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2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology

作者： Zhang Hua* Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan China 430074 Ma Dehai Gansu Province Water Resouece Authority of Shule River Basin Yumen China 735211 Wang Cheng Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) Wuhan China 430074

To understand the spatial interpolation optimization laws of groundwater depth, two different methods of spatial interpolation are compared: (1) inverse distance weighting (IDW), (2) Ordinary Kriging (OK), using the recorded data of groundwater depth in the Shule River basin, China, in March from 2001 to 2006. The result indicates that the accuracy of the OK is the highest. After exploratory spatial analysis for groundwater data, it shows that the groundwater depth is characterized by high dispersion, with a few outliers, and a positively skewed distribution. However, data transformation reduces the variances and skewed distribution, and effectively removes various interpolation noises in the interpolation surfaces. The cross-validation results indicate that data transformation can improve accuracy of the OK.

关键词： groundwater depth spatial interpolation kriging exploratory spatial data analysis

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exploratory spatial data analysis for the identification of risk factors to birth defects

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BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 2004年第1期4卷 23-23页

作者： Wu, JL Wang, JF Meng, B Chen, G Pang, LH Song, XM Zhang, KL Zhang, T Zheng, XY Peking Univ Inst Populat Res Beijing 100871 Peoples R China CAS Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Beijing Normal Univ Dept Resources & Environm Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Capital Inst Pediat Beijing 100020 Peoples R China

Background: Birth defects, which are the major cause of infant mortality and a leading cause of disability, refer to "Any anomaly, functional or structural, that presents in infancy or later in life and is caused by events preceding birth, whether inherited, or acquired (ICBDMS)". However, the risk factors associated with heredity and/or environment are very difficult to filter out accurately. This study selected an area with the highest ratio of neural-tube birth defect (NTBD) occurrences worldwide to identify the scale of environmental risk factors for birth defects using exploratory spatial data analysis methods. Methods: By birth defect registers based on hospital records and investigation in villages, the number of birth defects cases within a four-year period was acquired and classified by organ system. The neural-tube birth defect ratio was calculated according to the number of births planned for each village in the study area, as the family planning policy is strictly adhered to in China. The Bayesian modeling method was used to estimate the ratio in order to remove the dependence of variance caused by different populations in each village. A recently developed statistical spatial method for detecting hotspots, Getis's [7], was used to detect the high-risk regions for neural-tube birth defects in the study area. Results: After the Bayesian modeling method was used to calculate the ratio of neural-tube birth defects occurrences, Getis's statistics method was used in different distance scales. Two typical clustering phenomena were present in the study area. One was related to socioeconomic activities, and the other was related to soil type distributions. Conclusion: The fact that there were two typical hotspot clustering phenomena provides evidence that the risk for neural-tube birth defect exists on two different scales (a socioeconomic scale at 6.84 km and a soil type scale at 22.8 km) for the area studied. Although our study has limited spatial exploratory

关键词： Birth Defect Environmental Risk Factor exploratory spatial data analysis Family Planning Policy Occurrence Ratio

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spatial data analysis of regional development in Greater Beijing, China, in a GIS environment

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PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE 2008年第1期87卷 97-117页

作者： Yu, Danlin Wei, Yehua Dennis Montclair State Univ Dept Earth & Environm Studies Montclair NJ 07043 USA Univ Utah Dept Geog Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA Univ Utah Inst Publ & Int Affairs Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA

This study investigates spatial dependence and mechanisms of regional development in Greater Beijing, China by employing spatial statistical techniques. We have detected positive, strengthening global spatial autocorrelation from 1978 to 2001, and found such strengthening is the result of newly formed/extended clusters in the area. The local analysis recognizes local regimes of two-tier urban-rural spatial structure at the beginning of the reform period. While the urban-rural divide was lessening due to the reform, a north-south divide has emerged because of local natural conditions and development trajectories. Regarding mechanisms of regional development, ordinary least squares analysis is constrained by the existence of significant spatial autocorrelation among spatial units. Analytical results reveal that an error spatial regression model is a more appropriate alternative due to possible mismatch between boundaries of the underlying spatial process and the spatial units where data are organised. In 1995 and 2001, the signs of all the regression coefficients remained the same for both OLS and spatial models. However, their magnitude and significance change. Specifically, foreign direct investment and fixed-asset investment became less influential in the spatial model, while local government spending emerged as more influential.

关键词： regional development GIS exploratory spatial data analysis spatial regression Greater Beijing

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Demographic, seasonal, and spatial differences in acute myocardial infarction admissions to hospital in Melbourne Australia

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GEOGRAPHICS 2008年第7期7卷 42-42页

作者： Loughnan, Margaret E. Nicholls, Neville Tapper, Nigel J. Monash Univ Sch Geog & Environm Sci Clayton Vic Australia

Background: Seasonal patterns in cardiac disease in the northern hemisphere are well described in the literature. More recently age and gender differences in cardiac mortality and to a lesser extent morbidity have been presented. To date spatial differences between the seasonal patterns of cardiac disease has not been presented. Literature relating to seasonal patterns in cardiac disease in the southern hemisphere and in Australia in particular is scarce. The aim of this paper is to describe the seasonal, age, gender, and spatial patterns of cardiac disease in Melbourne Australia by using acute myocardial infarction admissions to hospital as a marker of cardiac disease. Results: There were 33,165 Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) admissions over 2186 consecutive days. There is a seasonal pattern in AMI admissions with increased rates during the colder months. The peak month is July. The admissions rate is greater for males than for females, although this difference decreases with advancing age. The maximal AMI season for males extends from April to November. The difference between months of peak and minimum admissions was 33.7%. Increased female AMI admissions occur from May to November, with a variation between peak and minimum of 23.1%. Maps of seasonal AMI admissions demonstrate spatial differences. analysis using Global and Local Moran's I showed increased spatial clustering during the warmer months. The Bivariate Moran's I statistic indicated a weaker relationship between AMI and age during the warmer months. Conclusion: There are two distinct seasons with increased admissions during the colder part of the year. Males present a stronger seasonal pattern than females. There are spatial differences in AMI admissions throughout the year that cannot be explained by the age structure of the population. The seasonal difference in AMI admissions warrants further investigation. This includes detailing the prevalence of cardiac disease in the community and examining iss

关键词： Acute Myocardial Infarction Admission Rate Standardise Incidence Ratio exploratory spatial data analysis Statistical District

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exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Europe, 1980-1995

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PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE 2003年第2期82卷 175-201页

作者： Le Gallo, J Ertur, C Univ Burgundy CNRS UMR 5118 LATEC F-21066 Dijon France

The aim of this paper is to study the space-time dynamics of European regional per capita GDP. A sample of 138 European regions over the 1980-1995 period provides clear evidence of global and local spatial autocorrelation as well as spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of regional per capita GDP. The detection of spatial clusters of high and low per capita GDP throughout the period is an indication of the persistence of spatial disparities among European regions. The dynamism of European regions is investigated by exploring the spatial pattern of regional growth. Implications for applied econometric work on the convergence of European regions are then suggested.

关键词： European Union exploratory spatial data analysis regional disparities spatial autocorrelation spatial heterogeneity

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spatial characterisation of multi-level in-use copper and zinc stocks in Australia

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2007年第8-9期15卷 849-861页

作者： van Beers, D. Graedel, T. E. Yale Univ Sch Forestry & Environm Studies Ctr Ind Ecol New Haven CT 06511 USA

A methodology has been developed to characterise the in-use stocks of copper and zinc at a variety of spatial levels. The approach employs representative concentrations of copper and zinc in their main in-use reservoirs (which account for virtually all the metal put into service) together with geographic information system (GIS) data sets of the spatial locations and densities of these reservoirs. The authors have applied this methodology to Australia at four spatial levels: central city, urban region, states/territories, and country, to produce what is believed to be the first multi-level spatial characterisations of the in-use stocks of technological materials. The results are presented quantitatively and as a series of stock density maps for Inner Sydney, Sydney Metro, all Australian states/territories, and Australia itself. The total stocks in Australia are estimated at about 4.3 Tg Cu (4.3 thousand million kg) and 3.8 Tg Zn (3.8 thousand million kg), or about 240 kg Cu/capita and 205 kg Zn/capita. A statistical analysis of the data shows that the metal stock density at a given spatial level is largely determined by a small number of high-density components at the next lower level. The spatial analysis of the in-use stocks indicates that 50% of all copper and zinc stock resides in just 10% of Australia's local government areas. The largest stocks occur in large urban regions, which can contain copper and zinc densities more than a hundred times higher than rural areas. These regions are expected to be major Australian "metal mines" in the future. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Australia copper zinc exploratory spatial data analysis geographic information systems (GIS) resource management stocks

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analysis on the spatial distribution and evolution of FDI in mainland China

Analysis on the spatial distribution and evolution of FDI in...

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14th International Conference on Management Science and Engineering

作者： Wang Xian-wen Jiang Zhao-hua Dalian Univ Technol Ctr Dev Studies 21st Century Dalian 116023 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9787560322780

There are certain rules about the spatial distribution of foreign direct investment FDI, among them region agglomeration is the main characteristic. Based on the theory of spatial econometrics, present paper uses GIS software to research the spatial distribution of FDI. Moran's I statistics, spatial Gini indices, and global Theil indices of 31 provincial areas in Mainland China, are calculated. Then, an exploratory spatial data analysis is conducted to analysis the evolution process from the spatial aspect in order to diagnose and estimate the spatial difference and dynamic disequilibrium by building spatial econometrics model of FDI in Mainland China. The results reveal that GDP and cumulated FDI are very important to attract FDI, and LISA cluster map provides an easy way to recognize the core of clusters.

关键词： exploratory spatial data analysis FDI GIS spatial error model

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Non-english language neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois: 2000

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SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2007年第3期36卷 1042-1064页

作者： Ishizawa, Hiromi Stevens, Gillian Univ Illinois Dept Sociol Urbana IL 61801 USA

We use data from the 2000 U.S. Census to investigate the spatial patterns and characteristics of non-English language neighborhoods in Chicago Illinois, a major immigrant gateway city. We seek to answer three research questions. First, do non-English language speakers live close enough to form spatially bounded neighborhoods? Second, where are these neighborhoods-in the historical central city of Chicago or in suburbs? Third, what are these neighborhoods like? We use the technique of exploratory spatial data analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, to describe and visualize neighborhoods. Our analyses show that non-English language neighborhoods exist in suburbs as well as the central city and that the linguistic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of language neighborhoods vary strongly by site and language group. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Community exploratory spatial data analysis Neighborhood Non-English language spatial autocorrelation

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The use of simulation model FORRUS-S in the ecological management in forestry: strategic and tactics planning

SCIENTIA FORESTALIS

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SCIENTIA FORESTALIS 2007年第73期35卷 73-89页

作者： Palenova, Maria Korotkov, Vladimir Chumachenko, Sergey Politov, Dmitri Andrienko, Gennady Andrienko, Natalia ARISMF Pushchino 141200 Moscow Reg Russia Moscow State Forest Univ Moscow 141001 Russia NI Vavilov Gen Genet Res Inst Moscow 119991 Russia FhG IAIS D-53754 Schloss Birlinghoven Sankt Augustin Germany

Computer program package FORRUS-S has been developed for simulation modeling of forest stand ecosystems dynamics. FORRUS-S consists of the model of natural development of multi-species uneven-aged stand, the model of exogenous influence (including silvicultural activities) and a set of accessories. The model utilizes the standard input data that have traditionally been using in forestry of the Russian Federation and available for virtually all Russian territory. An informational technology for forecasting data analysis and decision-making at forest management unit level was implemented by integrating a forest ecosystem model FORRUS-S with an interactive visualization and analysis of spatially and temporally referenced data system CommonGIS. The paper describes the results of computational experiments at different scenarios of forest management (natural development, legal forestry, and illegal forest practice) over 100 years. The paper discusses the results of an analysis of changes in forest biodiversity quantitatively estimated by monitoring a dynamics of various indicators using a sample forest stand located in the Moscow region (Central European Russia). exploratory analysis of the simulation results demonstrated that (1) natural stand development is the best alternative for forest biodiversity;(2) legal forest management is the best regime for timber production;(3) illegal forest practices lead to a fast decrease in forest productivity and decreasing biodiversity. Interactive and dynamic visualizations with maps and statistical graphics played a crucial role in data cleaning, model validation, and analysis of simulation results. The case study demonstrated the potential of integrating forest ecosystem models with exploratory data visualization for the analysis and expert evaluation of forest biodiversity at the local level. This approach allows to bridge the gap between the researches done on developing the framework for measuring sustainability of forest manage

关键词： simulation modeling multi-species uneven-aged stand forest biodiversity stand-level criteria and indicators silvicultural strategies geovisualization exploratory spatial data analysis

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Sampling in health geography: reconciling geographical objectives and probabilistic methods. An example of a health survey in Vientiane (Lao PDR)

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EMERGING THEMES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2007年第1期4卷 6-6页

作者： Vallee, Julie Souris, Marc Fournet, Florence Bochaton, Audrey Mobillion, Virginie Peyronnie, Karine Salem, Gerard IRD UR 178 Condit & Terr Emergence Malad UR178 PO 5992 Viangchan Laos Univ Paris X Nanterre Lab Espace Sante & Terr F-92000 Nanterre France Mahidol Univ IRD Condit & Terr Emergence Malad UR178 Bangkok Thailand Inst Rech Dev Condit & Terr Emergence Malad UR 178 Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Mahidol Univ Fac Sci Ctr Vectors & Vector Borne Dis Bangkok Thailand Asian Inst Technol RS & GIS FoS Sch Engn & Technol Bangkok Thailand

Background: Geographical objectives and probabilistic methods are difficult to reconcile in a unique health survey. Probabilistic methods focus on individuals to provide estimates of a variable's prevalence with a certain precision, while geographical approaches emphasise the selection of specific areas to study interactions between spatial characteristics and health outcomes. A sample selected from a small number of specific areas creates statistical challenges: the observations are not independent at the local level, and this results in poor statistical validity at the global level. Therefore, it is difficult to construct a sample that is appropriate for both geographical and probability methods. Methods: We used a two-stage selection procedure with a first non-random stage of selection of clusters. Instead of randomly selecting clusters, we deliberately chose a group of clusters, which as a whole would contain all the variation in health measures in the population. As there was no health information available before the survey, we selected a priori determinants that can influence the spatial homogeneity of the health characteristics. This method yields a distribution of variables in the sample that closely resembles that in the overall population, something that cannot be guaranteed with randomly-selected clusters, especially if the number of selected clusters is small. In this way, we were able to survey specific areas while minimising design effects and maximising statistical precision. Application: We applied this strategy in a health survey carried out in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic. We selected well-known health determinants with unequal spatial distribution within the city: nationality and literacy. We deliberately selected a combination of clusters whose distribution of nationality and literacy is similar to the distribution in the general population. Conclusion: This paper describes the conceptual reasoning behind the construction of the s

关键词： Design Effect Statistical Precision Health Determinant exploratory spatial data analysis Urban Characteristic

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