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Ecologically-framed Mercury Database, Exposure Modeling and Risk/Benefit Communication to Lower Chesapeake Bay fish Consumers

Ecologically-framed Mercury Database, Exposure Modeling and ...

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作者： Xu, Xiaoyu The College of William and Mary

学位级别：Ph.D.

Mercury concentrations and determinants of mercury accumulation were examined for ten finfish species from the lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. None of the sampled fish had total mercury concentrations approaching the U.S. EPA human health screening value. Mercury concentrations in different fish species generally increased with increasing δ 15N, but not δ 13C, suggesting that trophic position, but not dietary carbon source was a dominant determinant. A methylmercury biomagnification model was built to estimate a food web magnification factor of approximately 10-fold increase per trophic level in Chesapeake Bay. Based on otolith strontium-calcium ratios, Atlantic croaker inhabiting less saline waters might accumulate more mercury than those inhabiting more saline waters. Positive intraspecies relationships between methylmercury concentration and δ 13C were identified for summer flounder, weakfish, American eel, Atlantic croaker, and spot. fish consumption and associated mercury exposure were explored for two ethnic (Chinese and Vietnamese) church communities along coastal Virginia, as well as two general population (non-Asian) churches in this region. Individual seafood consumption rates for the ethnic communities were higher than the general U.S. fish consumption rate of 12.8 g/person/day. People from the general population churches and Chinese church took in most of their mercury from market fish (distributed and sold nationally) whereas people from the Vietnamese church took in mercury from both the market and local fish as they tended to eat a large amount of diverse local species. Hair mercury concentrations in the Chinese and the Vietnamese church were higher than the overall level for U.S. women (0.20 μg/g), but lower than the published WHO exposure threshold of 14 μg/g. Regression between seafood consumption rates and hair mercury concentrations suggested that dietary mercury ingestion through seafood was positively related to mercury exposure. Merc

关键词： M e r c u r y , m e t h y l m e r c u r y , t r o p h i c e c o l o g y , b i o m a g n i f

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Budget growth, property tax relief, or risk reduction? Empirical analyses of factors affecting changes in revenue structures and fiscal impacts on florida counties

Budget growth, property tax relief, or risk reduction? Empir...

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作者： Yoon, Taeseop The Florida State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

This dissertation examines the factors affecting changes of revenue structures in florida's 67 counties during 30 years. It investigates the fiscal impacts of changes in revenue structures in florida counties, with a particular focus on multiplicity and diversification. In analyzing influencing factors and fiscal impacts, a robust standard error models approach in fixed-effects model is employed in order to explore factors affecting changes in revenue structures. fiscal impacts of changes in revenue structures on budget size, total tax burden, property tax burden, reliance on higher levels of government, and reliance on taxes in florida counties are studied for a thirty-year period (fY 1981 – fY 2010). The major findings are as follows. With respect to factors affecting changes in revenue structures, this research shows that taxable consumption value, the number of interstate highways, and the form of government are associated with greater degree of revenue diversification. Taxable property value, a presence of metropolitan statistical areas, the proportion of homeownership, the proportion of democratic voters, and property tax millage rate are negatively associated with revenue diversification. Taxable property value, taxable consumption value, the number of interstate highways, the form of government, and property tax millage rate are associated with a larger number of consumption taxes. The proportion of persons working in hotels and restaurants, the proportion of homeownership, and the proportion of democratic voters are negatively associated with the number of consumption taxes. Revenue multiplicity, a measure of fiscal illusion, is found to be associated with larger government budget sizes and higher total tax burdens. An increase in revenue diversification is associated with a decrease in property tax burden. On the other hand, this study does not support the premise that an increase in revenue diversification leads to decreases in reliance on higher levels o

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , B u d g e t g r o w t h , D i v e r s i f i c a t i o n , f i s c

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Opium in a time of uncertainty: State formation, diplomacy, and drug control in Afghanistan during the Musahiban Dynasty, 1929-1978

Opium in a time of uncertainty: State formation, diplomacy, ...

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作者： Bradford, James Tharin Northeastern University

学位级别：Ph.D.

This dissertation examines the role of opium in the political and economic development of Afghanistan from a world historical perspective. My research reveals that the Afghan government's adoption of American anti-narcotics policy after World War II led it to enforce prohibitions and anti-smuggling laws that proved divisive among rural Afghans, who were both culturally ambivalent toward opium use and increasingly dependent on revenue from the opium trade. In particular, by the late 1960s and 1970s, when the global demand for narcotics exploded, Afghanistan emerged as an ideal source for illicit hash and opium. However, to maintain a steady flow of American money and aid, which it was increasingly dependent, the Afghan government had to enforce the culturally and economically divisive opium laws. More important, the crackdown on the opium trade coincided with broader political conflicts throughout the country. Thus, I recast the history of opium in Afghanistan to demonstrate that drug control, as a reflection of the ambitions, desires, and needs of the Mushiban state, were fundamental in shaping the conditions of statelessness and lawlessness that are commonly thought to characterize the Afghan opium industry today. The flourishing opium trade, then, is not simply the result of a fragmented state but rather a critical component of the historical process of state formation, social resistance, and fragmentation in the region.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , S t a t e f o r m a t i o n , D i p l o m a c y , D r u g

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financial regulation and economic performance: A descriptive correlation study of American financial institutions

Financial regulation and economic performance: A descriptive...

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作者： Lynch, Leslie E University of Phoenix

学位级别：D.B.A.

The purpose of this descriptive correlation study with a logistic regression analysis was to examine the relationship between SEC regulatory compliance or malfeasance and the economic performance of American, publicly traded financial institutions from 2005 through 2010. The research study examined three research questions. The research questions addressed the relationship between a company's financial performance and associated regulatory malfeasance or compliance as well as the type and volume of regulatory violations. Three predictor variables were operationalized as follows: (a) regulatory compliance or malfeasance, (b) the type of malfeasance, and (c) the volume of malfeasance. The study researched 74 publicly traded financial institutions categorized under SIC 6211. The results demonstrated that (a) neither regulatory compliance nor malfeasance were statistically related to the financial performance of the financial institutions, and (b) no significant relationship exists between the volume or type of regulatory malfeasance and the financial performance of the institutions researched. A statistically significant relationship (p-value=0.054) was uncovered between one specific type of regulatory violation and financial performance. Companies with violations categorized as irresponsible or unfair treatment of customers reported the weakest financial performance. The results were determined using several statistical methods of analysis.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , f i n a n c i a l r e g u l a t i o n , B u s i n e s s e t h i

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fair value measurements and earnings management: Evidence from the banking industry

Fair value measurements and earnings management: Evidence fr...

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作者： Xu, Xiaolu Syracuse University

学位级别：Ph.D.

I examine the association between fair value measurements and bank earnings management using financial data for a sample of U.S. bank holding companies from 2009 to 2012. I follow the methodology in Beatty et al. (2002) and find that banks reporting higher recurring basis fair values, especially level 2 fair values and banks reporting increased fair values are more likely to report small earnings increases both in the current year and one-year ahead after controlling for discretionary loan loss provisions, discretionary security gains and losses, and other bank-specific characteristics. By decomposing the fair values into different types, I find that the positive association between fair value measurements and earnings management is primarily driven by available-for-sale assets. This relation can be found in both public banks and private banks. I also distinguish upward earnings management from downward earnings management and find that level 2 fair values are positively associated with upward earnings management and with downward earnings management via discretionary security gains and losses. By examining the relation between earnings volatility and fair value measurements, I find that banks recognizing more level 2 fair value assets and liabilities report smoother earnings over the time. Key words: earnings management, fair value measurements, SfAS 157, fair value option, SfAS 159, discretionary loan loss provisions, discretionary security gains and losses

关键词： e a r n i n g s m a n a g e m e n t , f a i r v a l u e m e a s u r e m e n t s , S f A S

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The African American mother's perspective of maternal-child separation for professional or educational endeavors

The African American mother's perspective of maternal-child ...

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作者： Dumas, Rita T. Pacifica Graduate Institute

学位级别：Ph.D.

Academic research has primarily focused on African American mothers who are separated from their children due to extenuating circumstances such as domestic violence, drug abuse, or incarceration. Research findings centered in such a deficit model seldom give due respect and consideration to the diverse experiences of African American women (Cauce, Hiraga, Graves, Gonzales, Ryan-finn, & Grove, 1996). The present research is distinctive in its exploration of six African American women who delegated the primary responsibility of their minor children to others for the purpose of professional or educational aspirations. In order to explore the experience of the aforementioned population, the present research employed a descriptive phenomenological approach, undergirded by an Afrocentric womanist framework. The study specifically focused on (1) whether long-term mother-child separation lead to personal or professional growth or to psychological, emotional, or social problems (2) transition to the mother/nonmother status (3) mother's interpretation of the maternal-child separation (4) impact on self-perception, and (5) impact on interpersonal relationships and the relationship with the African American community. In the current research, maternal-child separation is described as a challenging and emotional transition that involves a major concern about the impact on the quality of the mother-child attachment bond. In spite of the painful emotions associated with "being away from the child," the separation is considered to be in the "best interest of the child." The participants regard maternal-child separation as a "process of change," which moves through a "crisis mode" to the interpretation of being a positive role model and rejection of the "bad mother" image. Othermothering, community and spiritual support systems proved to be invaluable during maternal-child separation. The participants experienced their positive endeavors as being "supported" by the larger African Am

关键词： A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n m o t h e r s , M a t e r n a l a b s e n c e , A f r i c a

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Essay 1: IMf Lending and the Emerging Markets' Governance Structure. Essay 2: Specialization Constructs among Business Incubators

Essay 1: IMF Lending and the Emerging Markets' Governance St...

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作者： Bain, Bridgette M. University of New Orleans

学位级别：Ph.D.

The purpose of this paper is to observe and analyze whether the value system and political structure of a nation, gauged through its legal configuration, impacts its response to IMf debt and consequently impacts its GDP growth rates. This paper also analyzes whether involvement in the fund through a loan relationship affects the country's real interest rate, inflation, exchange rate and import and export volume and whether this relationship is causal in that we can explain a nation's loan relationship with the fund through observance of the aforementioned variables. In this paper, we observe 34 emerging markets as defined by Dow Jones in 2010. The general consensus of the literature is that participation in IMf loan programs retards the economic growth of developing economies. In light of this, the contribution of this paper is to illustrate that some of the slowed growth experienced by these countries seeking out IMf debt is explained by their value system and general attitude toward debt. To carry out a comparable analysis we segment and group the emerging markets based on their current credit status with the IMf (as of Oct 2012) as well as by the origin of their legal system, a measure we use to assess their value system with respect to creditor and debt protection laws. We will observe the growth rates that these countries' economies experience categorized by their involvement with the fund, the amount of their loan and whether they fully repaid their debt or are currently indebted to the fund. We will also identify the size and frequency of the loan in order to observe the impact that these variables have on the delayed growth rates that they experience. furthermore, we will examine the impact on their GDP growth rates, imports of goods and services, inflation, exchange rates and real interest rates. We expect to find that there is not a generic relationship between involvement in a loan relationship with the fund and GDP growth rates. In other words, having a

关键词： E m e r g i n g m a r k e t s , t h e f u n d , e c o n o m i c g r o w t h r a t e s ,

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Placing the intersection: A qualitative exploration of formal and informal palliative caregiving in the home.

Placing the intersection: A qualitative exploration of forma...

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作者： Giesbrecht,Melissa. Simon Fraser University

学位级别：Doctor

Currently over 259,000 Canadians die each year,yet only 15 percent access palliative care services prior to death. This reality raises significant concerns regarding the awareness,accessibility,and meaningfulness of these services for dying Canadians and their families. It also signals a need to examine lived experiences of palliative caregiving in order to gain a better understanding of what needs exist and what barriers may be influencing Canadians access to this important care. As equity of access to health care is a main interest of health geographers,I address this need by seeking the experiential perspectives of those who work on the front-lines of providing palliative care in Canada,with a specific focus on the province of British Columbia. Using semi-structured interviews and ethnographic fieldnotes from three research studies,I undertake four diversity- or intersectional-based analyses that employ a relational concept of place to explore experiences of palliative caregiving in the homecare context. findings from the analyses reveal that differences exist among palliative family caregivers and,importantly,that these differences intersect to impact caregivers needs and patients access to palliative care services and supports. By employing a relational concept of place,the findings show how Canadian palliative caregivers opportunities,choices,decisions,and outcomes are shaped by where and how they are situated. As such,this dissertation disrupts the common notion in policy and practice that Canadian palliative caregivers are a homogeneous group with similar needs and thus require similar supports. furthermore,the analytic findings offer specific implications for and research contributions to the geographies of care and caregiving,palliative caregiving policy,and homecare nursing practice. Considering Canadas rapidly aging population and impending increased need for palliative care in the coming years,this dissertation contributes knowledge that can help to inf

关键词： f a m i l y c a r e g i v i n g ； p a l l i a t i v e c a r e ； h o m e c a r e ；

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The Effect of financial Restructuring on the Degree of Competition in the Banking Industry of Ghana

The Effect of Financial Restructuring on the Degree of Compe...

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作者： Owusu-Antwi, George Nova Southeastern University

学位级别：D.B.A.

A major financial sector reform program has been implemented in Ghana since the early 1980s, involving financial liberalization and institutional reforms. financial reforms became necessary, because the pre-reform policies together with acute and prolonged economic crisis had severely damaged the financial system. In the early 1990s, the government launched financial market liberalization policies under the financial sector adjustment program to restructure the distressed banks and clean up nonperforming assets in order to restore banks to profitability and viability. The study investigated the market structure of Ghana’s banking industry and determined whether the market structure has been changed after the financial restructuring. This study specifically measures the degree of competition of the banking system in Ghana by using the H-statistic. Various studies on the degree of competition were reviewed. This study employs a widely used nonstructural methodology put forward by Panzar and Rosse (1987)—the H-statistic—and draws upon comprehensive average annual data from the various issues of the Bank of Ghana annual reports from 1988 to 2008. Maximum likelihood techniques were used to estimate the model. Based on the reported H-statistic for pre and postliberalization (2.35657 and 3.27530 respectively), it can be concluded that Ghana’s banks are operating under perfect competition. However, the test for a change in competition status at the time of liberalization was not significant, indicating no evidence of a change in competition as a result of liberalization. The result of the market equilibrium reveals that the market equilibrium equals zero, revealing the existence of long-run equilibrium making the Panzar and Rosse model meaningful to interpret. The findings are consistent with the results obtained by Yuan (2006) who found Chinese banking market to be near perfect competition. This study has extended and strengthened some earlier results on bank competition i

关键词： b a n k i n g , c o m p e t i t i o n , f i n a n c i a l r e s t r u c t u r i n g , l i b

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Essays on Interaction Among Asset Returns and Diversification Benefits

Essays on Interaction Among Asset Returns and Diversificatio...

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作者： Kumar, Rama Shankar University of California Riverside

学位级别：Ph.D.

The recent financial crisis associated with the collapse of the US housing market led to a drastic decline in the stock market and in securitized real estate indices. On the other hand, the price of US Treasury bonds moved up for a short span of time. The first chapter investigates the links and trade-offs among several assets such as stocks, bonds, securitized and residential real estate. It also examines periods in which time deposits offer the best investment opportunity given the market risk-return. Structural vector autoregressive models (SVAR) are used to study the role of residential real estate risk in explaining the relationship among these asset returns. Some interesting results are revealed by the analysis, which sheds light on investors’ portfolio diversification and asset allocation decisions. Among other results, the paper finds a ‘flight to safety’ phenomenon, whereby a rise in real estate risk induces investors to move from risky assets (stocks, securitized and residential real estate) to safer markets (bonds and time-deposits). During the recent global financial, various assets witness extreme movements—US and emerging nations’ stock (BRIC) indices suffered drastic decline; price of gold and US bonds witnessed consistent upward trend; and extreme upward movement in oil prices in the beginning of crisis, followed by extreme decline in oil prices in later stage of crisis. These movements indicate some linkages among asset returns. In the second chapter, we attempt to decipher such links or trade-off among asset returns. We attempt to investigate the role of risk and uncertainty from financial markets in explaining pair-wise relationships between two asset returns by using structural vector autoregressive (SVAR). During the periods of the rise in default risk in financial markets, gold and bonds act as safe-haven, but this property of gold is extremely short-lived. The returns on BRIC stocks generally respond similar to US stocks in response to the ris

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , A s s e t r e t u r n s , D i v e r s i f i c a t i o n , T i m e

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