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作者： Brimo, Eric M. Capella University

学位级别：Ph.D.

There has been a great deal of controversy surrounding the growth of military style law enforcement tactical units, commonly referred to as Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams; however few empirical research studies have been conducted that examine how law enforcement officers belonging to these teams perceive this growing trend. SWAT teams and other similar military-style teams are now being used in over 90 percent of local, state and federal law enforcement agencies. This research study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the experiences of law enforcement officers through a phenomenological methodology in order to determine their understandings, perceptions, and feelings towards the influence of the military in their tactics. The results of the study found participants agreed with the use of military-influenced tactics, equipment, and strategies as a means of reducing the risks and dangers associated with resolving critical incidents in law enforcement.

关键词： S o c i a l s c i e n c e s , T a c t i c a l t e a m s , C r i m i n a l j u s t i c e , f e

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Perceptions are Everything: A Qualitative Study Exploring Leadership Styles at an Air force Personnel Center

Perceptions are Everything: A Qualitative Study Exploring Le...

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作者： Sampayo, Jaime Colorado Technical University

学位级别：D.M.

This qualitative, exploratory study captured the personal and professional lives of 20 managers at the Air Reserve Personnel Center (ARPC), in Denver, Colorado, regarding the most prevalent leadership style used at ARPC and the leadership style each manager individually currently employs. The researcher used one-on-one semi-structured investigative interviews using a theme identification process with two independent coders, to analyze the data obtained, discover themes, and find meaning to the exploratory approach. The data was analyzed for emerging themes, which derived from rich and descriptive data provided directly from the study's subjects through interview dialogue. The themes were then presented and interpreted. Key words: leadership, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, laissez-faire leadership, exploratory research, qualitative research

关键词： l e a d e r s h i p , t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p , t r a n s a c t i o n

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Oxidation of Dietary Stearic, Oleic, and Linoleic Acids in Growing Pigs follows a Biphasic Pattern

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JOURNAL Of NUTRITION 2011年第9期141卷 1657-1663页

作者： Bruininx, Erik van den Borne, Joost van Heugten, Eric van Milgen, Jaap Verstegen, Martin Gerrits, Walter Wageningen Univ Anim Nutr Grp Wageningen Netherlands Agrifirm Innovat Ctr Apeldoorn Netherlands N Carolina State Univ Dept Anim Sci Raleigh NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ Interdept Nutr Program Raleigh NC 27695 USA INRA UNIR Syst Elevage Nutr Anim & Humaine St Gilles France

We used the pig as a model to assess the effects of dietary fat content and composition on nutrient oxidation and energy partitioning in positive energy balance. Pigs weighing 25 kg were assigned to either: 1) a low fat-high starch diet, or 2) a high saturated-fat diet, or 3) a high unsaturated-fat diet. In the high-fat treatments, 20% starch was iso-energetically replaced by 10.8% lard or 10.2% soybean oil, respectively. for 7 d, pigs were fed twice daily at a rate of 1200 kJ digestible ***(-0-75).d(-1). Oral bolus doses of [U-C-13] glucose, [U-C-13] alpha-linoleate, [U-C-13] stearate, and [U-C-13] oleate were administered on d 1, 2, 4, and 6, respectively, and (CO2)-C-13 production was measured. Protein and fat deposition were measured for 7 d. fractional oxidation of fatty acids from the low-fat diet was lower than from the high-fat diets. Within diets, the saturated [U-C-13] stearate was oxidized less than the unsaturated [U-C-13] oleate and [U-C-13] linoleate. for the high unsaturated-fat diet, oxidation of [U-C-13] oleate was higher than that of [U-C-13] linoleate. In general, recovery of (CO2)-C-13 from labeled fatty acids rose within 2 h after ingestion but peaked around the next meal. This peak was induced by an increased energy expenditure that was likely related to increased eating activity. In conclusion, oxidation of dietary fatty acids in growing pigs depends on the inclusion level and composition of dietary fat. Moreover, our data suggest that the most recently ingested fatty acids are preferred substrates for oxidation when the direct supply of dietary nutrients has decreased and ATP requirements increase. J. Nutr. 141: 1657-1663, 2011.

关键词： BW bodyweight DE digestible energy DE m digestible energy requirements for maintenance ER total energy retention ER f energy retention as fat ER p energy retention as protein GE gross energy H act activity-related heat production H rest activity corrected heat production H tot total heat production L lard ME maintenance energy RQ respiratory quotient SO soybean oil ST starch

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An Examination of a Process Model of Physical Child Abuse: Considering Direct, Indirect, and Interactive Effects of Cumulative Socio-Contextual Risk on Markers of Physical Child Abuse in Mothers of Young Children

An Examination of a Process Model of Physical Child Abuse: C...

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作者： McGoron, Kathleen Lucy University of New Orleans

学位级别：Ph.D.

Understanding pathways to physical child abuse may aid in creating and implementing abuse prevention services. Yet studying child abuse in community samples of parents is fraught with challenges. One solution to these challenges is to examine markers of physical child abuse, rather than asking about abuse directly. The goal of the current investigation is to test a theoretical model of processes that increase the presence of four proximal risk factors, or markers, which have been linked to increased risk for physical child abuse in mothers of young children. The four markers of physical child abuse include: child abuse potential, over-reactive discipline, spanking acceptance, and mothers’ negative child perceptions. Positive associations between an accumulation socio-contextual risk and markers of physical abuse are hypothesized. An accumulation of socio-contextual risk is expected to indirectly predict markers of physical abuse by reducing parenting locus of control, or parents’ perceptions of control in the parent-child relationship. furthermore, social support and children’s externalizing behavior problems are expected to diminish or intensify this mediated process, respectively. Participants included 85 mothers of young children (ages 1½ to 5 years) from diverse backgrounds. Of the four markers of abuse, cumulative risk and parenting locus of control were correlated only with mothers’ child abuse potential and no statistical association between cumulative risk and parenting locus of control was found. Limited support for moderation hypotheses emerged. Theoretical implications are discussed. Keywords: Child abuse, parenting, parent beliefs, cumulative risk, early childhood

关键词： C h i l d a b u s e , p a r e n t i n g , p a r e n t b e l i e f s , c u m u l a t i v e r i

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Supplementation of Bitter Melon to Rats fed a High-fructose Diet During Gestation and Lactation Ameliorates fructose-Induced Dyslipidemia and Hepatic Oxidative Stress in Male Offspring

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JOURNAL Of NUTRITION 2011年第9期141卷 1664-1672页

作者： Ching, Rachel H. H. Yeung, Lilian O. Y. Tse, Iris M. Y. Sit, Wai-Hung Li, Edmund T. S. Univ Hong Kong Food & Nutr Sci Div Sch Biol Sci Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

This study examined the impact of maternal high-fructose intake and if metabolic control in the offspring could benefit from supplementing bioactive food components such as bitter melon (BM) to the maternal diet. In Expt. 1, virgin female rats received control (C), high-fructose (f;60%), or BM-supplemented fructose (fBM;1%) diet before conception until d 21 of lactation. Weaned male offspring were fed the C diet for 11 wk, forming C/C, f/C, and fBM/C groups. The f/C group had elevated serum insulin, TG, and ffA concentrations and hepatic lipid alterations compared with the C/C and fBM/C groups (P<0.05). The 2 latter groups did not differ. Expt. 2 had similar dam treatment groups, but offspring were weaned to the C or f diet, forming C/C, C/f, f/f, and fBM/f groups, and the dietary treatment was extended to 20 wk. The hepatic levels of stearyl-CoA desaturase and microsomal TG transfer protein mRNA were lower, but that of PPAR gamma coactivator 1-alpha and fibroblast growth factor 21 mRNA and fatty acid binding protein 1 protein were higher in the fBM/f group compared with the C/f and f/f groups (P<0.05), indicating that maternal BM supplementation may reduce lipogenesis and promote lipid oxidation in offspring. The fBM/f group had significantly higher activities of liver glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase than the f/f group. The results indicate that supplementing BM to dams could offset the adverse effects of maternal high-fructose intake on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in adult offspring. J. Nutr. 141: 1664-1672, 2011.

关键词： BfC bioactive food components BM bitter melon BW body weight C control CHL cholesterol C/C male offspring of control-fed dams that consumed the control diet postweaning C/f male offspring of control-fed dams that consumed the high-fructose diet postweaning f high-fructose fBM bitter melon-supplemented high-fructose diet f/C male offspring of high-fructose-fed dams that consumed the control diet postweaning f/f male offspring of high-fructose-fed dams that consumed the high-fructose diet postweaning fBM/C male offspring of bitter melon-supplemented high-fructose-fed dams that consumed the control diet postweaning fBM/f male offspring of bitter melon-supplemented high-fructose-fed dams that consumed the high-fructose diet postweaning

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Reliability of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

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HEARING RESEARCH 2011年第1-2期282卷 265-271页

作者： Valero, Michelle D. Ratnam, Rama Univ Texas San Antonio Dept Biol San Antonio TX 78249 USA

This study examines the test-retest reliability of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in ketamine-anesthetized common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). DPOAE gain functions were measured at 16 f(2)-frequencies between 3 and 24 kHz. Test-retest reliability was assessed at the following time intervals: (1) Interleaved, in which two gain functions were obtained at each frequency before advancing to the next frequency, (2) Immediate, wherein one gain function was collected at all f(2)-frequencies and the retest was immediately performed without removing the probe tip, (3) Short-term, in which the retest followed a 10-min period with the probe removed, and (4) Long-term, wherein the retest was performed at least one week after the initial test. Reliability was assessed using four correlation coefficients used in the literature. Test-retest reliability was best in the interleaved interval and worst in the short-term interval. In general, reliability was best when primary-tone levels were high. Correlation coefficients decreased at frequencies above 12-kHz in the short-term and long-term intervals, but the decrease was more substantial in females than in males in the long-term interval. At frequencies below 12 kHz, same-day measurements (2, 3) were less repeatable, regardless of whether the probe was removed, which may be due to time under anesthesia. These results have implications for DPOAE studies where repeated measures are required and when treatment or group differences are small. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： DPOAEs distortion-product otoacoustic emissions TEOAEs transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions L DP DPOAE level f 1 lower-frequency primary-tone f 2 higher-frequency primary-tone L 1 level of lower-frequency primary-tone L 2 level of higher-frequency primary-tone OHC outer hair cell SEM standard error of measurement SEMΔ standard error of the difference in measurements ICC intraclass correlation coefficient

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Micronutrient Supplementation Improves Physical Performance Measures in Asian Indian School-Age Children

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JOURNAL Of NUTRITION 2011年第11期141卷 2017-2023页

作者： Vaz, Mario Pauline, Maria Unni, Uma S. Parikh, Panam Thomas, Tinku Bharathi, A. V. Avadhany, Sandhya Muthayya, Sumithra Mehra, Ruchika Kurpad, Anura V. St Johns Natl Acad Hlth Sci St Johns Res Inst Bangalore Karnataka India St Johns Med Coll Dept Physiol Bangalore Karnataka India GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd Gurgaon India

Micronutrients are important in physical work capacity and therefore performance. The impact of a multi-micronutrient fortified nutritional beverage on physical performance measures among clinically healthy school-age children was assessed in a double-blind (for test and placebo groups), placebo-controlled, randomized trial in children aged between 7 and 10.5 y (n = 300). The participants with height- and weight-for-age Z-scores between 0 and 3 were randomized to 1 of 3 study arms: fortified choco-malt beverage powder (f), matched energy equivalent unfortified placebo (U), and untreated control (C). Participants in the f and C groups were given 40 g fortified (19 key vitamins and minerals) and unfortified choco-malt beverage, respectively, daily for 120 d. Primary efficacy outcomes included endurance and aerobic capacity using a 20-m shuttle test and step test. Other physical performance measures included speed (40-m sprint), visual reaction time, maximal hand grip, and forearm static endurance. Micronutrient status included thiamin, riboflavin, folate, niacin, iron, pyridoxal phosphate, and vitamins B-12 and C. All measurements were made at baseline and the end of the intervention. There was a within-subject increase in aerobic capacity and whole body endurance (P < 0.05) accompanied by a significant improvement in the status of iron thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxal phosphate, folate, and vitamins C and B-12 in the f group compared to the within-subject changes in the other 2 groups (P < 0.05). The study suggests that multiple micronutrient supplementation in similar populations may be beneficial in improving micronutrient status and enhancing aerobic capacity and endurance in children. J. Nutr. 141: 2017-2023, 2011.

关键词： C untreated control f fortified or test group Hb hemoglobin MET metabolic equivalent of task sTfR soluble transferrin receptor U unfortified or placebo group VO 2 max maximal oxygen uptake VO 2 peak peak oxygen uptake

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Application of Digital forensic Science to Electronic Discovery in Civil Litigation

Application of Digital Forensic Science to Electronic Discov...

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作者： Roux, Brian University of New Orleans

学位级别：Ph.D.

following changes to the federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 2006 dealing with the role of Electronically Stored Information, digital forensics is becoming necessary to the discovery process in civil litigation. The development of case law interpreting the rule changes since their enactment defines how digital forensics can be applied to the discovery process, the scope of discovery, and the duties imposed on parties. Herein, pertinent cases are examined to determine what trends exist and how they effect the field. These observations buttress case studies involving discovery failures in large corporate contexts along with insights on the technical reasons those discovery failures occurred and continue to occur. The state of the art in the legal industry for handling Electronically Stored Information is slow, inefficient, and extremely expensive. These failings exacerbate discovery failures by making the discovery process more burdensome than necessary. In addressing this problem, weaknesses of existing approaches are identified, and new tools are presented which cure these defects. By drawing on open source libraries, components, and other support the presented tools exceed the performance of existing solutions by between one and two orders of magnitude. The transparent standards embodied in the open source movement allow for clearer defensibility of discovery practice sufficiency whereas existing approaches entail difficult to verify closed source solutions. Legacy industry practices in numbering documents based on Bates numbers inhibit efficient parallel and distributed processing of electronic data into paginated forms. The failures inherent in legacy numbering systems are identified, and a new system is provided which eliminates these inhibiters while simultaneously better modeling the nature of electronic data which does not lend itself to pagination; such non-paginated data includes databases and other file types which are machine readable, but not human reada

关键词： D i g i t a l f o r e n s i c s , f o r e n s i c C o m p u t e r S c i e n c e , E l e c

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Openness and Strategic Aggressiveness as R&D Management Capabilities in the Context of Bio-pharmaceutical Industry

Openness and Strategic Aggressiveness as R&D Management Capa...

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作者： Kim, Hyunju Rachel Alliant International University

学位级别：D.B.A.

This exploratory study examined the interplay between R&D strategies, management capabilities and innovation in the biopharmaceutical industry using Ansoff's Success Model as the theoretical frame. It was necessary to develop a best fitting innovative management model biopharmaceutical executives can use to design and execute strategies for higher levels of innovation - a keystone to any pharmaceutical company's success. R&D strategies consisted of collaboration strategy (domestic) and offshore R&D strategy, while management capabilities included openness to networking, openness to new skills and technology, openness to information sharing and strategic aggressiveness. 88 R&D related managers from biopharmaceutical companies in the United States completed a questionnaire developed for this study. Descriptive statistics, correlation, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis were used to test the study's hypotheses. Main findings uncovered significant relationships between innovation and strategic aggressiveness, openness to networking, openness to new skills and technology, R&D collaboration strategies (domestic) and openness to information sharing. Additionally, results showed that collaboration had a multifaceted relationship with strategic aggressiveness and innovation. Using regression analysis, a best fitting innovation management model was developed where strategic aggressiveness and openness to informal networking were the strongest predictors. This study revealed that R&D strategies and management capabilities were contributors and predictors in achieving innovation in the biopharmaceutical industry. Thus, biopharmaceutical executives and R&D managers are provided additional tools, rooted in practical knowledge, to continue their innovative endeavors.

关键词： i n n o v a t i o n , o p e n n e s s , m a n a g e r i a l o p e n n e s s t o i n f o r

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Intestinal Glucose Absorption but Not Endogenous Glucose Production Differs between Colostrum- and formula-fed Neonatal Calves

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JOURNAL Of NUTRITION 2011年第1期141卷 48-55页

作者： Steinhoff-Wagner, Julia Goers, Solvig Junghans, Peter Bruckmaier, Rupert M. Kanitz, Ellen Metges, Cornelia C. Hammon, Harald M. Leibniz Inst Farm Anim Biol D-18196 Dummerstorf Germany Univ Bern CH-3001 Bern Switzerland

Glucose supply markedly changes during the transition to extrauterine life. In this study, we investigated diet effects on glucose metabolism in neonatal calves. Calves were fed colostrum (C;n = 7) or milk-based formula (f;n = 7) with similar nutrient content up to d 4 of life. Blood plasma samples were taken daily before feeding and 2 h after feeding on d 4 to measure glucose, lactate, nonesterified fatty acids, protein, urea, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol concentrations. On d 2, additional blood samples were taken to measure glucose first-pass uptake (fPU) and turnover by oral [U-C-13]-glucose and i.v. [6,6-H-2(2)]-glucose infusion. On d 3, endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis were determined by i.v. [U-C-13]-glucose and oral deuterated water administration after overnight feed deprivation. Liver tissue was obtained 2 h after feeding on d 4 and glycogen concentration and activities and mRNA abundance of gluconeogenic enzymes were measured. Plasma glucose and protein concentrations and hepatic glycogen concentration were higher (P < 0.05), whereas plasma urea, glucagon, and cortisol (d 2) concentrations as well as hepatic pyruvate carboxylase mRNA level and activity were lower (P < 0.05) in group C than in group f. Orally administered [U-C-13]-glucose in blood was higher (P < 0.05) but fPU tended to be lower (P < 0.1) in group C than in group f. The improved glucose status in group C resulted from enhanced oral glucose absorption. Metabolic and endocrine changes pointed to elevated amino acid degradation in group f, presumably to provide substrates to meet energy requirements and to compensate for impaired oral glucose uptake. J. Nutr. 141: 48-55, 2011.

关键词： AUC area under curve BW body weight DM dry matter eGP endogenous glucose production fPU first-pass uptake GIT gastrointestinal tract GNG gluconeogenesis C colostrum-fed group f formula-fed group G6Pase glucose-6-phophatase LSM least square means MPE molar percent excess NEfA nonesterified fatty acid PC pyruvate carboxylase PEPCK phospho enol pyruvate carboxykinase PGK phosphoglycerate kinase Ra rate of appearance

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