Carnegie Mellon Univ Human Comp Interact Inst Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Software Engn Inst Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479903696

A key use for mobile devices is to search and view online information while on the go. As a result, many mobile applications serve as front ends for online databases. While there are many thousands of data sources that provide web service APIs giving access to their databases, creating mobile applications to use those sources requires significant mobile programming knowledge and a significant amount of time. We introduce Spinel, a plug-in architecture for Android, and a set of web-based configuration tools that together enable users to connect mobile applications to new data sources without programming. Spinel also provides APIs that make it easy for developers to create new applications that use those data sources. We provide three demonstration Android applications that use such data: Listpad for entering personal lists, Listviewer for viewing results of data queries, and Mapviewer for displaying query results on a map. An informal usability study showed that users could successfully attach new data sources to those applications.

关键词： end-user programming mobile devices plug-ins web APIs mashups

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Interactive Tuning of Robot Program Parameters via Expected Divergence Maximization 20

Interactive Tuning of Robot Program Parameters via Expected ...

引用

ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

作者： Racca, Mattia Kyrki, Ville Cakmak, Maya Aalto Univ Espoo Finland Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450367462

Enabling diverse users to program robots for different applications is critical for robots to be widely adopted. Most of the new collaborative robot manipulators come with intuitive programming interfaces that allow novice users to compose robot programs and tune their parameters. However, parameters like motion speeds or exerted forces cannot be easily demonstrated and often require manual tuning, resulting in a tedious trial-and-error process. To address this problem, we formulate tuning of one-dimensional parameters as an Active Learning problem where the learner iteratively refines its estimate of the feasible range of parameter values, by selecting informative queries. By executing the parametrized actions, the learner gathers the user's feedback, in the form of directional answers ("higher," "lower," or "fine"), and integrates it in the estimate. We propose an Active Learning approach based on Expected Divergence Maximization for this setting and compare it against two baselines with synthetic data. We further compare the approaches on a real-robot dataset obtained from programs written with a simple Domain-Specific Language for a robot arm and manually tuned by expert users (N=8) to perform four manipulation tasks. We evaluate the effectiveness and usability of our interactive tuning approach against manual tuning with a user study where novice users (N=8) tuned parameters of a human-robot hand-over program.

关键词： Active Learning end-user programming Human-Robot Interaction

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GridBook: Natural Language Formulas for the Spreadsheet Grid 22

GridBook: Natural Language Formulas for the Spreadsheet Grid

引用

27th Annual International Conference on Intelligent user Interfaces (ACM IUI)

作者： Ragavan, Sruti Srinivasa Hou, Zhitao Wang, Yun Gordon, Andrew D. Zhang, Haidong Zhang, Dongmei Microsoft Res Cambridge England Microsoft Res Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450391443

Writing formulas on the spreadsheet grid is arguably the most widely practiced form of programming. Still, studies highlight the difficulties experienced by end-user programmers when learning and using traditional formulas, especially for slightly complex tasks. The purpose of GridBook is to ease these difficulties by supporting formulas expressed in natural language within the grid;it is the first system to do so. GridBook builds on a parser utilizing deep learning to understand analysis intents from the natural language input within a spreadsheet cell. GridBook also leverages the spatial context between cells to infer the analysis parameters underspecified in the natural language input. Natural language enables users to analyze data easily and flexibly, to build queries on the results of previous analyses, and to view results intelligibly within the grid-thus taking spreadsheets one step closer to computational notebooks. We evaluated GridBook via two comparative lab studies, with 20 data analysts new only to GridBook. In our studies, there were no significant differences, in terms of time and cognitive load, in participants' data analysis using GridBook and spreadsheets;however, data analysis with GridBook was significantly faster than with computational notebooks. Our study uncovers insights into the application of natural language as a special purpose programming language for end-user programming in spreadsheets.

关键词： Spreadsheets end-user programming programming by Natural Language Data Analysis

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Facilitators and inhibitors of end-user development by teachers in a school environment

Facilitators and inhibitors of end-user development by teach...

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing

作者： Wiedenbeck, S Drexel Univ Coll IST Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769524435

This paper describes the perceptions and attitudes of teachers who arc, end-user developers. A semistructured interview of 22 teachers was carried out. It revealed motivational, situational, knowledge, and tool factors that affect their programming efforts. Five of the survey participants also carried out several program maintenance tasks in order to identify additional challenges in performing end-user programming tasks. The contribution of the study is an understanding of the facilitators and inhibitors of end-user development in a particular professional setting.

关键词： computer science education software maintenance user centred design end-user developers end-user development end-user programming program maintenance school environment teacher attitude teacher perception end users user-centred design Software maintenance computer science education Teacher Attitudes end user programming Maintenance programs schools

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