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Integration of positive matrix factorization and water quality models for pollution source identification and water quality enhancement in rivers

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APPLIED WATER SCIENCE 2025年第3期15卷 1-22页

作者： Kim, Semin Jeonbuk Natl Univ Dept Civil Engn Jeonju 54896 Jeonbuk Do South Korea

Identifying the primary pollution source poses a challenge in river watersheds characterized by diverse land-cover types and mixed pollution sources. We addressed this challenge by focusing on the major tributaries influencing the water quality of the Mankyung River's mainstream, successfully identifying the primary pollution source. Additionally, it identified the limiting nutrient for algal growth in the Mankyung River, proposing an alternative strategy to enhance water quality and mitigate algal growth. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was employed to discern pollution sources in major tributaries, namely Jeonju-cheon and Iksan-cheon, impacting mainstream water quality. For Jeonju-cheon, pollution from urban and agricultural areas, including wastewater treatment plants, emerged as the primary source. For Iksan-cheon, pollution from urban and agricultural areas predominated. The nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio and correlation analysis revealed that total phosphorus is the limiting factor for algal growth. Furthermore, scenarios to improve water quality and reduce algal growth were developed, and the environmental fluid Dynamic code (EFDC) was used in the simulation, while the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) was used in water quality assessment. The findings demonstrated improved water quality and decreased algal blooms in the downstream Mankyung River region. This research provides a foundation for applying PMF, the EFDC, and the WQI in tracking pollution sources and enhancing water quality in rivers.

关键词： Positive matrix factorization Pollution source tracking Water quality environmental fluid dynamics code Mankyung River

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Salinity intrusion characteristics analysis using EFDC model in the downstream of Geum River

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2010年第6期22卷 934-939页

作者： Sangman Jeong Kyusung Yeon Youngteck Hur Kukryul Oh Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Kongju National University Water Resource Operation Center

As social interest in the environmental conservation and ecological restoration has recently increased, more research works have been done to resolve problems concerning environmental management of estuaries. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model, environmental fluid dynamics code （EFDC） was used in the analysis of the salinity intrusion characteristics in the downstream of Geum River. The numerical simulation was performed to investigate the influence range for salinity intrusion when the gates were fully opened. The conditions used for simulation were the four flow regimes in Geum River Basin, Korea. Results indicated that the ranges of salinity intrusion from the barrage were 50.72 km （drought flow）, 48.87 km （low flow）, 46.56 km （normal flow） and 42.10 km （flood flow）. These results indicated that the EFDC model used for numerical simulation has high accuracy. The result concluded in this study can be used as a basis in understanding the extent of salinity intrusion effects at different flow rates.

关键词： environmental fluid dynamics code salinity intrusion barrage

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Identification of pollutant sources and evaluation of water quality improvement alternatives of a large river

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environmental SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023年第11期30卷 31523-31537页

作者： Shiferaw, Natnael Kim, Jaeyoung Seo, Dongil Chungnam Natl Univ Dept Environm & IT Engn 99 Daehak Ro Daejeon South Korea

While pollutants are the most important factors for the deterioration of surface water quality, the identification of major pollutant sources for rivers is challenging, especially in areas with diverse land covers and multiple pollutant inputs. This study aims to identify the significant pollutant sources from the tributaries that are affecting the water quality and identify the limiting nutrient for algal growth in the Geum river to provide a management alternative for an improvement of the water quality. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for pollutant source identification and apportionment of the two major tributaries, Gab-cheon and Miho-cheon. Positive matrix factorization identifies three and two major pollutant sources for Gab-cheon and Miho-cheon, respectively. For Gab-cheon, wastewater treatment plants, urban, and agricultural pollution are identified as major pollutant sources. Furthermore, for Miho-cheon, agricultural and urban pollution were identified as major pollutant sources. Total phosphorus (TP) is also identified as a limiting nutrient for algal growth in the Geum river. Water quality control scenarios were formulated and improvement of water quality in the river locations was simulated and analyzed with the environmental fluid Dynamic code (EFDC). Scenario results were evaluated using a water quality index. The reduction of total phosphorus (TP) from the tributaries has greatly improved the water quality, especially algal bloom in the downstream stations.

关键词： Positive matrix factorization environmental fluid dynamics code Water quality index Algal bloom Total phosphorus The Geum river

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Algal bloom prediction of the lower Han River, Korea using the EFDC hydrodynamic and water quality model

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ECOLOGICAL MODELLING 2017年 366卷 27-36页

作者： Kim, Jaeyoung Lee, Tongeun Seo, Dongil Chungnam Natl Univ Dept Environm Engn 99 Daehak Ro Daejeon 34134 South Korea

The lower part of the Han River, which flows through Seoul, Korea, experienced excessive toxic cyanobac-terial growth in 2015. Modeling of algal bloom occurrence patterns in the lower part of this river was performed using the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) to understand algal dynamics and thus better develop management alternatives. For a 71 km long river section, 1175 horizontal 2-D grid elements were developed. This grid system was determined adequate, as the maximum values of the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition and orthogonality deviation were 0.5 and 20.1, respectively. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was chosen as the primary indicator for the likelihood of algal blooms. Calibration and verification of EFDC were performed by comparing the model results to three years of field data collected from 2013 to 2015. Calibration accuracy was verified not only for physical variables, including the mean water level and temperature, but also for other water quality variables in various locations of the study area. To improve the prediction accuracy of Chl-a, three dominant groups of algae were considered: diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria. The optimum growth temperature ranges were selected based on field data for the study area. It was found necessary to apply different maximum growth rates for algal groups for the upstream and downstream regions of the study area to appropriately reflect field observations. This result indicates that more than three algal groups need to be included to improve Chl-a calibration accuracy for the study area, yet the current EFDC model can consider only up to three phy-toplankton groups. Although this problem could be overcome by assigning different maximum growth rates for different regions, it may be necessary to improve EFDC so that it can include more phytoplankton groups. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： The Han River Algal bloom Toxic cyanobacteria environmental fluid dynamics code Water quality modeling

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Nutritional status of the reservoir tributary backwater area and implications for nutrient control

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JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 2024年 643卷

作者： Chen, Shibo Chen, Lei Zhi, Xiaosha Li, Leifang Xu, Yanzhe Meng, Xinyi Jiang, Jing Deng, Li Shen, Zhenyao Beijing Normal Univ Sch Environm State Key Lab Water Environm Simulat Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Minist Water Resources Dev Res Ctr Beijing 100038 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Dept Hydraul Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Chongqing Municipal Ecol & Environm Monitoring Ctr Chongqing 401120 Peoples R China

Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution and driving factors of the nutritional status in the backwater area of typical tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) is important for the prevention and control measures. In this study, the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) was used to extend in situ monitoring data, followed by the application of hydrogen and oxygen isotope data and scoring methods to predict the nutritional status in the backwater area of the Daning River. The results indicated that the nutritional status-sensitive period mainly ranged from May-October and was distributed at the end of the backwater area and tributary bay. The water temperature and intermediate density flow were identified as the key factors inducing deterioration in the nutritional status at the end of the backwater area and tributary bay, respectively. Nutrient reduction in the mainstream and tributary areas significantly affected the nutritional status in the backwater area. Notably, hydrodynamic adjustment under reservoir objectives is indispensable for improving the water environment in tributary bay after reaching the water quality standard. Our findings highlight the necessity of focusing on the upper reaches of the tributaries and reservoir for nutrient control and emphasize the importance of combining reservoir operation strategies to mitigate the deterioration in the nutritional status.

关键词： Nutritional status Three Gorges Reservoir Region environmental fluid dynamics code Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes

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Prediction of water temperature in stratified reservoir and effects on downstream irrigation area: A case study of Xiahushan reservoir

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PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH 2012年 53-54卷 38-42页

作者： Yang, Mengfei Li, Lan Li, Juan Wuhan Univ Coll Water Resources & Hydroelect Engn Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China

With increasing concern in environmental and ecological protection, more studies have focused on solving the problems caused by dam. Large reservoirs often release low-temperature water in spring and summer, which have adverse effects on downstream ecosystem. The 3-D environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) and 1-D longitudinal stream temperature model were used in this paper, to predict the water temperature in reservoir and canal and analyze the effects on irrigation area. The results indicate that the affected area is within a 55 km distance mainly in the period between April and June. Some management and engineering measures should be adopted to reduce the impact. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stratified reservoir Water temperature environmental fluid dynamics code Irrigation area Water re-warming

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Flushing rates and hydrodynamical characteristics of Mosquito Lagoon (Florida, USA)

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environmental SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021年第23期28卷 30019-30034页

作者： Rosario-Llantin, Jo-Ann Zarillo, Gary A. Absolute Vort LLC Melbourne FL 32935 USA Florida Inst Technol Melbourne FL 32901 USA

A hydrodynamic model is applied to a domain encompassing Mosquito Lagoon and a segment of north Indian River Lagoon on the east coast of Florida with the goals of (1) describing the hydrodynamic regime of the area according to existing conditions and (2) to determine the flushing rates of the system after introducing a hypothetical pollutant (numerical dye tracer). Results from the 1-year simulation agree with observations and show that the Mosquito Lagoon (ML) and North Indian River Lagoon (NIRL) are dominated by the nontidal (low frequency) water level oscillations except at the northernmost part of the ML where the influence of tidal renewal dominates. The global tracer application results reveal that only the two northernmost segments of Mosquito Lagoon (ML-ac and ML-df) reach 50% of tracer concentrations (R50) within the year of simulation (day 19 and day 176 respectively). The five (discrete) segments tracer study resulted in lower R50 values and the hypothetical pollutant is removed (flushed) from each of the segments within the year and with an averaged renewal time value for the Mosquito Lagoon basin of 98 days. Observed throughout the simulation period is the interaction across the different segments and a predominantly two-layered water mass exchange through the Haulover Canal. Most significant is that the resulting renewal times (R50) indicate the existence of three dynamically distinct sections within Mosquito Lagoon. These findings aid in the identification of poorly flushed zones and serve as a baseline for the duration and possible propagation of detrimental conditions such as a harmful algal bloom (HAB) event or a contaminant spill.

关键词： Indian River Lagoon Renewal times Water quality Florida Hydrodynamical modeling Flushing Numerical tracer study environmental fluid dynamics code

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Key uncertainty sources analysis of water quality model using the first order error method

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International Journal of environmental Science and Technology 2011年第1期8卷 137-148页

作者： Zhao, X. Shen, Z.Y. Xiong, M. Qi, J. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China Bureau of Hydrology Changjiang Water Resources Commission Wuhan Hubei Province 430010 China Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection Beijing 100037 China

In this study, key uncertainty sources analysis was undertaken for a dynamic water model using a First order error analysis method. First, a dynamic water quality model for the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions was established using data after impoundment by the environmental fluid dynamics code model package. Model calibration and verification were then conducted using measured data collected during 2004 and 2006. Four statistical indices were employed to assess the modeling efficiency. The results indicated that the model simulated the variables well, with most relative error being less than 25 %. Next, input and parameter uncertainty analysis were conducted for ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen at 3 grid cells located in the upper, middle and downstream portions of the research area. For the nitrogen related variables, input from Zhutuo Station, the Jialingjiang River, and the Wujiang River were the main sources of uncertainty. Point and nonpoint sources also accounted for a large ratio of uncertainty. Moreover, nitrification contributed some uncertainty to the estimated ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. However, reaeration was found to be a key source of uncertainty for dissolved oxygen, especially at the middle and downstream reaches. The analysis conducted in this study gives a quantitative assessment for uncertainty sources of each variable, and provides guidance for further pollutant loading reduction in the Three Gorge Reservoir Region. © IRSEN, CEERS, IAU.

关键词： Dissolved oxygen environmental fluid dynamics code Model Nitrogen Water quality

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The Water Quality Improvement through Two Pollutant Load Allocation Methods in Gehu Lake, China

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JOURNAL OF environmental ENGINEERING 2021年第12期147卷 04021055-04021055页

作者： Li, Di Zhang, Zhiming Wang, Wenliang Zhang, Shenglei Guo, Qizhong Beijing Univ Civil Engn & Architecture Beijing Climate Change Response Res & Educ Ctr Beijing 100044 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Civil Engn & Architecture Key Lab Urban Stormwater Syst & Water Environm Minist Educ Beijing 100044 Peoples R China Chinese Soc Urban Studies Sanlihe St Beijing 100835 Peoples R China Rutgers Univ New Brunswick Sch Engn Piscataway NJ 08854 USA

Due to many industrial and domestic pollution sources gathered around Gehu Lake and the lack of effective reduction measures, the ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in a large area of the lake exceed the standard. In order to control the amount of pollutants flowing into the lake, this paper selects two allocation methods to determine the load allocation of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus under the constraint of environmental capacity. The environmental fluid dynamics code model is used to verify the validity of the load allocation scenarios. The results showed that the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in Gehu Lake were lower by equal proportional allocation than by the contribution ratio allocation method. For ammonia nitrogen, the area exceeding the water quality standard is reduced more by the equal proportional allocation method (up to 100%). While for total phosphorus, the area exceeding the water quality standard is reduced more according to the contribution ratio allocation method (up to 96.3%). Considering that the two pollutants should be reduced simultaneously as much as possible, the equal proportional allocation method can be selected.

关键词： environmental capacity Load allocation Equal proportional allocation method Contribution ratio allocation method environmental fluid dynamics code

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Analysis of pollutant dispersion patterns in rivers under different rainfall based on an integrated water-land model

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JOURNAL OF environmental MANAGEMENT 2024年 354卷 120314页

作者： Lin, Fei Ren, Honglei Qin, Jingsha Wang, Manqi Shi, Ming Li, Yucheng Wang, Rujing Hu, Yimin Chinese Acad Sci Inst Intelligent Machines Hefei Inst Phys Sci Hefei 230031 Peoples R China Intelligent Agr Engn Lab Anhui Prov Hefei 230031 Peoples R China Hefei Inst Collabrat Innovat Intelligent Agr Hefei 231131 Peoples R China Hefei Intelligent Agr Valley Co Ltd Hefei 231131 Peoples R China Hefei Univ Technol Coll Civil Engn Hefei 230009 Peoples R China Anhui Univ Sch Resources & Environm Engn Hefei 230601 Peoples R China

In the context of rapid urban expansion, the interaction between humanity and nature has become more prominent. Urban land and rivers often exist as distinct entities with limited material exchange. However, during rainfall, these two systems interconnect, resulting in the transfer of land -derived pollutants into rivers. Such transfer significantly increases river pollutant levels, adversely affecting water quality. Therefore, developing a water quality simulation and prediction model is crucial. This model should effectively illustrate pollutant movement and dispersion during rain events. This study proposes a comprehensive model that merges the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC). This integrated model assesses the spread and dispersion of pollutants, including Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), within urban water cycles for various rainfall conditions, thus offering critical theoretical support for managing the water environment. The application of this model under different rainfall intensities (light, moderate and heavy) provides vital insights. During light rainfall, the river's natural purification process can sustain surface water quality at Class IV. Moderate rainfall causes accumulation of pollutants, reducing water quality to Class V. Conversely, heavy rainfall rapidly increases pollutant concentrations due to higher inflow, pushing the river to a degraded Class V status, which is beyond its natural purification capacity, necessitating engineering solutions to reattain Class IV quality. Furthermore, pollutant accumulation in downstream river sections is more influenced by flow rate than by rainfall intensity. In summary, the SWMM-EFDC integrated model proves highly effective in predicting river water quality, thereby significantly aiding urban water pollution control.

关键词： Storm water management model environmental fluid dynamics code Water quality Integrated water -land model Coupled model

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