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Budget growth, property tax relief, or risk reduction? Empirical analyses of factors affecting changes in revenue structures and fiscal impacts on florida counties

Budget growth, property tax relief, or risk reduction? Empir...

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作者： Yoon, Taeseop The Florida State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

This dissertation examines the factors affecting changes of revenue structures in florida's 67 counties during 30 years. It investigates the fiscal impacts of changes in revenue structures in florida counties, with a particular focus on multiplicity and diversification. In analyzing influencing factors and fiscal impacts, a robust standard error models approach in fixed-effects model is employed in order to explore factors affecting changes in revenue structures. fiscal impacts of changes in revenue structures on budget size, total tax burden, property tax burden, reliance on higher levels of government, and reliance on taxes in florida counties are studied for a thirty-year period (fY 1981 – fY 2010). The major findings are as follows. With respect to factors affecting changes in revenue structures, this research shows that taxable consumption value, the number of interstate highways, and the form of government are associated with greater degree of revenue diversification. Taxable property value, a presence of metropolitan statistical areas, the proportion of homeownership, the proportion of democratic voters, and property tax millage rate are negatively associated with revenue diversification. Taxable property value, taxable consumption value, the number of interstate highways, the form of government, and property tax millage rate are associated with a larger number of consumption taxes. The proportion of persons working in hotels and restaurants, the proportion of homeownership, and the proportion of democratic voters are negatively associated with the number of consumption taxes. Revenue multiplicity, a measure of fiscal illusion, is found to be associated with larger government budget sizes and higher total tax burdens. An increase in revenue diversification is associated with a decrease in property tax burden. On the other hand, this study does not support the premise that an increase in revenue diversification leads to decreases in reliance on higher levels o

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , B u d g e t g r o w t h , D i v e r s i f i c a t i o n , f i s c

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Redefining RECs: Additionality in the voluntary Renewable Energy Certificate market

Redefining RECs: Additionality in the voluntary Renewable En...

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作者： Gillenwater, Michael Wayne Princeton University

学位级别：Ph.D.

In the United States, electricity consumers are told that they can "buy" electricity from renewable energy projects, versus fossil fuel-fired facilities, through participation in a voluntary green power program. The marketing messages communicate to consumers that their participation and premium payments for a green label will cause additional renewable energy generation and thereby allow them to claim they consume electricity that is absent pollution as well as reduce pollutant emissions. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) and wind energy are the basis for the majority of the voluntary green power market in the United States. This dissertation addresses the question: Do project developers respond to the voluntary REC market in the United States by altering their decisions to invest in wind turbines? This question is investigated by modeling and probabilistically quantifying the effect of the voluntary REC market on a representative wind power investor in the United States using data from formal expert elicitations of active participants in the industry. It is further explored by comparing the distribution of a sample of wind power projects supplying the voluntary green power market in the United States against an economic viability model that incorporates geographic factors. This dissertation contributes the first quantitative analysis of the effect of the voluntary REC market on project investment. It is found that 1) RECs should be not treated as equivalent to emission offset credits, 2) there is no clearly credible role for voluntary market RECs in emissions trading markets without dramatic restructuring of one or both markets and the environmental commodities they trade, and 3) the use of RECs in entity-level GHG emissions accounting (i.e., "carbon footprinting") leads to double counting of emissions and therefore is not justified. The impotence of the voluntary REC market was, at least in part, due to the small magnitude of the REC price signal and lack of l

关键词： R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y C e r t i f i c a t e R E C ) ； R e n e w a b l e P o r t

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Characterization of pneumatic fast transfer system irradiation position of KAMINI reactor for k₀-based NAA

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JOURNAL Of RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 2012年第1期294卷 137-141页

作者： Rao, J. S. Brahmaji Senthilvadivu, E. Seshadreesan, N. P. Acharya, R. Venkatasubramani, C. R. Reddy, A. V. R. Indira Gandhi Ctr Atom Res Chem Grp Div Fuel Chem Kalpakkam 603102 Tamil Nadu India Bhabha Atom Res Ctr Div Radiochem Bombay 400085 Maharashtra India Indira Gandhi Ctr Atom Res Div Analyt Chem Div Fuel Chem Kalpakkam 603102 Tamil Nadu India

The pneumatic fast transfer system position at KAMINI reactor, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India was characterized by determining the epithermal neutron flux shape factor (alpha) and the sub-cadmium to epithermal neutron flux ratio (f) for k (0)-based Neutron Activation Analysis (k (0)-NAA). for determination of alpha value, bare, Cd-ratio and Cd-cover methods were employed using dual and multi monitors namely Au, Zr and Zn. for calculation of f, Au and Zr monitors were used in the case of bare method and Au monitor was used for cadmium ratio and cadmium cover methods. The determined alpha-value of PfTS indicated a hard epithermal neutron spectrum and the f value indicated about 96 % thermal neutron component. for validation of k (0)-NAA method, reference materials namely NIST SRM 1646a (Estuarine Sediment) and BCS Nb-stabilized Stainless Steel (BCS/SS No.261/1) were analyzed. The percentage errors of the determined concentration values of elements were within +/- 5 % with respect to the certified values and the Z-score values at 95 % confidence level were within +/- 2 in most of the cases.

关键词： NAA k(0)-method KAMINI research reactor Pneumatic fast transfer system position Characterization f alpha Reference materials Validation

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European Stock Market Contagion during Sovereign Debt Crisis and the Effects of Macroeconomic Announcements on the Correlations of Gold, Dollar and Stock Returns

European Stock Market Contagion during Sovereign Debt Crisis...

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作者： Li, Ziyu University of New Orleans

学位级别：Ph.D.

The first part of this dissertation examines the presence of the financial contagion across European stock markets with respect to the Greece sovereign debt crisis by estimating the time-varying conditional correlations of stock returns between Greece and other European countries over 2001 to 2012. We find that the correlations vary over time and reach the peaks in the late 2008 during the U.S. subprime crisis, and in the beginning of 2010 of the height of European debt crisis. further, the correlations between stock index returns of Greece and Spain, france, Ireland, Netherlands are significantly increased by Greek sovereign credit rating downgrade announcements. The second part of this dissertation examines the correlations of gold, dollar and U.S. stock returns over 2001 to 2012 using ADCC-GARCH model. The conditional correlations of gold-dollar returns are negative during all sub-sample periods and significantly increase in magnitude during both subprime crisis and sovereign debt crisis. The conditional correlations of gold-stock returns are positive on average over time. However, gold-stock correlation falls below zero during subprime crisis and sovereign debt crisis. Gold-stock correlation is significantly negatively affected by positive CPI announcements. And gold-dollar correlation is significantly negatively affected by negative GDP announcements and positive unemployment announcements. The effects of macroeconomic announcements are stronger during economic recessions. Key words: financial Contagion, Sovereign Debt Crisis, Macroeconomic Announcements, Conditional Correlation

关键词： f i n a n c i a l C o n t a g i o n , S o v e r e i g n D e b t C r i s i s , M a c r o e c o

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Essays on Interaction Among Asset Returns and Diversification Benefits

Essays on Interaction Among Asset Returns and Diversificatio...

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作者： Kumar, Rama Shankar University of California Riverside

学位级别：Ph.D.

The recent financial crisis associated with the collapse of the US housing market led to a drastic decline in the stock market and in securitized real estate indices. On the other hand, the price of US Treasury bonds moved up for a short span of time. The first chapter investigates the links and trade-offs among several assets such as stocks, bonds, securitized and residential real estate. It also examines periods in which time deposits offer the best investment opportunity given the market risk-return. Structural vector autoregressive models (SVAR) are used to study the role of residential real estate risk in explaining the relationship among these asset returns. Some interesting results are revealed by the analysis, which sheds light on investors’ portfolio diversification and asset allocation decisions. Among other results, the paper finds a ‘flight to safety’ phenomenon, whereby a rise in real estate risk induces investors to move from risky assets (stocks, securitized and residential real estate) to safer markets (bonds and time-deposits). During the recent global financial, various assets witness extreme movements—US and emerging nations’ stock (BRIC) indices suffered drastic decline; price of gold and US bonds witnessed consistent upward trend; and extreme upward movement in oil prices in the beginning of crisis, followed by extreme decline in oil prices in later stage of crisis. These movements indicate some linkages among asset returns. In the second chapter, we attempt to decipher such links or trade-off among asset returns. We attempt to investigate the role of risk and uncertainty from financial markets in explaining pair-wise relationships between two asset returns by using structural vector autoregressive (SVAR). During the periods of the rise in default risk in financial markets, gold and bonds act as safe-haven, but this property of gold is extremely short-lived. The returns on BRIC stocks generally respond similar to US stocks in response to the ris

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , A s s e t r e t u r n s , D i v e r s i f i c a t i o n , T i m e

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Ecologically-framed Mercury Database, Exposure Modeling and Risk/Benefit Communication to Lower Chesapeake Bay fish Consumers

Ecologically-framed Mercury Database, Exposure Modeling and ...

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作者： Xu, Xiaoyu The College of William and Mary

学位级别：Ph.D.

Mercury concentrations and determinants of mercury accumulation were examined for ten finfish species from the lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. None of the sampled fish had total mercury concentrations approaching the U.S. EPA human health screening value. Mercury concentrations in different fish species generally increased with increasing δ 15N, but not δ 13C, suggesting that trophic position, but not dietary carbon source was a dominant determinant. A methylmercury biomagnification model was built to estimate a food web magnification factor of approximately 10-fold increase per trophic level in Chesapeake Bay. Based on otolith strontium-calcium ratios, Atlantic croaker inhabiting less saline waters might accumulate more mercury than those inhabiting more saline waters. Positive intraspecies relationships between methylmercury concentration and δ 13C were identified for summer flounder, weakfish, American eel, Atlantic croaker, and spot. fish consumption and associated mercury exposure were explored for two ethnic (Chinese and Vietnamese) church communities along coastal Virginia, as well as two general population (non-Asian) churches in this region. Individual seafood consumption rates for the ethnic communities were higher than the general U.S. fish consumption rate of 12.8 g/person/day. People from the general population churches and Chinese church took in most of their mercury from market fish (distributed and sold nationally) whereas people from the Vietnamese church took in mercury from both the market and local fish as they tended to eat a large amount of diverse local species. Hair mercury concentrations in the Chinese and the Vietnamese church were higher than the overall level for U.S. women (0.20 μg/g), but lower than the published WHO exposure threshold of 14 μg/g. Regression between seafood consumption rates and hair mercury concentrations suggested that dietary mercury ingestion through seafood was positively related to mercury exposure. Merc

关键词： M e r c u r y , m e t h y l m e r c u r y , t r o p h i c e c o l o g y , b i o m a g n i f

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The Market for "Lemons": A Sociological Study of Authenticity in the Chinese Market of Counterfeit Luxury Goods

The Market for "Lemons": A Sociological Study of Authenticit...

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作者： Deng, Yingying Northwestern University

学位级别：Ph.D.

People buying and selling in the online auction markets are acutely aware of the risk and uncertainty about the wisdom of trusting others. The study is oriented towards investigating the emergence and growth of a Chinese market for "lemons"—a market that has seemingly been plagued with serious information asymmetries and yet found a way to escape failure and sustain prosperity. As a theory in action, this market present compelling empirical evidence complementing and enriching economic and sociological understanding of asymmetric information and its application to a developing context. I explain how the meanings of authenticity are multi-faceted and deeply embedded in the cultural, economic and historical experience of the Chinese. I also argue that, because of its socially embedded meanings, authenticity is central to the history of both the Old and the New world and has exerted an important role in various international arenas. The case of Chinese online auction market as well as other physical markets bring to the fore how globalization requires a re-assessment of the local dynamics and of the initial as well as the emergent understandings that create and reproduce authenticity. The objective qualities of the product and the meanings contained therein are not sufficient conditions for the product or the producer to gain the designation of authenticity. This framework of fluid, multiple authenticities with no clearly delineated boundary calls for a circumspect investigation of how other non-market values and extra-economic logics accompany and modify the so-called international model of authenticity. The unfolding of such struggles causes authenticity to break away from its taken-for-granted singular meaning and encourages multiple meanings to proliferate and contend with the simplistic, over-limited and limiting notion of authenticity.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , C h i n a , A s y m m e t r i c i n f o r m a t i o n , C o

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Predicting Serious Violent and Serious Property Offending: School- and family-Problem Risk factors Revealed by Incarcerated Youth.

Predicting Serious Violent and Serious Property Offending: S...

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作者： Erlichman,Leigh Anne Deana. Simon Fraser University

学位级别：Doctor

Serious violent young offenders have been described as "a rare species." Most general population studies do not examine serious and violent young offenders. The vast majority of research on school risk factors and offending focus on delinquency as opposed to serious and violent offending by youth. Research has demonstrated that school problems poor academic performance,truancy,dropout) are related to delinquency. The aim of the current study is to assess whether school and family problems are significant predictors of serious violent and serious property offences for incarcerated youth. This study also examines whether Aboriginal ethnicity is a significant predictor of serious violent and serious property offences. Data for this thesis is from a sample of serious and violent young offenders in custody drawn from two secure custody facilities and two open custody units located in a major urban centre of British Columbia,Canada n ＝ 404). The sample consists of youth aged 12--19) who were interviewed as part of the research project entitled the Vancouver Serious and Violent Incarcerated Young Offenders Study. Bivariate tests and logistic regression models are used to analyze the role of school and family problems in predicting serious violent and serious property offences. Results show that school problems,family problems,age,mental health problems,and substance use are significant predictors of serious violent offences. family problems,mental health problems,gender,and Aboriginal ethnicity are significant predictors of serious property offences. School problems,gender,age,mental health problems,andsubstance use are significant predictors of serious violent and serious property offences SVSP offences). School problems,family problems,gender,mental health problems,and substance use are significant predictors of no serious violent and no serious property offences no-SVSP offences). When adjusting for the effect of demographics,mental health problems,and substance use,sch

关键词： S e r i o u s a n d V i o l e n t I n c a r c e r a t e d Y o u n g O f f e n d e r s S

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African American colonization and identity, 1780-1925

African American colonization and identity, 1780-1925

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作者： Hetrick, Matthew J. University of Delaware

学位级别：Ph.D.

This dissertation examines African American attitudes towards Africa, African colonization, and African identity. It addresses the question: what did Africa mean to these African Americans by defining a spectrum of African identity. It focuses on elite African American sources, mainly pamphlets, sermons, and books, but it places them in the broader context of American history and efforts to define an American identity. It begins with the gradual abolition of slavery in Pennsylvania and ends with the jailing of Marcus Garvey, tracing the changing debates about Africa over space and time.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , A f r i c a n - A m e r i c a n s , C o l o n z a t i o n , E

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Intercultural Relations: Re-Visioning an Interdisciplinary field through the Global Lens of Women

Intercultural Relations: Re-Visioning an Interdisciplinary F...

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作者： O'Brien, Nancy L. University of Minnesota

学位级别：Ph.D.

In this project, I conceptualize the interdisciplinary field of intercultural relations through the global lens of women. This study is a two-phased, mixed-methods study situated in feminism and feminist research. I use a broad definition of intercultural relations that transcends multiple disciplinary areas including, among others: education, communication, psychology, and business. In Phase One (survey study) I address the questions: Who are the women? What are their contributions to the field of intercultural relations? Survey results name 420 women and their associated work/ideas, representing multiple countries and cultures worldwide. findings indicate widespread global influence by women and their work in intercultural relations. Women are working across disciplinary lines and across geographical and regional areas. They have been (and continue) to influence the field through their roles in academia, consultancy, leadership, and organizational management. In Phase Two (interview study) I address the questions: How have women engaged with and come to know the interdisciplinary field of intercultural relations? How do women envision an intercultural relations history that includes everyone? In this phase, I conduct 27 face-to-face interviews with women from across the globe using a mapping exercise to facilitate rich data collection. Results from the interview study demonstrate that feminism and social justice issues have influenced (and continue to influence) how women engage with, and have come to know, the intercultural field. further, participant stories exemplify different facets of intercultural relations work, including: the role of bridging; the topic of cultural marginality; refugee and immigrant issues; and expatriate and sojourner experiences. finally, several stories illustrate the role of professional associations, education, and leadership in developing professional applications. Overall, this study argues the need to consider more carefully that,

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , E d u c a t i o n , E d u c a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p , f

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