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spatial Distribution of Tourist Flows to China's Cities

TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES 2013年第2期15卷 338-363页

作者： Yang, Yang Wong, Kevin K. F. Univ Florida Dept Geog Gainesville FL 32611 USA Hong Kong Polytech Univ Sch Hotel & Tourism Management Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China

This paper investigates the spatial distribution of inbound and domestic tourist flows to cities in China and their growth rates using exploratory spatial data analysis. This method is a set of GIS spatial statistical techniques that are useful in describing and visualizing the spatial distribution, detecting patterns of hot-spots, and suggesting spatial regimes. The global Moran's I statistics for inbound and domestic tourist flows reveal strong positive and significant spatial autocorrelation. Furthermore, the Moran significance maps indicate four significant inbound tourism hot-spot areas in 1999 and 2006 (the Beijing-Tianjin cluster, the Yangtze River Delta cluster, the Fujian coast cluster and the Pearl River Delta cluster), and five significant domestic tourism hot-spot areas in 2002 and 2006 (with the addition of the Chengdu cluster). Based on the results, we show that tourism flows are polarized into clusters and remain very stable over time. As has been seen in other countries, hot-spots tend to be in insular and coastal areas, and associated with cities that are higher in China's urban hierarchy. Implications are drawn, such as priority of resource allocations for hot-spot area and the utilization of spillover effects from hot-spots.

关键词： Tourist flows hot spots exploratory spatial data analysis GIS spatial autocorrelation Moran's I statistics

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spatial pattern of hotel distribution in China

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TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH 2013年第1期13卷 3-15页

作者： Luo, Hao Yang, Yang Sun Yat Sen Univ Business Sch Kaohsiung Taiwan Temple Univ Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management 1810 N 13th StSpeakman Hall 310 Philadelphia PA 19122 USA

This paper aims to investigate the spatial pattern of hotel distribution in Chinese cities and shed light on the factors shaping this pattern. Several spatial data analysis methods are applied to examine the number of star-rated hotels in 342 Chinese cities from 2001 to 2010 as well as the number of budget hotels in 2008. Three significant hot-spot areas for star-rated hotels have been identified in 2010, namely, the Yangtze River Delta cluster, the Pearl River Delta cluster, and the Beijing-Tianjin cluster. Furthermore, based on the results from bivariate local Moran statistics, the star-rated hotel hot-spots are found to be spatially associated with local economic condition, foreign investment dependence, and the level of tourism development.

关键词： Hotel location hot-spot spatial pattern China exploratory spatial data analysis

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spatial analysis of Cultural Activities in the microrregions of Minas Gerais

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EconomiA 2013年第3-4期14卷 139-157页

作者： Ferreira Neto, Amir Borges Perobelli, Fernando Salgueiro Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora MG Brazil

This paper aims at the evaluation of cultural activity aspects from the 66 microregions of the state of Minas Gerais by creating a comparable index, the DPCA, and by detecting spatial patterns in this index using exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). To study the aspects of cultural activities we calculated the DPCA index using factorial analysis. The database used was the Basic Municipal Information developed by IBGE. The methodology enables the construction of a Development Potential of Cultural Activities (DPCA) index composed by three factors that allow us to evaluate the aspects of cultural activities: one comprising cultural activities and structure, one comprising means of access to culture and another comprising cultural management. Some conclusion that can be highlighted is the low result of the Development Potential of Cultural Activities (DPCA) for 64 from the 66 microregions. Regarding the ESDA, we find cultural clusters when the calculus are performed for PDAC individually and for a comparison with the GDP. © 2013

关键词： Cultural Economics exploratory spatial data analysis Minas Gerais

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ndustrial eco-efficiency and its spatial-temporal differentiation in China

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012年第4期6卷 559-568页

作者： Wei YANG Fengjun JIN Chengjin WANG Chen LV Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China School of Environment Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

The aim of this paper is to study the spatialtemporal differentiation of industrial eco-efficiency in China. Using methods based on the data envelopment analysis （DEA） model and exploratory spatial data analysis （ESDA） and data from 1985, 1995, 2005, and 2008 of 30 provinces in China, the spatial-temporal pattern changes in industrial eco-efficiency are discussed. The results show that： first, the patterns of industrial eco-efficiency are dominated by clustering of relatively low efficiency provinces; second, spatial relationships between the industrial eco-efficiencies of different provinces changed slightly throughout the period and the provinces persistently exhibit spatial concentration of relatively low industrial eco-efficiency; finally, there is an obvious trend in the polarization of industrial eco-efficiency, i.e., the higher level spatial units are concentrated in eastern China, and the lower level spatial units are mainly in western and central China. （ESDA）

关键词： industrial eco-efficiency data envelopment analysis （DEA） model exploratory spatial data analysis

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Graphical tools for conditional probabilistic exploration of multivariate spatial datasets

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COMPUTERS ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS 2012年第5期36卷 359-370页

作者： Rohde, David Corcoran, Jonathan Univ Queensland Sch Geog Planning & Environm Management Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia

Two exploratory data analysis techniques the comap and the quad plot are shown to have both strengths and shortcomings when analysing spatial multivariate datasets. A hybrid of these two techniques is proposed: the quad map which is shown to overcome the outlined shortcomings when applied to a dataset containing weather information for disaggregate incidents of urban fires. Common to the quad plot, the quad map uses Polya models in order to articulate the underlying assumptions behind histograms. The Polya model formalises the situation in which past fire incident counts are computed and displayed in (multidimensional) histograms as appropriate assessments of conditional probability providing valuable diagnostics such as posterior variance i.e. sensitivity to new information. Finally we discuss how new technology in particular Online Analytics Processing (OLAP) and Geographical Information Systems (GISs) offer potential in automating exploratory spatial data analyses techniques, such as the quad map. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： exploratory spatial data analysis Fire Graphical statistics

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The spatial epidemiology of tuberculosis in Linyi City, China, 2005-2010

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BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 2012年第1期12卷 1-8页

作者： Wang, Tao Xue, Fuzhong Chen, Yongjin Ma, Yunbo Liu, Yanxun Shandong Univ Dept Epidemiol & Hlth Stat Jinan 250012 Peoples R China Zibo Municipal Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Zibo 255026 Peoples R China Linyi Peoples Hosp Linyi 276000 Peoples R China

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health burden in many developing countries. China alone accounted for an estimated 12% of all incident TB cases worldwide in 2010. Several studies showed that the spatial distribution of TB was nonrandom and clustered. Thus, a spatial analysis was conducted with the aim to explore the spatial epidemiology of TB in Linyi City, which can provide guidance for formulating regional prevention and control strategies. Methods: The study was based on the reported cases of TB, between 2005 and 2010. 35,308 TB cases were geo-coded at the town level (n = 180). The spatial empirical Bayes smoothing, spatial autocorrelation and space-time scan statistic were used in this analysis. Results: spatial distribution of TB in Linyi City from 2005 to 2010 was mapped at town level in the aspects of crude incidence, excess hazard and spatial smoothed incidence. The spatial distribution of TB was nonrandom and clustered with the significant Moran's I for each year. Local G(i)(*) detected five significant spatial clusters for high incidence of TB. The space-time analysis identified one most likely cluster and nine secondary clusters for high incidence of TB. Conclusions: There is evidence for the existence of statistically significant TB clusters in Linyi City, China. The result of this study may assist health departments to develop a better preventive strategy and increase the public health intervention's effectiveness.

关键词： Geographical Information System spatial Autocorrelation spatial Autocorrelation analysis exploratory spatial data analysis Secondary Cluster

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An exploratory spatial data analysis approach to understanding the relationship between deprivation and mortality in Scotland

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SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE 2007年第9期65卷 1942-1952页

作者： Sridharan, Sanjeev Tunstall, Helena Lawder, Richard Mitchell, Richard Univ Edinburgh Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland MRC Glasgow Lanark Scotland

This paper considers the spatial characteristics of the relationship between deprivation and mortality rates in Scotland. Scotland not only has higher average mortality rates than England and Wales but the greatest spatial concentrations of the poorest health areas in Britain. Recent analysis has suggested that degree of deprivation alone cannot explain the majority of Scotland's 'excess' poor health relative to England and Wales, a finding referred to as the 'Scottish effect'. This analysis considers if the spatial patterning of deprivation could be significant to understanding of high mortality in Scotland. exploratory spatial data analysis methods are implemented to study the spatial relationships between deprivation and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) in post-code sectors in Scotland. Deprivation was measured using the 2001 Carstairs score, and the total number of deaths during a 3-year period around the 2001 census was used to calculate SMRs. A strong spatial relationship is observed between deprivation and mortality. Deprivation impacts mortality levels not only within the same areas but also in spatially proximate areas. It is concluded that, further research on the 'Scottish effect' can benefit from new methodological approaches which assess the variation in both the extent and spatial arrangement of deprivation and mortality in small areas. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： deprivation mortality rates exploratory spatial data analysis Scottish effect Scotland UK

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Disaggregate GIS modelling to track spatial change: exploring a decade of commuting in South East Queensland, Australia

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JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY 2012年 24卷 306-314页

作者： Li, Tiebei Corcoran, Jonathan Burke, Matthew Griffith Univ Urban Res Program Nathan Qld 4111 Australia Univ Queensland Sch Geog Planning & Environm Management Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia

Changes in commuting dynamics are explored for a large geographical region using journey-to-work (JTW) data derived from two censuses (1996 and 2006). The main thrust is concerned with the identification of geographic patterning of commuting distance and flow (i.e. the number of people travelling from region i to region j) coupled with the changes in these patterns over the decade to 2006. GIS-based methods are employed to first calculate the average commuting distance and second to map the degree of self-containment (i.e. people living and working within the same area) at a fine spatial scale. Through a quantitative analysis of JTW patterns over the two census datasets, the results are linked to current planning debates regarding urban spatial policies that seek to reduce commuting distances. Specific attention is given to address: (1) spatial variation in changes in commuting distance across the study region between 1996 and 2006;and (2) whether jobs-housing balanced development reduced commuting distances over the decade. Results indicate that the spatial patterns of commuting have changed little over the 10 year period and the change in commuting distance presented strong relationships to the change in jobs-housing ratio (JHR) at local areas. Implications for urban policy include the need for improved industry-occupation matching and consideration of planned employment decentralisation. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Journey-to-work Jobs-housing ratio Geographical information systems exploratory spatial data analysis

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Measuring spatial co-agglomeration patterns by extending ESDA techniques

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REVIEW OF REGIONAL RESEARCH-JAHRBUCH FUR REGIONALWISSENSCHAFT 2011年第1期31卷 11-25页

作者： Rusche, Karsten Kies, Uwe Schulte, Andreas Res Inst Reg & Urban Dev ILS Bruderweg 22-24 D-44135 Dortmund Germany Westfalische Wilhelms Univ Wald Zentrum Ctr Forest Ecosyst D-48149 Munster Germany

An emerging topic in spatial statistics is the analysis of agglomerations within a regional context. Often, these 'spatial clusters' are formed by effects of spatial co-agglomeration. This article introduces an extended bivariate Moran's I statistic in a case study of German furniture industries. It allows to jointly account for the clustering of two different industries. The method is integrated into the context of exploratory spatial data Analyses. Results show that the approach is a suitable tool for the detection and delineation of co-agglomerations in space by adding self-inclusion of cluster cores and by offering measures of statistical significance.

关键词： spatial clustering Coagglomeration Bivariate Moran's I exploratory spatial data analysis

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Mapping the European regional educational distribution

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EUROPEAN URBAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES 2011年第4期18卷 358-374页

作者： Rodriguez-Pose, Andres Tselios, Vassilis London Sch Econ Dept Geog & Environm London WC2A 2AE England Newcastle Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU Tyne & Wear England

The geography of education, especially at subnational level, is a huge black box. Little is known about the distribution of educational attainment and inequality across regions in Europe. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by mapping educational attainment and inequality in 102 regions in Western Europe, using data extracted from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) covering more than 100,000 individuals over the period 1995-2000. The results of this exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) reveal a strong correlation between levels of educational attainment and inequality across regions in Europe. Regions with similar educational conditions tend to cluster, often within national borders. In addition, a North-South and an urban-rural dimension are evident. Northern regions and large European metropoli have not only the most-educated labour force but also the lowest levels of inequality. Educational inequality seems to be, in any case, a fundamentally within-region phenomenon: 90 percent of the educational inequality in Europe occurs among individuals living in the same region.

关键词： educational attainment educational inequality Europe EU North-South divide exploratory spatial data analysis regions urbanization

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