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Estimation of exponential and ZIP load model of Aggregated load with Distributed Generation 62

Estimation of Exponential and ZIP Load Model of Aggregated L...

IEEE 62nd International Scientific Conference of the Power-and-Electrical-Engineering of Riga-Technical-University (RTUCON)

作者： Leinakse, Madis Andreesen, Guido Tani, Partel Kilter, Jako Tallinn Univ Technol Dept Elect Power Engn & Mechatron Tallinn Estonia

ISBN: (纸本)9781665438049

The voltage dependence of loads plays a major role when the conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is analysed or implemented. This dependence is affected by the amount of distributed generation (DG) included among the load of the aggregated bulk supply point. In this paper, the impact of DG on estimated values of exponential load model and ZIP load model (second order polynomial load model) is analysed based on a measurement-based case study. A new equation is presented for assessing the impact of DG penetration level on the ZIP model of the aggregated load (with DG). Additionally, the modelling accuracy of ZIP and exponential model is compared and the exponential model is shown to provide a better accuracy than the ZIP model for modelling this type of loads. The case study was conducted in a distribution network with significant amount of DG. An on-load tap changer was used for inducing the voltage changes. Both, exponential load models and ZIP load models, were estimated from measurement data for transformer load and aggregated load excluding the DG.

关键词： conservation voltage reduction (CVR) distributed generation exponential load model load modelling static load models ZIP model

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MPC-Based Voltage/Var Optimization for Distribution Circuits With Distributed Generators and exponential load models

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2014年第5期5卷 2412-2420页

作者： Wang, Zhaoyu Wang, Jianhui Chen, Bokan Begovic, Miroslav M. He, Yanyi Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect & Comp Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA Argonne Natl Lab Lemont IL 60439 USA Iowa State Univ Sch Ind & Mfg Syst Engn Ames IA 50014 USA

This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC)-based voltage/var optimization (VVO) technique considering the integration of distributed generators and load-to-voltage sensitivities. The paper schedules optimal tap positions of on-load tap changer and switch statuses of capacitor banks based on predictive outputs of wind turbines and photovoltaic generators. Compared with previous efforts on VVO which used constant-power load model, the exponential load model is used to capture the various load behaviors in this paper. Different customer types such as industrial, residential, and commercial loads are also considered. The uncertainties of model prediction errors are taken into account in the proposed model. A scenario reduction technique is applied to enhance a tradeoff between the accuracy of the solution and the computational burden. The MPC-based VVO problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program with reduced scenarios. Case studies show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： Distributed generators exponential load model mixed-integer program model predictive control scenario reduction voltage/var optimization

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Reconfiguration of Radial Electric Power Distribution System via a Scatter Search Algorithm

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IEEE LATIN AMERICA TRANSACTIONS 2015年第4期13卷 1022-1028页

作者： Rupolo, D. Mantovani, J. R. S. Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho UN Ilha Solteira SP Brazil

In this paper, to solve the reconfiguration problem of radial distribution systems a scatter search, which is a metaheuristic-based algorithm, is proposed. In the codification process of this algorithm a structure called node-depth representation is used. It then, via the operators and from the electrical power system point of view, results finding only radial topologies. In order to show the effectiveness, usefulness, and the efficiency of the proposed method, a commonly used test system, 135-bus, and a practical system, a part of Sao Paulo state's distribution network, 7052 bus, are conducted. Results confirm the efficiency of the proposed algorithm that can find high quality solutions satisfying all the physical and operational constraints of the problem.

关键词： Scatter Search Algorithm Distribution Power System Reconfiguration exponential load model Node-depth Representation

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Comparison of Time-Varying load models for Estimating CVR Factor and VSF Using Dual-Stage Adaptive Filter

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY 2019年第3期34卷 1001-1010页

作者： Hossan, Md. Shakawat Chowdhury, Badrul Commonwealth Edison Co Oak Brook Terrace IL 60181 USA Univ N Carolina Charlotte NC 28223 USA

Assessment of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) deployment largely depends on load-to-voltage sensitivity (LTV). Therefore, two quantifiers-voltage and the load consumptionare truly responsible for measuring the CVR factor (CVRF), which is the primary index for calculating the load or energy consumption reduction. Simultaneously, CVR deployment improves the voltage profile by providing line relief due to the reduction in consumption. Hence, it is also important for the utilities to knowthe voltage sensitivity factor (VSF) during the CVR deployment period. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of two different voltage sensitive load models-ZIP and exponential model-to estimate the CVRF and the VSF. The comparison is done in a time varying manner since the parameters of load models vary with time as the voltage changes. Two different sets of dual-stage filtering methods are used to estimate the load parameters and observe which load model accurately identifies the CVRF and the VSF. Stochasticity in load variation is also considered in the estimation process. This process helps the utilities to assess the CVRF and VSF for a target feeder using the most accurate load model. The entire estimation is done using actual data from a 22.86 kV distribution feeder, provided by duke energy progress. Moreover, the validation of the estimated parameters is done using the original circuit associated with the measurements in OpenDSS Software.

关键词： Conservation voltage reduction constrained Kalman filter constrained recursive least sqaure exponential load model load-to-voltage sensitivity ZIP load model

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modeling and simulation of static loads for wind power applications

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NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS 2014年第5期25卷 997-1006页

作者： Dosoglu, M. K. Arsoy, A. Basa Univ Duzce Dept Elect Fac Tech Educ TR-81620 Duzce Turkey Kocaeli Univ Dept Elect Engn Fac Engn TR-41380 Kocaeli Turkey

This study aims to model and simulate static nonlinear loads with wind power generation to evaluate the impact of load models on wind power systems. Nonlinear loads are modeled as exponential load model, ZIP load model and combination of exponential/ZIP with an induction motor. The wind power generator is represented with a reduced-order doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) model. Developed models have been implemented in a grid-integrated wind power plant and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The effects of nonlinear loads into wind power plant are investigated in terms of bus voltages, angular speed, electrical torque, and d-q stator axes currents. Additional analyses are conducted to compare the behaviors of full- and reduced-order DFIG models under a selected loading condition. The results of this study indicate that the response of a system with DFIG is dependent of the load modeling and reduced-order DFIG model shows more stable trend than full-order DFIG model.

关键词： Nonlinear loads ZIP load model exponential load model Induction motor Full- and reduced-order DFIG models

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Precise equivalent model of small hydro generator cluster and its parameter identification using improved Grey Wolf optimiser

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IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 2016年第9期10卷 2108-2117页

作者： Zhou, Jianzhong Zhu, Wenlong Zheng, Yang Li, Chaoshun Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Hydropower & Informat Engn Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

With the total installed capacity of small hydro generator cluster (SHGC) continues to grow rapidly, the effect of SHGC will have affected to the security and stability of the main network in China, especially to power oscillations of passageway of ultra-high-voltage AC and DC. Thus, a precise equivalent model of SHGC is proposed in this study. In the proposed model, the fifth-order model of generator is adopted as the equivalent generator model, the excitation system is simplified into proportional feedback control model and exponential load model is used as equivalent load model. In addition, Grey Wolf optimiser with chaotic local search is designed to identify the parameters of the equivalent model. Finally, the proposed equivalent technique is applied in one simulation experiment and one practical experiment. The experimental results demonstrate that the validity and accuracy of the proposed equivalent model and identification method in solving dynamic equivalent of SHGC in engineering practice.

关键词： hydroelectric generators parameter estimation pattern clustering power system security power system stability optimisation search problems parameter identification improved Grey Wolf optimiser SHGC small hydrogenerator cluster security stability China power oscillation ultrahigh-voltage AC model ultrahigh-voltage DC model fifth-order model equivalent generator model excitation system proportional feedback control model exponential load model equivalent load model chaotic local search

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Approximate load models for Conic OPF Solvers

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2021年第1期36卷 549-552页

作者： Nazir, Firdous Ul Pal, Bikash C. Jabr, Rabih A. Imperial Coll Elect & Elect Engn Dept London SW7 2AZ England Amer Univ Beirut Dept Elect & Comp Engn Beirut 11072020 Lebanon

The global optimum of the optimal power flow (OPF) problem can be sought in various practical settings by adopting the conic relaxations, such as the second order cone programs (SOCPs) and semi-definite programs (SDPs). However, the ZIP (constant impedance, constant current, constant power) and exponential load models are not directly amenable with these conic solvers. Thus, these are mostly treated as constant power loads in the literature. In this letter, we propose two simple methods to approximate these static loads with good accuracy. The proposed methods perform much better than the traditional constant power approximation.

关键词： exponential load model optimal power flow second order cone programming semi-definite programming ZIP load model

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Commercial load Sector models for Power Flow and Power Quality Analysis

Commercial Load Sector Models for Power Flow and Power Quali...

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International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM)

作者： Collin, A. J. Langella, R. Testa, A. Djokic, S. D. Xiao, X. Univ Campania Dept Engn Aversa Italy Univ Edinburgh Sch Engn Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland

ISBN: (纸本)9781538649411

In this paper, a component-based modelling methodology is applied to the commercial load sector. This approach allows for greater insight into the temporal variations in the electrical characteristics of the commercial load sector than currently available modelling practices. This is illustrated by analyzing the half hourly changes in the voltage dependency of the demand and harmonic distortion of a generic UK commercial load sector representation;however, the methodology can be applied wherever similar datasets exist. The results highlight differences between on-peak and off-periods, and provide a useful starting place for probabilistic model development.

关键词： commercial load sector exponential load model harmonics load model power quality

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Initial Assessment of Voltage-Led Demand Response from UK Residential loads

Initial Assessment of Voltage-Led Demand Response from UK Re...

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2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)

作者： Ballanti, Andrea Ochoa, Luis F. Univ Manchester Sch Elect & Elect Engn Manchester Lancs England

ISBN: (纸本)9781479917853

One way of unlocking aggregated demand response without directly managing customers is to exploit the positive correlation between voltage and demand. This work presents an initial assessment of the potential residential response in UK primary substations (e.g., 33/11 or 33/6.6 kV) as part of the trial "Customer load Active System Services (CLASS)" run by the distribution network operator Electricity North West Limited (ENWL). Two load modelling methodologies, time independent and time varying, are presented and applied to a single primary substation and then extended to the ENWL area. For the latter, the results considering the time-varying model, purely residential load, and 3% voltage reduction during a winter day show that it could be possible to achieve an aggregated peak reduction exceeding 150 MW (>3%). Although the two load models have shown strong agreement the latter is a more accurate alternative when demand response throughout the day is of particular interest.

关键词： Demand response CVR smart grids voltage management exponential load model

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Stochastic multi-objective ORPD for active distribution networks

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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS 2023年 57卷

作者： Karimi, Shahram Hosseini-Hemati, Saman Rastgou, Abdollah Razi Univ Dept Elect Engn Fac Engn Kermanshah Iran Islamic Azad Univ Kermanshah Branch Dept Elect Engn Kermanshah Iran

Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD) concerns to dispatch the reactive power outputs of different electrical energy sources to meet both network objectives and constraints. In this regard, distributed generation units and reactive power compensators due to their capability in generating reactive power have significant impact on distribution systems. This is while;their optimal locations in addition to their optimal outputs as well as applying different models of loads can remarkably affect the obtained results. In this article, a new multi-objective ORPD is proposed for active distribution networks considering different load level and the uncertainty of load model and load demand. To effectively solve the introduced ORPD, an optimization approach based on modified grey wolf optimizer and multi-level Pareto analysis is also proposed. Furthermore, the multi-criteria decision-making method is used to find the final suitable answer. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed ORPD and optimization approach, the IEEE 69-bus distribution network is considered as a test system.

关键词： load uncertainty exponential load model Multi -level Pareto analysis Stochastic reactive power dispatch

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