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检索条件"主题词=Expectation-maximisation algorithm"

共 493 条记录，以下是181-190 订阅

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SCHEME: Stochastically Convergent Heuristical expectation Maximization Estimation

SCHEME: Stochastically Convergent Heuristical Expectation Ma...

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48th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS)

作者： Tope, Michael A. Morris, Joel M. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn Baltimore MD 21228 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479930012

This paper introduces a modification to the EM (expectation Maximization) algorithm potentially allowing reliable convergence to the ML (Maximum Likelihood) parameter estimate for a set of previously intractable problems. The modification is based on the MCEM (Monte Carlo EM) algorithm, which substitutes sample averages for the explicit calculation of expectation. A problem with previous algorithms is that the number of samples required for convergence and the generally convergence behavior was uncertain. Using information geometric principles, we arrive at a new formulation that ensures convergence with probability one. Further, we begin an investigation attempting to minimize the number of samples required to obtain an acceptable approximation of the ML estimate. This algorithm is well suited to solve numerous challenging statistical problems.

关键词： Converge Computer Programming Languages expectation-maximisation algorithm Sample mean

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Reliable Crowdsourcing and Deep Locality-Preserving Learning for Expression Recognition in the Wild 30

Reliable Crowdsourcing and Deep Locality-Preserving Learning...

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30th IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

作者： Li, Shan Deng, Weihong Du, JunPing Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538604571

Past research on facial expressions have used relatively limited datasets, which makes it unclear whether current methods can be employed in real world. In this paper, we present a novel database, RAF-DB, which contains about 30000 facial images from thousands of individuals. Each image has been individually labeled about 40 times, then EM algorithm was used to filter out unreliable labels. Crowdsourcing reveals that real-world faces often express compound emotions, or even mixture ones. For all we know, RAF-DB is the first database that contains compound expressions in the wild. Our cross-database study shows that the action units of basic emotions in RAF-DB are much more diverse than, or even deviate from, those of lab-controlled ones. To address this problem, we propose a new DLP-CNN (Deep Locality-Preserving CNN) method, which aims to enhance the discriminative power of deep features by preserving the locality closeness while maximizing the inter-class scatters. The benchmark experiments on the 7-class basic expressions and 11-class compound expressions, as well as the additional experiments on SFEW and CK+ databases, show that the proposed DLP-CNN outperforms the state-of-the-art handcrafted features and deep learning based methods for the expression recognition in the wild.

关键词： expression recognition BENCHMARKS Facial Expression expectation-maximisation algorithm Database Emotions compounds Mug shots

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An RBF neural network approach for detecting land-cover transitions

An RBF neural network approach for detecting land-cover tran...

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Conference on Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing VII

作者： Bruzzone, L Cossu, R Univ Trent Fac Engn Signal & Image Telecommun Grp I-38050 Trento Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819442666

The problem of detecting land-cover transitions in multitemporal remote-sensing images by exploiting the Bayes rule for compound classification is addressed. In particular, a novel method is proposed, which is based on the use of radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. The proposed method is composed of three main steps: i) the statistical terms involved in the compound classification rule are estimated separately on each single image by using the available training set and a standard procedure for the training of RBF neural networks;ii) the joint class probabilities are roughly initialised according to a simple estimation procedure;iii) the estimation of all parameters of the networks are iteratively improved by formulating the estimation process in terms of expectation-maximisation algorithm. The main advantages of the proposed approach with respect to our previous work on this topic are the following: i) to jointly perform and optimise the estimation process of all the required statistical terms;ii) to use both labelled and unlabeled samples in the estimation of all the required statistical terms (this is made possible by the use of a specific RBF architecture);iii) to better model the temporal correlation between classes in multitemporal images by replacing the class conditional independence assumption with a less restrictive one. Experiments, carried out on a multitemporal remote-sensing data set, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed automatic approach.

关键词： change detection compound classification radial basis function neural networks expectation-maximisation algorithm

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Gaussian-Mixture based Ensemble Kalman Filter 18

Gaussian-Mixture based Ensemble Kalman Filter

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18th International Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion)

作者： Govaers, Felix Koch, Wolfgang Willett, Peter Fraunhofer FKIE Wachtberg Germany Univ Connecticut Storrs CT USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780982443866

The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is a Kalman based particle filter which was introduced to solve large scale data assimilation problems where the state space is of very large dimensionality. It also achieves good results when applied to a target tracking problem, however, due to its Gaussian assumption for the prior density, the performance can be improved by introducing Gaussian mixtures. In this paper, a new derivation of the EnKF is presented which is based on a duality between Gaussian products and particle densities. A relaxation of the Gaussian assumption is then achieved by introducing a particle clustering into Gaussian Mixtures by means of the expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm and to apply the EnKF on the clusters. The soft assignment of the EM allows all Gaussian components to contribute to each of the particles. It is shown that the EM-EnKF performs better than a standard particle filter while having less computation time.

关键词： Particle filters Gauss Kalman filters computational time state space expectation-maximisation algorithm based

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MULTIPLE ACOUSTIC SOURCES LOCALIZATION USING DISTRIBUTED expectation-MAXIMIZATION algorithm

MULTIPLE ACOUSTIC SOURCES LOCALIZATION USING DISTRIBUTED EXP...

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4th Joint Workshop on Hands-Free Speech Communication and Microphone Arrays (HSCMA)

作者： Dorfan, Yuval Hazan, Gershon Gannot, Sharon Bar Ilan Univ Fac Engn IL-52900 Ramat Gan Israel

ISBN: (纸本)9781479931095

The challenge of localizing number of concurrent acoustic sources in reverberant enclosures is addressed in this paper. We formulate the localization task as a maximum likelihood (ML) parameter estimation problem, and develop a distributed expectation-maximization (DEM) procedure, based on the Incremental EM (IEM) framework. The algorithm enables localization of the speakers without a center point. Unlike direction search, localization is a distributed task in nature, since the sensors must be spatially deployed. Taking advantage of the distributed constellation of the sensors we propose a distributed algorithm that enables multiple processing nodes and considers communication constraints between them. The proposed DEM has surprising advantages over conventional expectation-maximization (EM) schemes. Firstly, it is less sensitive to initial conditions. Secondly, it converges much faster than the conventional EM. The proposed algorithm is tested by an extensive simulation study.

关键词： center point acoustic radiators Sensors expectation-maximisation algorithm Distribute distributed algorithms Loudspeakers

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Tracking Deformable Objects with Point Clouds

Tracking Deformable Objects with Point Clouds

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Schulman, John Lee, Alex Ho, Jonathan Abbeel, Pieter Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Berkeley CA 94709 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467356411;9781467356435

We introduce an algorithm for tracking deformable objects from a sequence of point clouds. The proposed tracking algorithm is based on a probabilistic generative model that incorporates observations of the point cloud and the physical properties of the tracked object and its environment. We propose a modified expectation maximization algorithm to perform maximum a posteriori estimation to update the state estimate at each time step. Our modification makes it practical to perform the inference through calls to a physics simulation engine. This is significant because (i) it allows for the use of highly optimized physics simulation engines for the core computations of our tracking algorithm, and (ii) it makes it possible to naturally, and efficiently, account for physical constraints imposed by collisions, grasping actions, and material properties in the observation updates. Even in the presence of the relatively large occlusions that occur during manipulation tasks, our algorithm is able to robustly track a variety of types of deformable objects, including ones that are one-dimensional, such as ropes;two-dimensional, such as cloth;and three-dimensional, such as sponges. Our implementation can track these objects in real time.

关键词： expectation-maximisation algorithm object tracking

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Development of a Real-time Analyzer for Peripheral Venous Evaluation during Blood Pressure Measurement 7

Development of a Real-time Analyzer for Peripheral Venous Ev...

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IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII)

作者： Kashihara, K. Univ Tokushima Tokushima 7708506 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781479969449

A home healthcare monitoring system is a useful tool to check the cardiovascular condition in our daily life. Instead of diagnostic medical equipment, low-cost infrared cameras can measure vein images noninvasively and simply. However, the recorded image may result in low contrast with external noise. An efficient image filtering method to assess the state of peripheral veins will enable the early detection of disease. Therefore, a real-time analyzer with a new filtering method was developed for evaluating vein images acquired from a near-infrared camera. The novel image filter was automatically designed by the genetic algorithm with the expectation maximization algorithm, and it was able to alter the low image quality. If the real-time analyzer developed for the assessment of venous states is incorporated into e-healthcare applications, it could be easily distributed through smartphones or tablets.

关键词： biomedical optical imaging blood pressure measurement blood vessels cardiovascular system diseases expectation-maximisation algorithm genetic algorithms health care image denoising image filtering image sensors infrared imaging medical image processing patient monitoring real-time systems smart phones cardiovascular condition disease detection e-healthcare applications expectation maximization algorithm external noise filtering method genetic algorithm home healthcare monitoring system image acquisition image filter image filtering method image quality image recording low-cost infrared camera near-infrared camera noninvasive vein images peripheral veins peripheral venous evaluation real-time analyzer development smartphones tablets venous state assessment Blood pressure Cameras Filtering algorithms Pressure measurement Real-time systems Statistics Veins expectation-maximisation algorithm image filtering blood pressure measurement Smartphone real-time systems Genetic algorithm (GA) Veins Image recording Filtering algorithms external noise Biomedical optical imaging Image quality Disease diagnosis Sensors (image) Medical image processing

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Impact of Truncation to the Reconstruction with a Small Number of Projections

Impact of Truncation to the Reconstruction with a Small Numb...

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IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium / Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC) / 19th Room-Temperature Semiconductor X-ray and Gamma-ray Detector Workshop

作者： Mao, Yanfei Zeng, Gengsheng L. Univ Utah Utah Ctr Adv Imaging Res UCAIR Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA Univ Utah Utah Ctr Adv Imaging Res UCAIR Dept Radiol Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467320306;9781467320283

Dedicated cardiac SPECT systems have the advantage of high speed and sensitivity at no loss or even a gain in resolution. T he purpose of this paper is to investigate segmented parallel-hole collimation, develop a tailored Maximum-Likelihood expectation-Maximization (ML-EM) algorithm for reconstructing truncated projections, and find the minimal number of view-angles required. We simulated and compared three image configurations, including two segmented-parallel-hole detectors based on the conventional and large detectors, and one small multi-detector. To study the effects of truncation and the number of angular sampling, the number of view-angles was varied from 10 to 60 and the truncation degree increased from 91% to 95%. For each view-angle, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the reconstructed image and the phantom was calculated and used to give a measure of the accuracy of the reconstructions. Distortion was observed from the shape difference maps of the heart. A tailored ML-EM algorithm was used in the reconstruction, wherein the true-projection to forward-projection ratios outside of FOV were set to one instead of zero before backprojection. Finally, an NCAT phantom and GAT E Monte Carlo simulation tool were used to verify the conclusions. Computer simulation results show that truncation has little effect on the reconstructed images when sufficient view angles are provided, while it affects the reconstruction with few number of views in terms of reducing contrast and introducing bias to the reconstructions. Based on visual inspection only, 10 view-angles is sufficient to reconstruct the image without shape distortion. To reconstruct both value and shape correctly, 20 view-angles is the minimum requirement for truncated projections. Two segmented conventional detectors are sufficient to reconstruct the image without distortion. Uniform angular sampling gives a considerable improvement in the image quality, but a small rotation is required.

关键词： Monte Carlo methods cardiology expectation-maximisation algorithm image reconstruction image sampling image segmentation mean square error methods medical image processing phantoms single photon emission computed tomography

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Reconstruction of Dose Distribution in In-beam PET for Carbon Therapy

Reconstruction of Dose Distribution in In-beam PET for Carbo...

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IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium / Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC) / 19th Room-Temperature Semiconductor X-ray and Gamma-ray Detector Workshop

作者： Kim, Kwangdon Bae, Seungbin Lee, Kisung Chung, Yonghyun An, Sujung Joung, Jinhun Korea Univ Dept Radiol Sci Seoul 136793 South Korea Yonsei Univ Dept Radiol Sci Wonju 220-710 South Korea Nucare Med Syst Inc Seoul 136693 South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781467320306;9781467320283

There are two main artifacts in reconstructed images from in-beam positron emission tomography(PET). Unlike generic PET, in-beam PET uses the annihilation photons which occur during heavy ion therapy. Therefore, the geometry of in-beam PET is not a full ring, but a partial ring in order for the hardrons to arrive the tumor without penetration of detector blocks. The partial ring, however, causes truncation in projection data, due to an absence of detector modules in the openings. The other is ring artifact caused by the gaps between detector modules which can be also founded in generic PET. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of gaps in reconstructed images and propose possible solutions to compensate the artifacts. We acquired the data by GATE v6.1 with initial ion energies 170,290, 350AMeV of carbon beams. Each detector module consists of a 13 by 13 LYSO crystal array. The dimension of a crystal was 4mm * 4mm * 20 mm and the radius of inner circle of the gantry was 15cm. In case of truncation error, we proposed to get prior knowledge of the location where annihilations occur. Similar to time-of-flight PET reconstruction, we applied a Gaussian distribution to system matrix, through the width of hardron beams in our back-projection routine. Then expectation maximization(EM) updates were performed iteratively. In case of the latter, to fill the gaps, we used the iterative discrete-cosine transform(DCT) domain method proposed by Uygar Tuna, Sari Peltonen, and Ulla Ruotsalainen. The results show that the proposed method can compensate to some extent the error caused by insufficient angle coverage and we can see the path of hardron beam by proposed method. However, we found other artifacts induced beyond the Bragg peak positions the number of iterations increased. We will improve the proposed algorithm to get more accurate dose distribution.

关键词： Gaussian distribution carbon discrete cosine transforms dosimetry expectation-maximisation algorithm image reconstruction ion beam applications medical image processing positron emission tomography radiation therapy tumours

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Characterization of transient wandering tones by dynamic modeling of fractional-Fourier features 25

Characterization of transient wandering tones by dynamic mod...

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IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing

作者： Ainsleigh, PL Kehtarnavaz, N USN Undersea Warfare Ctr Newport RI 02841 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780362934

A novel approach is presented for characterizing transient wandering tones. These signals ale segmented and approximated as time series with piecewise linear instantaneous frequency and piecewise constant amplitude. Frequency I ate, center frequency, and energy features are estimated in each segment of data using chirped autocorrelations and the fractional Fourier transform. These features ale tracked across segments using linear dynamical models whose parameters are estimated using an expectation-maximization algorithm. A new cross-covariance estimator for adjacent states of the dynamical model is given. The feature extraction/tracking algorithm is used to characterize a measured marine-mammal localization. Application of the representation algorithm to signal classification is discussed.

关键词： signal classification kinetic model dynamic models Piecewise Segments characteristic energy expectation-maximisation algorithm

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