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Integrated system health management-based state evaluation for environmental control and life support system in manned spacecraft

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART I-JOURNAL OF systemS AND control ENGINEERING 2013年第I5期227卷 461-473页

作者： Xu, Jiuping Guo, Feng Xu, Lei Sichuan Univ Uncertain Decis Making Lab Chengdu 610064 Peoples R China

This article presents a state evaluation model to assess the state of health of a manned spacecraft's environmental control and life support system, which ensures the safety of astronauts and guarantees space mission success. A state evaluation based on integrated system health management is introduced into the manned spacecraft's environmental control and life support system to deal with safety and maintenance requirements. Due to the uncertainty and the complexity of the system, there is little research concerning state evaluation for manned spacecraft's environmental control and life support system that considers fuzziness at the system level. A numerical example illustrates the proposed fuzzy comprehensive state evaluation model that, from a holistic perspective, takes all criteria into account, combines objective tests with subjective judgments and incorporates fuzziness and uncertainty into the ranking of the manned spacecraft's environmental control and life support system health level. The proposed model is demonstrated by solving a state evaluation problem and the comparison analysis. It also reveals the state impact factors for manned spacecraft's environmental control and life support system health management and conducts a valuable health state evaluation framework for complex systems.

关键词： Manned spacecraft integrated system health management state evaluation environmental control and life support system uncertainty decision making

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Dream chaser environmental control and life support system: An overview 42

Dream chaser environmental control and life support system: ...

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42nd International Conference on environmental systems 2012, ICES 2012

作者： Meyer-Allyn, Molly K. Metts, Jonathan G. Anderson, Daniel B. Johnson, Jeff Heldmann, Mike Sierra Nevada Corporation Louisville CO United States ORBITEC Madison WI United States Hamilton-Sundstrand Space Systems Inc Windsor Locks CT United States Space Systems Sierra Nevada Corporation United States Human Life Support and Instrumentation ORBITEC United States

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Exploring Contingency Responses to Disruptive Events During Transitions in Deep Space Missions

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AIAA JOURNAL 2025年第4期63卷 1629-1641页

作者： Vaccino, Luca Azimi, Mohsen Dyke, Shirley J. Whitaker, Dawn Purdue Univ Sch Mech Engn W Lafayette IN 47906 USA Mississippi State Univ Dept Mech Engn Starkville MS 39762 USA Purdue Univ Sch Mech Engn Innovat W Lafayette IN 47906 USA Purdue Univ Indiana Space Grant Consortium W Lafayette IN 47906 USA

The successes associated with the Artemis 1 mission have reinforced the interest in deep space exploration, inspiring future missions to the moon and Mars. However, the extended duration and traveling distances of these missions require the development of procedures to accommodate dormant and crewed states and the transitions between them, which results in new risks for both crew and equipment. Consequently, the development of contingency plans is necessary to support crew safety and mission execution during transitions. In this paper we explore the use of the HabSim virtual testbed, a simulation tool for running different disruption scenarios in a space habitat. We perform an illustrative study that involves a disruptive event occurring during the crew ingress into a space habitat that has been dormant for a prolonged time. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how contingency strategies can mitigate the hazard and support a successful transition from dormant to crewed states. Various choices made for recovering the system and completing the transition are explored, involving action rescheduling and agent intervention. The results show how simulations may be used to advance transition and contingency planning, contributing to the safety and success of space missions.

关键词： Space Missions Future Space Technologies Space Exploration and Technology environmental control and life support system Thermal control and Protection Energy Storage Capacity Nuclear Power Space Resilience Fault Detection

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Virtual Assistant for Spacecraft Anomaly Resolution: Effects on Human Performance Metrics

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JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION systemS 2025年第4期22卷 264-274页

作者： Josan, Poonampreet Kaur Dutta, Prachi Abbott, Renee Martin, Antoni Viros Dunbar, Bonnie J. Wong, Raymond K. W. Selva, Daniel Diaz-Artiles, Ana Texas A&M Univ Dept Aerosp Engn College Stn TX 77843 USA Texas A&M Univ Dept Stat College Stn TX 77843 USA

Virtual assistants (VAs) are known to improve performance, reduce mental workload (MWL), and improve situational awareness (SA) in complex cognitive tasks. However, there is a lack of studies focusing on anomaly resolution tasks in time- and safety-critical environments such as long-duration exploration missions. This paper aims to investigate the effects of using a VA, namely Daphne-AT, on crew performance, SA, and MWL in the context of spacecraft anomaly treatment. Participants (n=12) were tasked to detect, diagnose, and resolve anomalies in two different but equivalent experimental sessions (five anomalies with the VA and five anomalies without the VA). In each condition, performance was quantified based on the number of anomalies correctly resolved and the total time needed to resolve the anomalies. SA and MWL were quantified using the Situational Awareness Rating Technique and the NASA Task Load index. Results indicate that participants resolved more anomalies in less time during sessions with VA. MWL reduced significantly during sessions with VA. Although total SA did not significantly change between VA conditions, the subscales attentional demand and understanding improved with VA. These findings suggest that VAs are promising decision support tools for anomaly resolution in domains such as spaceflight, aviation, or emergency response.

关键词： Spacecrafts NASA Aviation environmental control and life support system Mission control Center Collaborative Decision Making Anomaly Detection Johnson Space Center Telemetry Space Missions

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Design Evaluation of Resilient Deep Space Habitats with Numerical Habitat Simulator

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AIAA JOURNAL 2025年第4期63卷 1580-1595页

作者： Rhee, Seungho Ziviani, Davide Purdue Univ Ray W Herrick Labs W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Ray W Herrick Labs Sch Mech Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

To advance long-term human exploration of the Moon and beyond, developing resilient deep space habitats capable of autonomous operation during both manned and unmanned periods is crucial. Unlike Earth-based buildings, which allow for immediate maintenance and access to external resources, deep space habitats will face significant challenges in addressing damages and disruptions due to the unique environmental conditions in space. Potential hazards such as micrometeorite impacts, moonquakes, internal fires, sensor failures, and power outages pose serious threats to habitat functionality. Given the inevitability of such disturbances, resilient designs would not only minimize the likelihood of system failure but also mitigate overall mission risks. Therefore, evaluating the resilience of deep space habitats under various potential disturbances during the early design phase is necessary before deployment. This paper introduces a resilience-based design evaluation framework for deep space habitats, using a deterministic structural-based habitat simulator (HabSim) along with a performance-based quantitative resilience assessment. HabSim simulates various habitat behaviors to assess the performance and resilience of habitat designs using well-established resilience assessment metrics. An illustrative case study demonstrates the effectiveness and capabilities of the proposed evaluation framework.

关键词： Deep Space Habitat environmental control and life support system Radiator Panel Human Spaceflight Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Mass Flow Rate Resilience

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HabSim: A Modular-Coupled Virtual Testbed for Simulating Extraterrestrial Habitat systems

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AIAA JOURNAL 2025年第2期63卷 376-388页

作者： Azimi, Mohsen Lund, Alana Fu, Yuguang Montoya, Herta Vaccino, Luca Krishnan, R. Murali Rhee, Seungho Chebbo, Leila Shahriar, Adnan Wang, Zixin Maghareh, Amin Dyke, Shirley J. Mississippi State Univ Dept Mech Engn Starkville MS 39762 USA Univ Waterloo Dept Civil & Environm Engn Engn 2-2314200 Univ Ave W Waterloo ON N2V 2T1 Canada Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Civil & Environm Engn 50 Nanyang Ave Singapore 639798 Singapore Purdue Univ Lyles Sch Civil Engn W Lafayette IN 49707 USA Purdue Univ Sch Mech Engn W Lafayette IN 49707 USA Univ Connecticut Dept Elect & Comp Engn Storrs CT 06269 USA Univ Texas San Antonio Dept Mech Engn San Antonio TX 78249 USA Verus Res Control Syst Albuquerque NM 87110 USA Purdue Univ Sch Mech Engn Innovat Mech Engn W Lafayette IN 49707 USA

Extraterrestrial habitats involve a tightly coupled combination of hardware, software, and humans while operating in an unforgiving environment that poses many risks, both anticipated and unanticipated. Traditional approaches with such systems of systems focus on reliability, robustness, and redundancy. These approaches seek to avoid failure rather than reduce overall risk. However, faults are inevitable, and understanding and managing the complex and emergent behavior and cascading events of such a complex system is critical. This study describes the development of HabSim, a computational simulation environment intended to support research to establish the know-how to design and operate resilient and autonomous SmartHabs. HabSim is a modular virtual testbed composed of many of the coupled dynamic systems expected in a typical SmartHab. A heterogeneous set of interconnected physics-based and phenomenological models is used to represent the essential functions of a SmartHab. HabSim further considers disruptions and models damage and repair of certain components. This paper discusses a) system and subsystem requirements of the deep space habitat included in the HabSim platform;b) architectural choices made in response to the requirements;c) technical considerations for developing, verifying, configuring, and executing HabSim;and d) illustrative sample results from a simulation of a representative disruption scenario.

关键词： Computational Simulation Deep Space Habitat environmental control and life support system Application Programming Interface Fault Detection and Diagnosis Future Space Technologies system Health Management Planets Lunar Environment system Architectures

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Digital Twin Technologies for Autonomous environmental control and life support systems

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JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION systemS 2024年第4期21卷 332-347页

作者： Gratius, Nicolas Wang, Zhichen Hwang, Min Young Hou, Yu Rollock, Annika George, Cory Berges, Mario Akinci, Burcu Carnegie Mellon Univ Civil & Environm Engn Dept 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Western New England Univ Construct Management Dept 1215 Wilbraham Rd Springfield MA 01119 USA Univ Colorado Boulder Aerosp Engn Sci Dept Boulder CO 80309 USA Univ Calif Davis Mech & Aerosp Engn Dept 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA

environmental control and life support systems will require enhanced self-awareness and self-sufficiency as human spaceflights are designed to reach further destinations. These requirements have led to the development of autonomous technologies and systems to enable more Earth independence, while at the same time relying more heavily on the knowledge contained in their computational models (as opposed to the knowledge of ground control experts). For environmental control and life support systems, these consist of disparate models often tailored to specific subsystems and use cases, such as temperature control and CO2 removal. Therefore, there is a need for technologies supporting the integration of existing models. We propose to extend existing digital twin frameworks to integrate models and serve as a tool for answering onboard queries during operation. Toward this vision, we identify research directions for three types of technologies: i) streamlining the process of merging information models without redundancies by leveraging model-based systems engineering languages;ii) the calibration of simulation models that requires a better understanding of how to encode domain knowledge into a probabilistic representation of subsystem states and model parameters;and iii) automating the query understanding process and constructing a mapping between information and simulation models.

关键词： Autonomous Technology Human Spaceflight Digital Twins environmental control and life support system Computational Modeling Deep Space Habitat Software systems Spacecraft control Aerospace Information systems

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system Exergy: system Integrating Physics of Launch Vehicles and Spacecraft

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JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS 2018年第2期55卷 451-461页

作者： Watson, Michael D. NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr Syst Engn Off MS EE11 Huntsville AL 35812 USA

system engineering of launch vehicles and spacecraft is a challenging and complex undertaking. There are many diverse systems that must be integrated and balanced to produce an effective design. This involves a multiplicity of individual engineering relationships that are difficult to integrate and even more difficult to define in a best balance. Integration efforts involve many different approaches, from process management to mass balance. But these approaches either do not directly address the launch vehicle or spacecraft performance or require many adjustments to be made to discover a balance. The system integrating physics, derived from the fundamental physics of the system, is the key to identifying a fully integrated system performance measure. Launch vehicles and spacecraft are thermodynamic systems with performance defined by thermodynamic properties. Thus, thermodynamic exergy, which integrates all of the systems thermodynamic properties, provides the system integrating relationships. This provides a basis for determining the most efficient design from among many different configuration options and for guiding the design activities from an integrated system level. This paper explores the current physics relationships used in launch vehicle system design and demonstrates that thermodynamic exergy provides a more explicit and complete approach to system integration.

关键词： Spacecraft Performance Launch Vehicle Configurations Exergy systems Engineering Thermodynamic Properties Propellant Rocket Design Saturn environmental control and life support system Heat Flow

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RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF A TWO-YEAR MANNED SPACECRAFT MISSION

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JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS 1969年第3期6卷 327-&页

作者： JENNINGS, HA The Boeing Company Seattle Wash.

A mission simulation model was developed to simulate the unscheduled maintenance requirements of the space station. Unscheduled failures were assumed to occur randomly within an assumed exponential distribution about the total system mean time between failure. The mean expected spares usage varied from 95 lb for 90 days to 700 lb for 730 days. The expected impact of the unscheduled maintenance on the mission and crew operations indicates that on 88% of the days there will be no unscheduled maintenance required and on 98% of the days no more than 5 hr will be required. If all the unscheduled maintenance re%quired could beveraged out over the total mission, the mean daily repair time would amount to only 22 min. It is noted that an average of about 158 man-minutes (2. 6 man- hours) per day are required to accomplish the identified scheduled maintenance. 1 ref.

关键词： Interplanetary Mission Orbital Space Station Earth Heat Capacity Mean Time Between Failures Aerodynamic Loads environmental control and life support system Free Molecular Flow Spacecraft system Stagnation Point

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Analytical Model for Sparing Policy Analysis and Optimization for Space Habitat Operations

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JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS 2024年第1期61卷 6-15页

作者： Maxwell, Andrew J. Ho, Koki Georgia Inst Technol Daniel Guggenheim Sch Aerosp Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

The inclusion of operational sparing policies in early system definition can ensure that spares' allocations can optimally meet desired system reliabilities consistent with the planned maintenance of a crewed vehicle. This approach is critical for long-duration crewed missions where mass allocations are constrained and lack of safe abort contingencies limit options in the event of significant system degradation, especially in the environmental control and life support systems. This paper presents an analytical model for analyzing and optimizing sparing policies as part of an overall evaluation of the probability of sufficiency for a system configuration. The repair transition parameters are varied to change the state visitation probabilities that drive a change in the probability of sufficiency observed for a given mass allocation. These parameters are optimized using a particle swarm optimizer to identify the preferred strategy for a desired allocation mass.

关键词： Exploration Maintainability Analysis Tool Space Habitat environmental control and life support system Sparing Policy Analysis and Optimization

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