The article draws attention to the forgotten ancestry of the four steps of comparison model (description - interpretation - juxtaposition - comparison). Comparativists largely attribute this to George *** [1964. Compa...
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The article draws attention to the forgotten ancestry of the four steps of comparison model (description - interpretation - juxtaposition - comparison). Comparativists largely attribute this to George *** [1964. Comparative Method in Education. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart and Winston], but among German scholars, it is mostly attributed to franz Hilker [1962. Vergleichende Padagogik. Munchen: Max Hueber]. Who, then, is the rightful author of the model? This article attempts to answer this question. The methodological approaches of the two authors will be compared and contextualised in respect to their academic lives, especially through the 1950s and 1960s. Hilker and Bereday both referred to each other's publications on several occasions, which indicates a close communication between them. In contrast to the Anglophone dominance of scientific journals today, their way of practising comparative education was multilingual. Their cooperation with the nascent national academic associations of those times is also examined. finally, the epistemological characteristics of the four steps model, including its limitations, and value for the field of comparative education today, are evaluated.
Überhöhte Konzentrationen gelöster Substanzen oder Abflusshindernisse führen im Körper zur Steinbildung, am häufigsten in form von Gallen- und Nierensteinen. Steine können über ...
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Überhöhte Konzentrationen gelöster Substanzen oder Abflusshindernisse führen im Körper zur Steinbildung, am häufigsten in form von Gallen- und Nierensteinen. Steine können über längere Zeit symptomlos bleiben, führen jedoch zu plötzlichen und heftigen Beschwerden, wenn sie Ausführgänge oder andere flüssigkeitsführende Gefäße verlegen. Im akuten fall müssen die Ursachen ärztlich abgeklärt und die Steine eventuell chirurgisch entfernt werden, ansonsten stehen naturheilkundliche Therapien wie entkrampfende oder durchspülende Tees zur Verfügung.
目的探讨粉尘螨1类变应原（Pro Der f 1）两种酶解产物（木瓜蛋白酶水解产物、胰蛋白酶水解产物）对过敏性哮喘特异性免疫治疗的效果。方法 50只6~8周龄的SPf雌性小鼠随机分为磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）组、哮喘组、Pro Der f 1蛋白治疗组、...
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目的探讨粉尘螨1类变应原（Pro Der f 1）两种酶解产物（木瓜蛋白酶水解产物、胰蛋白酶水解产物）对过敏性哮喘特异性免疫治疗的效果。方法 50只6~8周龄的SPf雌性小鼠随机分为磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）组、哮喘组、Pro Der f 1蛋白治疗组、木瓜蛋白酶水解产物免疫治疗组和胰蛋白酶水解产物免疫治疗组5组,每组各10只。用纯化的Pro De rf1蛋白于第0、7、14天腹腔注射致敏小鼠,第21天开始雾化吸入激发、连续7 d。各免疫治疗组于第25~27天雾化前30 min分别用Pro De rf1蛋白和其酶解产物进行特异性免疫治疗,PBS组用PBS进行腹腔注射和雾化激发。最后一次雾化激发后24 h内,各组小鼠引颈处死。观察各组小鼠肺组织病理变化,ELISA测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALf）和脾细胞培养上清中IL-4、IL-10、IL-17和IfN-γ含量及血清特异性抗体Ig E、Ig G2a水平。结果各免疫治疗组对Pro Der f 1哮喘小鼠进行免疫治疗后,肺组织切片观察表明：酶解产物治疗组和Pro Der f 1蛋白治疗组变态反应性炎症较哮喘组显著减轻,且炎性细胞浸润较哮喘组也显著减少,气道上皮结构与PBS组相近。Pro Der f 1蛋白治疗组、木瓜蛋白酶水解产物免疫治疗组、胰蛋白酶水解产物免疫治疗组和哮喘组小鼠BALf中的IL-4含量分别为（231.61±11.73）、（206.20±14.33）、（200.44±9.34）、（299.68±12.46）pg/ml,IL-10含量分别为（361.87±13.62）、（376.27±20.57）、（413.57±12.98）、（171.28±19.79）pg/ml,IL-17含量为（142.12±5.01）、（128.27±5.34）、（130.79±6.30）、（273.59±11.56）pg/ml,IfN-γ含量为（229.60±11.32）、（269.13±11.98）、（282.25±19.65）、（147.76±11.36）pg/ml;各治疗组和哮喘组小鼠脾细胞分泌因子IL-4含量分别为（218.54±12.62）、（220.21±10.73）、（201.59±18.54）、（256.86±15.53）pg/ml,IL-10含量分别为（360.45±13.10）、（383.41±19.81）、（413.51±13.14）、（173.50±20.25）pg/ml,IL-17含量为（154.23±5.18）、（137.72±6.66）、（141.01±7.35）、（297.55±8.97）pg/ml,IfN-γ含量为（243.22±25.01）、（275.20±14.65）、（284.67±25.87）、（154.54±17.45）pg/ml;各治疗组和哮喘组小鼠血清中Ig E抗体含量分别为（309.66±13.56）、（256.61±40.64）、（248.83±10.51）、（359.60±29.48）μg/ml,Ig G2a抗体含量分别为（8.87±0.82）、（9.15±0.83）、（10.56±1.68）、（7.04±0.42）μg/ml。各免疫治疗组血清抗原特异性Ig E抗体、BALf和脾细胞分泌的IL-4、IL-17均比哮喘组低;血清抗原特异性抗体Ig G2a、BALf和脾细胞培养上清中IfN-γ、IL-10含量均比哮喘组高。结论应用上述两种蛋白酶水解产物对小鼠哮喘模型进行特异性免疫治疗,可有效改善由Pro Der f 1蛋白致敏的小鼠变态反应性气道及肺部炎症。
Silicon carbide (SiC) is used as a layer in TRISO fuel of high temperature gas-cooled reactors because of its excellent thermal and mechanical properties. SiC fiber-reinforced SiC composites (SiC f /SiC) are also a ca...
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Silicon carbide (SiC) is used as a layer in TRISO fuel of high temperature gas-cooled reactors because of its excellent thermal and mechanical properties. SiC fiber-reinforced SiC composites (SiC f /SiC) are also a candidate material for structural material for fusion reactor blanket and cladding materials of advance fission reactors. In this research, seven of monolithic SiC or SiC f /SiC composites materials with different fabrication processes were irradiated in the BR2 reactor up to a fluence of 2.0-2.5×10 24 (E>0.1 MeV) at 333-363 K. Changes in macroscopic lengths and lattice parameters before and after the neutron irradiation were measured. furthermore, microstructure of SiC f /SiC composites was investigated using a scanning electron microscope, too. Results showed that after the neutron irradiation, the group of SiC and SiC f /SiC composites were swelled approximately 1.24∼1.33% and 1.00∼1.19% in length, respectively. Apparently the presence offibers resulted in smaller swelling. It may be attributed for smaller swelling of SiC fibers. further difference in swelling may be caused by the presence of different sintering additives.
fluorine co-implantation is used in advanced semiconductor device manufacturing for defect engineering, shallow junction formation, and material modification. A common setup for fluorine implantation includes feeding ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781538668283
fluorine co-implantation is used in advanced semiconductor device manufacturing for defect engineering, shallow junction formation, and material modification. A common setup for fluorine implantation includes feeding a fluoride dopant source gas into the ion source to provide fluorine (f) as one of the dissociation byproducts. Use offluorine containing feed gases creates a halogen cycle which can negatively impact ion source performance, source life, implant tool productivity and cost of tool ownership. However, there has been a significant interest in improving fluorine ion beam performance considering its broad potential applications. This paper presents initial results offluorine beam evaluation of common dopant candidates (Bf3, Sif4, and Gef4) and related hydrogen co-mixtures for added process efficiency and tool productivity improvements.
AIM: To study immunogenicity of outer membrane protein f(Opr f) fused with B subunit of LT(LTB), against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa). METHODS: The Opr f, a major surface exposed outer membrane protein that i...
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AIM: To study immunogenicity of outer membrane protein f(Opr f) fused with B subunit of LT(LTB), against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa). METHODS: The Opr f, a major surface exposed outer membrane protein that is antigenically conserved in various strains of P. aeruginosa, is a promising immunogen against P. aeruginosa. In the present study recombinant Opr f and Opr f-LTB fusion gene was cloned, expressed and purified. BALB/c mice and rabbits were immunized using recombinant Opr f and Opr f-LTB and challenged at the burn site with P. aeruginosa lethal dose of 104 CfU. The protective efficacy of rabbit anti Opr f Ig G against P. aeruginosa burn infection was investigated by passive immunization. RESULTS: It has been well established that the LTB is a powerful immunomodulator with strong adjuvant activity. LTB as a bacterial adjuvant enhanced immunogenicity of Opr f and anti Opr f Ig G titer in serum was increased. Experimental findings showed significantly higher average survival rate in burned mice immunized with Opr f-LTB than immunized with Opr f or the control group. Rabbits anti Opr f Ig G brought about 75% survival of mice following challenge with P. aeruginosa. Post challenge hepatic and splenic tissues of mice group immunized with Opr f-LTB had significantly lower bacterial load than those immunized with Opr f or the control groups. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that LTBfused Opr f might be a potential candidate protein for a prophylactic measure against P. aeruginosa in burn infection.
In six short chapters, covering 1934 to 1940, the fifty-year-old Alfred Kazin self-assuredly serves as Virgil guiding readers, along with his younger self, through the mythic Red Decade in a style that delivers straig...
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In six short chapters, covering 1934 to 1940, the fifty-year-old Alfred Kazin self-assuredly serves as Virgil guiding readers, along with his younger self, through the mythic Red Decade in a style that delivers straight-up lectures intercalated with show-and-tell. What did Kazin do and how did he do it?
Eight novel Schiff Bases, from 6,6′-diformyl-2,2′-bipyridyl (1a, 43%)with O, N, S and f containing amines: Thiosemicarbazide (2a, 70%), 4-Ethyl-3-thiosemicabazide (2b, 75%), 4,4-Dimethyl-3-thio-semicarbazide (2c, 75...
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Eight novel Schiff Bases, from 6,6′-diformyl-2,2′-bipyridyl (1a, 43%)with O, N, S and f containing amines: Thiosemicarbazide (2a, 70%), 4-Ethyl-3-thiosemicabazide (2b, 75%), 4,4-Dimethyl-3-thio-semicarbazide (2c, 75%), S-benzyldithiocarbazide, SBDTC (2d, 80%), (Trifluromethyl) phenylhy-drazine (2e, 80%), 4-Phenyl-3-thiosemcarbazide (2f, 80%), Thiocarbazide (2g, 70%), 2-Amino-thiophenol (2h, 65%), have been synthesized. The conventional method of synthesis of the Schiff bases involves refluxing the reaction mixture containing the diformyls and amines for 1 hour. The solid products that had formed were filtered off using suction filtration. In few reactions, 2 - 3 drops of conc. sulfuric acid were used to obtain high yield. The structures of all eight novel synthesized compounds have fully been characterized by spectroscopic (IR, NMR, MS) methods.
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