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Knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS and HIV law among probationers and parolees in Alabama

Knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS and HIV law among pr...

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作者： Barber, Brad The University of Alabama

学位级别：M.S.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic recently moved into its fourth decade in the U.S. In an attempt to combat this epidemic, lawmakers have implemented HIV criminalization laws, prevention programs, and treatment options in order to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. The number of prosecutions for violating HIV disclosure laws and the number of states implementing these laws continue to increase. However, the public health community is concerned that HIV disclosure laws do not reduce HIV transmission. This thesis seeks to examine the effects of HIV criminalization on the HIV testing and treatment by examining HIV knowledge and attitudes among probationers and parolees in Alabama. A self-administered 32 item survey was administered to 200 probationers and parolees in the Birmingham Probation and Parole Office for this purpose. The study found that (1) probationers and parolees are quite knowledgeable about HIV despite their lack of access to HIV prevention programs, (2) probationers and parolees who attend HIV prevention classes are more likely to perceive themselves as being at risk for contracting HIV compared to those who did not attend HIV prevention classes, and (3) HIV disclosure laws are perceived to be a barrier to HIV testing. These results suggest that probationers and parolees would benefit from HIV prevention classes, and that they are skeptical about the benefits of HIV laws to reduce transmission.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , A c q u i r e d I m m u n e D e f i c i e n c y S y n d r o m

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Monetary Policy Shocks and Their Effects on Business Borrowings, Aggregate Output, and Prices

Monetary Policy Shocks and Their Effects on Business Borrowi...

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作者： Yao, Yao City University of New York

学位级别：Ph.D.

Developed from previous financial acceleration research, this thesis employs two VAR (vector-auto regression) systems to measure monetary policy shocks and their effects. The first uses the conventional Cholesky method and the second uses the methods developed by Bernanke and Blinder (1992) and Bernanke and Mihov (BM 1998). I use the federal funds rate and as the two monetary policy instruments in the VAR systems. With the Cholesky method, net financial borrowings rise (fall) for about one year after contractionary (easy) monetary policy shocks. This is consistent with what has been found by Christiano, Eichenbaum, and Evans (CEE 1996). The responses of corporate sector appear to explain the entire business sector, with no significant results found from the impulse responses of the other two sectors (noncorporate and farm). With the BM model, easing policy shocks lead to an initial fluctuation within the first half of year and the prolonged decrease in borrowings after half of year. The responses of borrowings in the BM model demonstrate different amplitudes and patterns from the Cholesky method following the policy shocks, this is from the structural shocks are defined differently in these two VARs. However, the decreases (rise) in borrowings after the easy (tight) monetary shocks are the same. In both systems, there is a significant expansion of real GDP following monetary easing. The price puzzle, that price levels are positively related to monetary tightening, does not appear in the plots of impulse response functions with the Cholesky method but they appear in some versions of the BM model. (JEL classification: E52, G30) Key Words: Monetary Transmission Mechanism, financial Acceleration, VAR Model, flow of funds, federal funds Rate, Nonborrowed Reserves, Price Puzzle.

关键词： M o n e t a r y T r a n s m i s s i o n M e c h a n i s m , f i n a n c i a l A c c e l e r a

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Employee satisfaction from a generational and gender perspective in the Puerto Rico lodging industry: An exploratory study

Employee satisfaction from a generational and gender perspec...

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作者： Pagan, Omar J. Oklahoma State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Through this study, the author examined the perceived job satisfaction among hotel-line employees in Puerto Rico to determine whether differences or similarities exist by generational cohorts and gender. This exploratory study was performed as literature lacks sound empirical research on the impact of generational differences in job satisfaction in the lodging industry. The investigation was performed by administering the job satisfaction survey designed by Spector (1995) to employees working in small, mid and large size hotels in Puerto Rico. Statistical techniques, including MANOVA and ANOVA, were used to determine the level of significance of the dependent variables that explains job satisfaction and the independent variables generations and gender. The results of this study found no significant differences among the perceived satisfaction when examined by gender. However, significant differences were found with the dependent variable coworkers among generation X and Y. No significant differences were found in this study among the perceived job satisfaction factors and overall satisfaction of hotel employees based on generational cohort and gender. This research contributes to literature by evidencing the first time different hotels in Puerto Rico open its doors to establish a point of reference on employees' job satisfaction that will serve to compare individual hotel performances against the industry's job satisfaction. Additionally, these results increases empirical evidence in generational cohorts' perceived job satisfaction contributing to the growth of the literature available regarding the disparity of popular information available.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , G e n e r a t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s , H o s p i t a l i

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Montesquieu on the history and geography of political liberty

Montesquieu on the history and geography of political libert...

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作者： Clark, Rebecca Rudman Boston College

学位级别：Ph.D.

Montesquieu famously presents climate and terrain as enabling servitude in hot, fertile climes and on the exposed steppes of central Asia. He also traces England's exemplary constitution, with its balanced constitution, independent judiciary, and gentle criminal practices, to the unique conditions of early medieval northern Europe. The English "found" their government "in the forests" of Germany. There, the marginal, variegated terrain favored the dispersion of political power, and a pastoral way of life until well into the Middle Ages. In pursuing a primitive honor unrelated to political liberty as such, the barbaric franks accidentally established the rudiments of the most "well-tempered" government. His turn to these causes accidental to human purposes in Parts 3-6 begins with his analysis of the problem of unintended consequences in the history of political reform in Parts 1-2. While the idea of balancing political powers in order to prevent any one individual or group from dominating the rest has ancient roots, he shows that it has taken many centuries to understand just what needs to be balanced, and to learn to balance against one threat without inviting another. Knowledge of the administration of criminal justice has proven the most important to liberty, as well as the most difficult to acquire and put into practice. Montesquieu's attention to accidental causes sheds light on the contradictions within human nature, and the complex relationship between humans and their physical and conventional environments. He shows how nature provides support for both political liberty and for despotism. The wisdom of organizing government with a view to political liberty, as well as the means for doing so, does not follow from human nature in the abstract, but has required reflection on experiences with the consequences of actual governments. By highlighting the dependence of free politics on conditions outside the legislator's immediate control, he encourages reformers to

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , C l i m a t e , G o t h i c , L o u i s I X , K i n g o f f r

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Comparison of MMPI-2 validity scales to the Matrix-Predictive Uniform Law Enforcement Selection Evaluation

Comparison of MMPI-2 validity scales to the Matrix-Predictiv...

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作者： Baker Roberts, Stacey University of Hartford

学位级别：Psy.D.

Research has shown that the extent to which individuals will minimize symptoms on personality tests varies in all settings, including employment settings. The Matrix Predictive Uniform Law Enforcement Selection Evaluation contains two validity scales that measure for impression management and test taking attitude. However, as few validity studies on the M-PULSE have yet to be published, professional use of this instrument has been limited. The MMPI-2 is a widely accepted and well-researched instrument, and has been a commonly used instrument in police officer selection. Given the MMPI-2's history in both police officer selection and personality research, this study utilized it as a standard to which selected M-PULSE validity scales will be compared. Archival data from 9,951 police officer candidates was analyzed. This data included M-PULSE inventory test protocols, the MMPI-2 validity scale scores, individual demographic information, and career disciplinary records. This study found that statistically significant correlations exist between the M-PULSE validity scales and the MMPI-2. Implications for future research are discussed.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , P s y c h o l o g y , L a w e n f o r c e m e n t s c r e e n i

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An analysis of Million Adolescent Clinical Inventory scales in a group of male juvenile sex offenders

An analysis of Million Adolescent Clinical Inventory scales ...

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作者： Williams, Caitlin G. Adler School of Professional Psychology

学位级别：Psy.D.

This study analyzed the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) scales of 36 juvenile males who were charged and/or adjudicated with a sex offense. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there were differences in the MACI profiles of a group of male juvenile sex offenders (JSO) and a group of adolescent males at an inpatient facility (AIP). It explored the significant scale differences in which at least one of the group's scale base rate score reached the minimum threshold for significance (60 or above). Consistent with the hypotheses, there were significant differences between the JSO and the AIP. The two groups differed significantly on four Personality Patterns scales (Doleful, Submissive, Unruly, and Oppositional), two Expressed Concerns scales (Sexual Discomfort and family Discord) and three Clinical Syndromes scales (Substance Abuse Proneness, Delinquency Predisposition, and Impulsive Propensity). Of these significant differences, only two of these scales, Submissive and Sexual Discomfort, were more elevated in the JSO. With respect to the JSO's Modifying Indices, they were slightly elevated on the Desirability scale, suggesting an attempt to present themselves in a more positive manner. Results should be interpreted with caution, as the current study had some limitations, such as small group size, geographical and temporal differences in the groups, and the forensic, involuntary nature of the psychological evaluation processes from which the MACI was obtained in the JSO. Current findings will add to the literature on assessment, treatment, and supervision of juvenile sex offenders and hopefully encourage additional research on this population. Keywords: juvenile sex offenders, sex offense, personality, Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI).

关键词： j u v e n i l e s e x o f f e n d e r s , s e x o f f e n s e , p e r s o n a l i t y , M i l

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How mothers became workers and men became fathers The international expansion and diffusion of family policy, 1970-2011

How mothers became workers and men became fathers The intern...

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作者： Sprague-Jones, Jessica Indiana University

学位级别：Ph.D.

This dissertation is an inquiry into the development and transformation of family policy in advanced industrial societies from the end of the "Golden Age" of the welfare state to the contemporary period, when family policy has emerged as a central component of nearly all advanced welfare states. The period under study captures the major trends in family policy formation within the context of the interrelated social trends of women's increasing participation in the public sphere, declining fertility, increasing work pressure, and globalization. In order to understand cross-national changes in family policy, this dissertation asks three questions. first, is family policy expanding, and how? Second, are nations converging in family policy spending and adoption? Third, what social factors are associated with the widespread diffusion of parental leave? I find that expenditures on parental leave and publicly subsidized childcare are showing dramatic growth, while spending on cash allowances to families is actually in decline. furthermore, family policy is converging cross-nationally. Parental leave is a particularly powerful example of this trend, and key aspects of contemporary leave policy are associated with increasing levels of women in national legislatures and with processes of international learning. The overall pattern of change in family policy reveals that it has become a fundamental part of the standard welfare state policy package. In striking contrast to the policy landscape of just a few decades ago, in most countries provision of care is a public matter, rather than solely a private concern. This reveals a shift in the conception of how a family is organized, with a new default assumption that both parents act as earners and caregivers. These findings lend support to the theoretical premise that women policymakers bring new perspectives on caregiving, gendered expectations of their political agendas, and lessons from peer nations to enact policies that are

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , C o m p a r a t i v e , f a m i l y p o l i c y , G l o b a l i z

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An economic examination of state legal regimes within the U.S. system of federalism

An economic examination of state legal regimes within the U....

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作者： Dove, John A. West Virginia University

学位级别：Ph.D.

This dissertation is a collection of essays, each of which studies certain aspects of and differences between state legal frameworks within the U.S. Specifically, I analyze how even marginal differences between laws across the states can lead to radically different outcomes and incentives for both public and private actors. The first chapter explores state antitrust enforcement, as carried out by each state’s attorney general, to empirically test the potential policy business cycle that is created during elections for that office and for those sitting attorneys general that simultaneously pursue a gubernatorial position within their respective state. The second chapter applies Schumpeter’s (1942) process of creative destruction in the light of its impact on legal formation and creation. In particular, this chapter explores how the process of entrepreneurial creative destruction creates a gap in existing law and legal precedent, which simultaneously sets in motion a process of legal creative destruction. In this framework, entrepreneurs, at the margin, will shed the legal risks they face by shifting their activities to those jurisdictions that will most predictably create new law or legal precedent to cope with the new entrepreneurial processes or discoveries. The third chapter explores the sovereign debt crisis that swept the U.S. between 1839 and 1842, the aftermath of which caused eight states and one territory to default on their debt obligations, five of them eventually repudiating all or part of those obligations. This chapter further empirically analyzes the post default period when many states passed constitutional constraints meant to prevent future state governments from pursuing similar behavior through time. I test whether financial markets considered those constitutional constraints to be both binding and credible. Overall, the results suggest that markets did in fact react positively to these constitutional constraints, which allowed state governments t

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , A n t i t r u s t , D e f a u l t , f i s c a l f e d e r a l i s

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Work/life balance perceptions: An ethnographic study of African American women

Work/life balance perceptions: An ethnographic study of Afri...

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作者： Lewis, LaShunda Vontresse University of Phoenix

学位级别：D.B.A.

The purpose of the qualitative ethnographic research study was to determine if work/life balance concerns were relative to the underrepresentation of professional African American women in managerial and leadership positions in the United States workforce. The following research questions guided the study. What were the perceived work/life balance issues that led professional African American women classified as Generation X employees to avoid or leave managerial and leadership positions within the workforce? What were the perceived work/life balance concerns of professional African American women that affected retention rates within managerial and leadership positions within the workforce? What work/life balance programs should employers expend their attentions and resources to improve retention rates and long-term employment for the underrepresented African American women employees in managerial and leadership positions? Thirty-one professional African American women aged 32-46 in the northwestern region of florida participated study. The study explored the thoughts of those who terminated employment, opted to remain in the organization, or limited their professional growth up to a certain point. The study resulted in eight themes that related to the achievement of balance for the participants of the study. The participants provided their perceptions using a questionnaire containing 27 multiple choice and open-ended questions. The result of this study suggested a continued need to create opportunities for women to balance their work and life roles through supervisor/employee communication, organizational and supervisory support. This research offered a better understanding of the needs employees require to generate maximum productivity, satisfaction, and opportunities. Key words: work/life balance, communication, Generation X, African American

关键词： w o r k / l i f e b a l a n c e , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , G e n e r a t i o n X , A f r i c

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Variation in Dental Morphology and Bite force Along the Tooth Row in Anthropoids

Variation in Dental Morphology and Bite Force Along the Toot...

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作者： Lucas, Lynn Arizona State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Modern primate diet is well-studied because of its considerable influence on multiple aspects of morphology, including the shape of the facial skeleton and teeth. It is well-established that differences in craniofacial form influence feeding abilities by altering the nature of bite force production. Tooth morphology, likewise, has been shown to vary with diet across primates, particularly in the details of occlusal form. It has also been suggested that tooth form (e.g., tooth root size and shape and crown size) reflects, in part, the demands of resisting the stresses generated during feeding. However, while they are central to our efforts to infer diet in past species, the relationships between bite force production, craniofacial morphology and tooth form are not well-established. The current study is separated into two parts. In Part I, the hypothesis that crown size and root surface area are adapted to resist masticatory stress is evaluated by testing whether these features show correlated variation along the tooth row in a taxonomically diverse sample of primates. To further explore the adaptive nature of this correlation, pair-wise comparisons between primates with mechanically resistant diets and closely-related species consuming less resistant foods are performed. If crown size and root surface area covary along the tooth row, past research suggests they may be related to bite force. To test this hypothesis, Part II examines the variation of these dental characteristics in comparison to theoretically-derived bite force patterns along the tooth row. Results suggest that patterns of maximum bite force magnitude along the tooth row are variable both within and between species, underscoring the importance of individual craniofacial variation on masticatory force production. furthermore, it is suggested that some adaptations traditionally associated with high bite force production (i.e., facial orthognathy) may increase anterior biting force at the expense of poste

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , B i t e f o r c e , D i e t , f e e d i n g m e c h a n i c s ,

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