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作者： Kubena, Jiletta Leeanne Sam Houston State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Over the last few decades, there has been ongoing debate among researchers that compares and contrasts male and female criminality. While some theorists contend that female offending has not changed as drastically as arrest rates indicate, others point to a future where female offending will equal or exceed that of their male counterparts. Using the National Youth Survey family Study (NYSfS), this study examines the changes between male and female levels of delinquency across time by using the original NYSfS respondents and their offspring. findings indicate that despite the continued gender gap in overall delinquency, male offending rates have declined faster than female rates. The study then focuses on correlates of offending by testing an integrated theory. Both juvenile and young adult males and females from different generations are examined and results point to the continued usefulness of specific components of the integrated theory. The study also offers a better understanding of how modern juveniles and young adults have changed, and how these changes should be reflected in current policies and programming. KEY WORDS: female offending, male offending, social learning theory, control theory, strain theory, integrated theory, intergenerational

关键词： f e m a l e o f f e n d i n g , m a l e o f f e n d i n g , s o c i a l l e a r n i n g

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The “Community Question” in the State-led Urbanization Process of Post-reform China: A Case Study of Shanghai

The “Community Question” in the State-led Urbanization Pro...

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作者： Xu, Ying Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Hong Kong)

学位级别：Ph.D.

The fate of community in industrialized and urbanized society, generalized by Barry Wellman as the "community question" in the 1970s, has been extensively researched by urbanists and sociologists. The concept is mainly about examining the transformation of social networks when rural residents move to urban areas, and the ways urbanization processes affect social networks. Since the market-oriented economic reforms in 1978, Chinese cities have experienced rapid urbanization processes. Urbanization in China is perceived to be unique because of the country's peculiar institutional settings and urbanization policies. Therefore, this research focuses on the "community question" with regard to Chinese urbanization. It examines whether the unique urbanization process in post-reform China will lead to a response to the "community question" different from that in other countries. This research, with the example of urbanization led by state-initiated land requisition in Shanghai, finds that the transformation of farmers' social networks in the urbanization process of post-reform China is generally in line with the well-established argument of "community lost". However, there are still some different manifestations in the case of Chinese urbanization. (1) There are some peculiar changes in the structure of farmers' social networks during the urbanization process, such as the constitution of farmers' social networks, places and means of social contact; (2) The decline of interpersonal social ties among farmers is non-linear in the urbanization process, which is different from the common assertion of linear transformation in literature; (3) The dynamics between urbanization processes and social networks in post-reform China is dissimilar with that in other countries. finally, by applying the conceptual analytical framework that is developed based on the unique features of urbanization processes, this study has successfully explained the different manifestations on the "community

关键词： c o m m u n i t y q u e s t i o n , p o s t - r e f o r m C h i n a , s o c i a l n e t w

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Three essays on the role of information and communication technologies in organizations

Three essays on the role of information and communication te...

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作者： Ada, Serkan State University of New York at Buffalo

学位级别：Ph.D.

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have an essential role in today's organizations and ever-changing dynamic environments. ICT has substantial tangible and intangible impact on organizations not only in usual environments, but also in extreme environments. This dissertation is composed of three essays on the impact of ICT in organizations from organizational level and individual level perspectives. The first essay seeks to increase the understanding of ICT and its impacts on organizations. More specifically, this essay investigates whether and how time, managerial discretion, and organizational size influence the organizational impact of ICT. Based on a meta-analysis of 91 primary studies, the results of this essay show that there is an increase from 1980s to 1990s, and a decrease from 1990s to 2000s in terms of ICT payoffs, while ICT positively affected organizations at all time periods. The results also show that, large firms and firms operating in highly discretionary environments tend to outperform other firms. The findings of this essay are enriched with the feedback received from seven CIOs and provide important practical and research implications. The second essay focuses on the organizational impact of ICT from a methodological perspective. This essay examines how various methodological choices in the meta-analysis affect research outcomes. The essay also provides a discussion on the sensitivity of the theory-based hypotheses derived from the research on the organizational impact of ICT. Overall, findings suggest that researchers should be cognizant of their methodological choices, as they may be observing the phenomenon under different boundary conditions with different methodologies. following these two essays, which focus on the organizational impact of ICT in usual environments in organizations, the third essay examines the role of ICT in academic institutions in extreme environments. Dealing with the issue at the individual level, this ess

关键词： I C T , O r g a n i z a t i o n a l I m p a c t , P a y o f f , M e t a - a n a l y s i s ,

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Exploring the process of grief experienced by a parent following the death of a child

Exploring the process of grief experienced by a parent follo...

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作者： Ainsworth, Tina-Marie Sam Houston State University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Purpose. The overall purpose of my study was to determine how a bereaved parent might identify unique processes that exist among parents who have lost a child, that are not identifiable in other types of losses such as the loss of a sibling, parent, spouse, or other first degree relative. Previous research has identified the loss of a child to have a more significant, deeper impact than other. Central to the study was to discover, through a qualitative interview method, those things which a parent reported as being key processes in their experience. further it was the purpose of this study to delineate the specific actions of others that the parent found either helpful or non-helpful during the time following the death of the child. finally, the applicability of a stage model of grief related to the loss of a child was explored. A criterion based, convenience sample of six parents were interviewed relative to their personal experiences using semi-structured interview questions formulated based upon the research questions. Results. The results of this research indicate that for these parents, the death of their child was experienced as a deeper, more complicated grief than they experienced following the death of other first degree relatives, a construct found in previous research. from the case studies, specific examples of actions and/or expressions considered to be both helpful and non-helpful to the bereaved parent emerged. All six participants identified a desire for other people to verbally acknowledge the fact that they had suffered a great loss. They also related the need for others to continue to express caring through phone calls and other expressions of interest. Additionally, actions and/or expressions experienced as being harmful to parents during their grief were identified. They included having other people tell them: “I know how you feel”. finally, experiences related to the stage model of grief as described by Kubler-Ross (1969, 1970) were consistent

关键词： G r i e f , B e r e a v e m e n t , L o s s o f a c h i l d , P a r e n t a l g r i e f , B

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The Relationship between the Illegal Cultivation of Hard-Drug Plants and Revolutionary Wars, Ethnic Conflicts, and Corruption

The Relationship between the Illegal Cultivation of Hard-Dru...

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作者： Aslan, ferhat The Claremont Graduate University

学位级别：Ph.D.

This research analyzes the relationship between the illegal cultivation of hard-drug plants and the two factors of internal armed conflicts and corruption. The majority of the literature suggests that internal wars and corruption have a positive impact on the illegal cultivation. However, there are some other studies that reject any connection between them and imply an impact of weak state mechanism with no or little conflicts. Moreover, most of the discussions revolve around the case studies and there are too few studies systematically analyze and try to find a pattern between these phenomena. Trying to fill this gap, this study breaks down the internal armed conflicts as revolutionary and ethnic wars and illegal hard-drug plants as opium poppy and coca bush, and then, examines the connection between them. This study also breaks down the illegal cultivation as the presence and magnitude and the internal wars as the presence and intensity. The panel data include observations that cover 131 countries and the years between 1990 and 2008. The results support the impact of internal wars on the illegal cultivation rather than the situation of no relationship or weak state mechanism with no or little impact, and partially support the impact of corruption on the illegal cultivation. The findings revealed that presence of revolutionary wars have a positive impact on the presence of illegal cultivation of opium poppy and coca bush while the presence of ethnic wars do not. Additionally, corruption does not have a positive impact on the presence of opium poppy or coca bush cultivation. On the other hand, it was revealed that the more intense revolutionary war the larger coca bush cultivation and the more intense ethnic war the larger opium poppy cultivation. Additionally, corruption has a positive impact on the magnitude of opium poppy cultivation but not on the magnitude of coca bush cultivation. Keywords: Revolutionary wars, ethnic conflicts, corruption, natural resources, i

关键词： R e v o l u t i o n a r y w a r s , e t h n i c c o n f l i c t s , c o r r u p t i o n ,

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Properties of simulated path travel times

Properties of simulated path travel times

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作者： Alibabai, Hamed Northwestern University

学位级别：Ph.D.

Simulation has long been adopted in the study of traffic flow and transportation systems. Although simulation is a strong tool in generating and replicating traffic patterns, computing travel times and providing us with a better understanding of the relationship between variables of traffic flow systems, its mathematical properties are not well understood due to its rule-based and algorithmic nature. In the author’s view, one major obstacle to having a discussion about traffic flow simulation properties is the lack of a language by which such a discussion can occur. This dissertation seeks to overcome this void by defining a set of implicit variables and functions that facilitate the communication process regarding simulation models. To attain this goal, the simulation of traffic is modeled as a system consisting of elements, whose relations are easier to study. This approach is a reversal of sorts in the study of simulation models, considering that simulation models were initially designed to overcome the limitations of analytical methods, and therefore are not readily described by analytical equation. Some of the properties of traffic simulation models include shape in topographical view, continuity, monotonicity and sensitivity of outputs to inputs. The input variable of interest in this study is the path flow vector and the output of interest is the path travel time vector. These properties are investigated and their implications are discussed and some suggestions for overcoming some of the undesired properties are provided. Also this dissertation will provide an algorithmic framework for computing the sensitivity of the path travel time vector to the path flow vector. The sensitivities are necessary for capturing the marginal effects which is a requirement for improving the convergence of simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) and enhancing its application to problems such as system optimal traffic assignment and toll design. Another large applicatio

关键词： S i m u l a t e d p a t h t r a v e l t i m e , T r a f f i c f l o w s i m u l a t i o n

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Semi-solid rheocasting of grain refined aluminum alloy 7075

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中国有色金属学会会刊：英文版 2010年第S3期20卷 832-836页

作者： U.A.CURLE G.GOVENDER Materials Science and Manufacturing Council for Sci entific and Industrial Research(South Africa)

Near-net shape rheocasting with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Rheo casting system(CSIR-RCS) and a high pressure die casting machine was successfully performed on Al-5Ti-1B grain refined aluminum alloy *** refinement levels used were 0.03% Ti,0.13% Ti and 0.29% Ti(mass fraction).Tensile tests reveal that the ultimate tensile strengths,at all levels of grain refinement,are at least 97% of the specified *** at fracture increases with the increase of level of grain refinement although a maximum elongation is only 76% of the required minimum elongation in the case of 0.29% *** melting,during solution treatment,of the low melting point multinary eutectic causes porosity in the material and accounts for poor elongation results.0.03% Ti has a coarse eutectic structure forming larger pores while 0.29% Ti has a fine structure forming fine pores in the multinary *** 0.2% offset yield strengths of all the grain refinement levels are at least equal to or above the specified minimum and a decrease is observed with the increase of grain refinement *** is a clear reduction in grain size from 0.03% Ti to 0.29% Ti in the as-cast *** underlying grain structure develops in the T6 condition material which has an inverse size to the as-cast structure;coarse grained as-cast material results in fine grained T6 condition material after solution heat *** decrease in the offset yield strength as grain refinement increases correlates very strongly with the T6 grain sizes according to a Hall-Petch type relationship.

关键词： CSIR-RCS 7075 Al-5Ti-1B high pressure die casting f condition T6 condition incipient melting

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Person-Organization fit as a Barrier to Employee Creativity

Person-Organization Fit as a Barrier to Employee Creativity

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作者： farabee, Angela M. University of Missouri - Saint Louis

学位级别：Ph.D.

The relationship between person-organization fit (PO fit) and creativity was investigated in this study. Based on the attraction-selection-attrition framework (Schneider, 1987), over time organizational members become more homogeneous (e.g., on cultural values) which may be less conducive for individual employee creativity. Person-organization fit, defined as congruence on the non-creativity values from the competing values model (Quinn, 1988), was hypothesized to negatively relate to creativity. This had partial support for internal processes value fit when considering individuals in a low creative culture, otherwise it was unsupported. It was also hypothesized and moderately supported that fit on creativity/innovation value would be positively related to creativity. Individual conformity preference and willingness to take risks were included as moderators. Risk-taking was the only significant moderator and was only significant for the relationship between creativity/innovation value fit and creativity. Based on an exploratory analysis, anticipated reward for creativity was the largest positive predictor of creativity compared to fit and other predictors of creativity. A sample of currently working or previously employed undergraduate and graduate students served as participants and the outcome variable (i.e., creativity) was collected from supervisors and coworkers. Differences in the results between self and other ratings are discussed.

关键词：＜ / i t a l i c ＞ P e r s o n - o r g a n i z a t i o n f i t , c r e a t i v i t y , c

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Electrospun Teflon Af fibers for superhydrophobic membranes

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JOURNAL Of MATERIALS RESEARCH 2010年第8期25卷 1595-1600页

作者： Scheffler, Raymond Bell, Nelson S. Sigmund, Wolfgang Univ Florida Dept Mat Sci & Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM 87123 USA Hanyang Univ Dept Energy Engn Seoul 133791 South Korea

Superhydrophobic membranes have the potential to protect devices from incidental exposure to water. This paper reports on the processing of Teflon Af fluoropolymers through electrospinning. Teflon Af is difficult to electrospin due to its low dielectric constant and the low dielectric constants of the liquids in which it is soluble. The two approaches that have been utilized to produce fibers are direct electrospinning in Novec engineering liquids and core-shell electrospinning. Both methods produced superhydrophobic membranes. fibers with an average diameter of 290 nm and average water contact angle of 151 degrees were obtained by core-shell electrospinning. One suggested application for electrospun superhydrophobic membranes is the lithium-air battery.

关键词： f Nanostructure Polymer

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Succession in family businesses: Experiences of daughter CEOs

Succession in family businesses: Experiences of daughter CEO...

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作者： Humphreys, Margaret M. C. Fielding Graduate University

学位级别：Ph.D.

This qualitative research explores succession in family businesses by studying the succession experiences of women at the helm: all daughter successors. It provides a comprehensive insider view of the succession process and a glimpse into the lives of the successors. The findings show the succession process unfolds gradually and is heavily influenced by the dynamic interactions of incumbent, successor, and business. This triad is central, although several contextual layers impact succession. There is a continuous interchange between family and business systems. family influence is strongest on succession when family culture is well established, whether harmonious or acrimonious. A close mentoring relationship between successor and incumbent appeared as the preferred vehicle to transfer leadership. The successors are dedicated, hold high intrinsic value for their work, and have relevant educational and business credentials. They make changes in their organizations and have a propensity to apply their superior interpersonal skills in family and business situations. The successions involved managing the diametrically opposed demands of membership in family and business systems. The literature review traces the pattern and trajectory of scholarly activity in the field of family business studies and specifically addresses the research related to women in family business. It identifies key researchers of the day and analyzes the content of their discourse. Succession is found to be the most-researched topic in family business, whereas daughter successors are among the least-researched. Areas indicated for further research include systems level inquiry to succession, the role of mentoring during succession, and the influence of emotional competence as a successor quality. This study suggests those helping family business would be well advised to gain an understanding of the family's architecture and ought be wary of applying standard business models to family firms. Key Wo

关键词： f a m i l y b u s i n e s s ； d a u g h t e r s u c c e s s o r s ； s u c c e s s i o n

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