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作者： Anamali,Morena. Simon Fraser University

学位级别：Master

Research has shown that proximal sources peers) are associated with substance use. Rarely examined,however,is the immediate context or the precise situation in which drugs are offered for the first time. The situation or context includes the nature of the relationship between the person offering and the adolescent receiving the offer,the location in which the offer occurs,and how these may affect the likelihood of accepting or rejecting a first offer. Using a subsample of 171 adolescent cannabis users,this study examines the likelihood of accepting a first offer as a function of social proximity and proximity of location. Results show that both of these elements matter in the decision to accept. More specifically,offers are more likely to be accepted when they come from best friends and when they are made in ones own home. The implications of these results for drug use prevention programs are discussed.

关键词： c a n n a b i s i n i t i a t i o n ； d r u g o f f e r s ； s o u r c e o f o f f e

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Tourist intentions to continue poverty alleviation actions after participating in microfinance tourism

Tourist intentions to continue poverty alleviation actions a...

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作者： Nance, Michelle Clemson University

学位级别：M.P.R.T.M.

The tourism industry has begun to incorporate microfinance into a new type of niche tourism that integrates local entrepreneurs and tourists. This type of tourism is called microfinance tourism. The study investigates the tourist role in poverty alleviation using the Theory of Planned Behavior to explore how attitude, perceived behavioral control, and social norms impact intention to continue investment and/or donation to microentrepreneurs and microfinance organizations. The study was conducted in conjunction with Investours, a non-profit organization that offers `microfinance tours' in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. The study found perceived behavioral control and attitude to be strong predictors of intention to donate and/or invest in microentrepreneurs and/or microfinance organizations. Keywords: Microfinance, Pro-Poor Tourism, Theory of Planned Behavior, Ecotourism

关键词： M i c r o f i n a n c e , P r o - P o o r T o u r i s m , T h e o r y o f P l a n n e d

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The world improvement plans of fritz Schumacher

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CAMBRIDGE JOURNAL Of ECONOMICS 2012年第2期36卷 387-403页

作者： Toye, John Univ Oxford Oxford OX1 2JD England

This article approaches the centenary of the birth of E. f. ('fritz') Schumacher with a contemporary question in mind. How do academic economists create an impact with their work and how can that be increased? It examines, in the case of Schumacher, various sources that could influence the impact that an economist makes. They include family background, education, professional formation, moral values, the underlying vision, the practical proposals put forward, contacts and networking, and the institutions built to ensure an intellectual legacy. Schumacher's career was that of a late developer-his many early failures being followed by the spectacular success of Small is Beautiful (1973). The two-stage pattern testifies to the importance of individual characteristics in making an impact and these many not be amenable to institutional policies.

关键词： E f Schumacher Intermediate technology Research impact Sustainable development B30 f10 O10

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fish Assemblages and Potential Barriers in Urban Streams.

Fish Assemblages and Potential Barriers in Urban Streams.

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作者： favaro,Corinna. Simon Fraser University

学位级别：Master

Urbanization and associated infrastructures may fragment habitats,particularly within streams. This thesis examines the impacts of culverts on fish assemblages near Vancouver,Canada. I compared fish communities across 26 streams with and without culverts. Densities of cutthroat trout O ncorhynchus clarkii) increased whereas coastrange sculpin Cottus aleuticus) and prickly sculpin C. asper) densities decreased,on both sides,relative to unculverted reference streams. I also found that simple retrofits for improving culvert passage may increase fish diversity over decadal timescales. I then examined the effects of four culverts within one urban watershed and show that successive culverts had a cumulative effect on fish distributions,particularly for prickly sculpin and cutthroat trout negative and positive,respectively). Overall,this thesis demonstrates that culverts may drive changes in fish communities through speciesspecific impacts that are consistent both within and across watersheds. Understanding biotic responses to stream fragmentation can inform urban watershed restoration and conservation efforts.

关键词： b a r r i e r ； c o n n e c t i v i t y ； c u l v e r t r e t r o f i t ； f i s h p

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Intrusive Narrators: The Representation of Narration and Narrators in the Operatic Adaptations of The Great Gatsby and Sophies Choice

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fORUM fOR MODERN LANGUAGE STUDIES 2012年第2期48卷 222-235页

作者： Halliwell, Michael Univ Sydney Sydney NSW 2000 Australia

Opera is a fusion of the narrative and the dramatic: the orchestral music onarrates' the action rather than having that action presented in an unmediated form, as is the primary mode in drama. The singer is not an autonomous character and does not ospeak' directly to the audience, but is part of a more complex narrative process. This paper examines the oproblem' of the first-person narrators in two important twentieth-century novels and their operatic adaptations: John Harbisons The Great Gatsby (1999) and Nicholas Maws Sophies Choice (2004). Both source novels have first-person narrators and foreground the narrative act itself. In their operatic transformation, the composers (who are their own librettists) employ radically different strategies in engaging with narrative. Harbison subsumes fitzgeralds narrator, Nick, into the action of the opera, but his novelistic narratorial role emerges at crucial moments in the opera where he functions both as character and as narrator. Stingo, in Maws opera, is literally divided into two characters who oshadow' each other throughout the opera, and finally omerge' into a single narrator at the end. Simultaneously, the orchestral forces in both operas provide another narratorial element which complements but sometimes conflicts with their oactual' narrators. Despite their dissimilar narrative strategies, both operas use their narrators, both physical and musical, in a quasi-literary sense and highlight the strong links between these two seemingly disparate genres, opera and the novel.

关键词： fitzgerald f Scott Harbison John Maw Nicholas Styron William The Great Gatsby Sophies Choice opera novel orchestra narrator

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"It Was Never Good World Sence Minister Must Have Wyves": Clerical Celibacy, Clerical Marriage, and Anticlericalism in Reformation England

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JOURNAL Of RELIGIOUS HISTORY 2012年第1期36卷 52-69页

作者： Parish, Helen Univ Reading Reading RG6 2AH Berks England

The impact of the Reformation was felt strongly in the nature and character of the priesthood, and in the function and reputation of the priest. A shift in the understanding of the priesthood was one of the most tangible manifestations of doctrinal change, evident in the physical arrangement of the church, in the language of the liturgy, and in the relaxation of the discipline of celibacy, which had for centuries bound priests in the Latin tradition to a life of perpetual continence. Clerical celibacy, and accusations of clerical incontinence, featured prominently in evangelical criticisms of the Catholic church and priesthood, which made a good deal of polemical capital out of the perceived relationship of the priest and the efficacy of his sacred function. Citing St Paul, Protestant polemicists presented clerical marriage as the only, and appropriate remedy, for priestly immorality. But did the advent of a married priesthood create more problems than it solved? The polemical certainties that informed evangelical writing on sacerdotal celibacy did not guarantee the immediate acceptance of a married priesthood, and the vocabulary that had been used to denounce clergy who failed in their obligation to celibacy was all too readily turned against the married clergy. The anti-clerical lexicon, and its usage, remained remarkably static despite the substantial doctrinal and practical challenges posed to the traditional model of priesthood by the Protestant Reformation.

关键词： f

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financing young and beginning beef cattle producers in Oklahoma

Financing young and beginning beef cattle producers in Oklah...

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作者： Menefee, Seth Dwight Oklahoma State University

学位级别：M.S.

The implications of an aging farmer population in the U.S. have been the topic of much debate. This issue begs the question: who will be responsible for the future of production agriculture in the U.S.? In Oklahoma, the beef industry is central to the discussion since it is consistently the number one ranked commodity in the state. While recent drought has led to declining herd numbers, favorable prices may lead to herd rebuilding when drought conditions improve. How will young and beginning producers fare in taking part in the rebuilding process? This research uses Integrated farm financial Statements (IffS) to project farm plans for a native pasture forage base and an introduced (Bermuda/fescue) pasture forage base. Scenarios were analyzed for purchasing cows with loans from a commercial lender and an fSA direct operating loan. In addition, a leasing agreement between a beginning and retiring producer to transition the ownership of cows was analyzed. Also a summer stocker enterprise was evaluated as an alternative to the cow-calf enterprise. finally, the feasibility of purchasing the land base was analyzed. Results showed leasing native pasture appeared to be the most feasible path for beginning producers given the lower operating costs. The terms of the fSA direct operating loan improved cash flow substantially compared to the commercial loan terms. The application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the operating costs for the introduced pasture and servicing any debt appeared in feasible. Leasing cows may provide an alternative way for young and beginning producers to gain access to assets without the burden of large debt loads. A summer stocker enterprise may generate cash to purchase assets and provide higher returns to labor, but may expose the young producer to an unwanted amount of risk. Purchasing pasture will likely be difficult for the young and beginning producer even with the favorable terms of the fSA loans targeted to beginning farmers.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , B i o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e s , B e e f , B e g i n n

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Computer forensics and law enforcement: The need for inexpensive, reliable, fast and easy to use forensic tools in the field

Computer forensics and law enforcement: The need for inexpen...

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作者： Charpentier, Heather M. Utica College

学位级别：M.S.

Technology is evolving and computers are involved in almost every aspect of a person's life. It is important that law enforcement such as: police officers, parole officers, and probation officers are able to keep up with new and old crimes that now involve digital evidence. Computer forensic tools aide law enforcement personnel in solving digital crimes. Computer forensic tools can be very costly and many law enforcement agencies do not have the money to afford such tools in their budgets. There are a number of free forensic tools available to law enforcement. Although cost is a major factor, these agencies are also looking for reliable, fast and easy to use tools. fieldSearch, Autopsy, TUX4N6 and COfEE are all free computer forensic tools that are available to law enforcement. Each tool was tested to verify that it possessed the qualities that law enforcement agencies seek. Positive and negative attributes were found in each of the four tools tested. fieldSearch provided a fast and easy to use option that has shown it is reliable and court approved. Autopsy was easy to use but the use of the tool was a very lengthy process and there were no court cases found that utilized the tool. TUX4N6 proved to be a speedy tool that has provided results that have stood up in court. Although TUX4N6 is speedy and reliable, the user interface is not as easy to navigate. COfEE was able to provide system information but did not provide information that would give the investigator an idea of the suspect's user history. Each of the tools was also tested to determine the effects of a PC cleaner on the tools ability to provide the investigator with the user's history. It was found that PC cleaners do have an effect on the information that the investigator is able to recover and it is important that they are aware of the effects. Keywords: Cybersecurity, Professor Daniel Draz, Crime, Computer Search, Criminal.

关键词： C y b e r s e c u r i t y , P r o f e s s o r D a n i e l D r a z , C r i m e , C o m p u t e r

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The Effects of facility Animals in the Courtroom on Juror Decision-Making

The Effects of Facility Animals in the Courtroom on Juror De...

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作者： Burd, Kayla Arizona State University

学位级别：M.S.

Courthouse dogs (sometimes referred to as facility animals) are expertly trained canines which may be used to assist individuals with psychological, emotional, or physical difficulties in a myriad of courtroom situations. While these animals are increasingly used to assist young witness to court, the jury is still out on whether or not they are prejudicial to the defendant. No known research exists in this area, although research is necessary to determine the possibly prejudicial nature of these animals. Using a mock trial paradigm involving a child sexual abuse case, the current study employed a 2 (Witness type: victim vs. bystander) x 3 (Innovation type: courthouse dog vs. teddy bear vs. none) fully-crossed factorial design. It was hypothesized that witness type and innovation type would interact to differentially impact jurors' judgments about the trial, defendant, and child witness. In addition, it was posited that emotions, such as anger and disgust, would also affect judgments and decision-making. Results indicate that courthouse dogs and comfort toys did impact jurors' decision making in some ways. In addition, emotions and witness credibility predicted sentencing, verdict, and other trial judgments.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , P s y c h o l o g y , C o m f o r t t o y s , C o u r t h o u s e

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OECD's failures in Attempting to Regulate Tax Havens

OECD's Failures in Attempting to Regulate Tax Havens

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作者： Tournier, Louis R. Dartmouth College

学位级别：M.A.L.S.

While offshore financial centers—i.e. tax havens—have seen their influence increasing over international finance, the creation of more regulation appears to be a necessity. However, international regulation concerning offshore financial centers seems to be difficult to implement. While continental Europe—i.e. france and Germany—push for global and international legislation, the United States and the United-Kingdom are more than reluctant to adopt such measures. Moreover, international law has never really attempted to regulate tax issues, as taxation and transparency are part of countries' sovereignty. This thesis, by analyzing OECD and IMf data, will show that effective international regulation regarding offshore financial centers is not likely to appear in the near future.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , f i n a n c i a l r e g u l a t i o n , O E C D , O f f s h o r e

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