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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2008年第2期34卷 162-180页

作者： Apel, Sven Leich, Thomas Saake, Gunter Univ Passau Dept Math & Informat D-94030 Passau Germany Metop Res Inst Dept Appl Informat D-39106 Magdeburg Germany Univ Magdeburg Sch Comp Sci D-39106 Magdeburg Germany

Two programming paradigms are gaining attention in the overlapping fields of software product lines (SPLs) and incremental software development (ISD). feature-oriented programming (FOP) aims at large-scale compositional programming and feature modularity in SPLs using ISD. Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) focuses on the modularization of crosscutting concerns in complex software. Although feature modules, the main abstraction mechanisms of FOP, perform well in implementing large-scale software building blocks, they are incapable of modularizing certain kinds of crosscutting concerns. This weakness is exactly the strength of aspects, the main abstraction mechanisms of AOP. We contribute a systematic evaluation and comparison of FOP and AOP. It reveals that aspects and feature modules are complementary techniques. Consequently, we propose the symbiosis of FOP and AOP and aspectual feature modules (AFMs), a programming technique that integrates feature modules and aspects. We provide a set of tools that support implementing AFMs on top of Java and C++. We apply AFMs to a nontrivial case study demonstrating their practical applicability and to justify our design choices.

关键词： feature-oriented programming aspect-oriented programming software product lines incremental software development collaboration-based design separation of concerns crosscutting modularity

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Scaling step-wise refinement

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2004年第6期30卷 355-371页

作者： Batory, D Sarvela, JN Rauschmayer, A Univ Texas Dept Comp Sci Austin TX 78712 USA Univ Munich Inst Informat D-80538 Munich Germany

Step-wise refinement is a powerful paradigm for developing a complex program from a simple program by adding features incrementally. We present the AHEAD (Algebraic Hierarchical Equations for Application Design) model that shows how step-wise refinement scales to synthesize multiple programs and multiple noncode representations. AHEAD shows that software can have an elegant, hierarchical mathematical structure that is expressible as nested sets of equations. We review a tool set that supports AHEAD. As a demonstration of its viability, we have bootstrapped AHEAD tools from equational specifications, refining Java and non-Java artifacts automatically;a task that was accomplished only by ad hoc means previously.

关键词： specification design notations and documentation representation design concepts methodologies data abstraction extensible languages program synthesis feature-oriented programming refinement

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A Calculus for Uniform feature Composition

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON programming LANGUAGES AND SYSTEMS 2010年第5期32卷 19-19.33页

作者： Apel, Sven Hutchins, Delesley Univ Passau Dept Math & Informat D-94032 Passau Germany MZA Associates Corp Albuquerque NM 87106 USA

The goal of feature-oriented programming (FOP) is to modularize software systems in terms of features. A feature refines the content of a base program. Both base programs and features may contain various kinds of software artifacts, for example, source code in different languages, models, build scripts, and documentation. We and others have noticed that when composing features, different kinds of software artifacts can be refined in a uniform way, regardless of what they represent. We present gDEEP, a core calculus for feature composition, which captures the language independence of FOP;it can be used to compose features containing many different kinds of artifact in a type-safe way. The calculus allows us to gain insight into the principles of FOP and to define general algorithms for feature composition and validation. We provide the formal syntax, operational semantics, and type system of gDEEP and outline how languages like Java, Haskell, Bali, and XML can be plugged in.

关键词： Design Languages Theory feature-oriented programming feature composition type systems principle of uniformity

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Type safety for feature-oriented product lines

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AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2010年第3期17卷 251-300页

作者： Apel, Sven Kaestner, Christian Groesslinger, Armin Lengauer, Christian Univ Passau Dept Math & Informat Passau Germany Univ Magdeburg Sch Comp Sci D-39106 Magdeburg Germany

A feature-oriented product line is a family of programs that share a common set of features. A feature implements a stakeholder's requirement and represents a design decision or configuration option. When added to a program, a feature involves the introduction of new structures, such as classes and methods, and the refinement of existing ones, such as extending methods. A feature-oriented decomposition enables a generator to create an executable program by composing feature code solely on the basis of the feature selection of a user-no other information needed. A key challenge of product line engineering is to guarantee that only well-typed programs are generated. As the number of valid feature combinations grows combinatorially with the number of features, it is not feasible to type check all programs individually. The only feasible approach is to have a type system check the entire code base of the feature-oriented product line. We have developed such a type system on the basis of a formal model of a feature-oriented Java-like language. The type system guaranties type safety for feature-oriented product lines. That is, it ensures that every valid program of a well-typed product line is well-typed. Our formal model including type system is sound and complete.

关键词： feature featherweight Java feature-oriented programming Software product lines Type systems Safe composition

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Flexible feature binding in software product lines

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AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2011年第2期18卷 163-197页

作者： Rosenmueller, Marko Siegmund, Norbert Apel, Sven Saake, Gunter Univ Magdeburg Sch Comp Sci D-39106 Magdeburg Germany Univ Passau Dept Math & Informat Passau Germany

A software product line (SPL) is a family of programs that share assets from a common code base. The programs of an SPL can be distinguished in terms of features, which represent units of program functionality that satisfy stakeholders' requirements. The features of an SPL can be bound either statically at program compile time or dynamically at run time. Both binding times are used in SPL development and have different advantages. For example, dynamic binding provides high flexibility whereas static binding supports fine-grained customizability without any impact on performance (e.g., for use on embedded systems). However, contemporary techniques for implementing SPLs force a programmer to choose the binding time already when designing an SPL and to mix different implementation techniques when multiple binding times are needed. We present an approach that integrates static and dynamic feature binding seamlessly. It allows a programmer to implement an SPL once and to decide per feature at deployment time whether it should be bound statically or dynamically. Dynamic binding usually introduces an overhead regarding resource consumption and performance. We reduce this overhead by statically merging features that are used together into dynamic binding units. A program can be configured at run time by composing binding units on demand. We use feature models to ensure that only valid feature combinations can be selected at compile and at run time. We provide a compiler and evaluate our approach on the basis of two non-trivial SPLs.

关键词： Software product lines feature binding time feature-oriented programming feature composition Static binding Dynamic binding

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Quantifying structural attributes of system decompositions in 28 feature-oriented software product lines

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2016年第4期21卷 1670-1705页

作者： Sobernig, Stefan Apel, Sven Kolesnikov, Sergiy Siegmund, Norbert WU Vienna Vienna Austria Univ Passau Passau Germany

A key idea of feature orientation is to decompose a software product line along the features it provides. feature decomposition is orthogonal to object-oriented decomposition-it crosscuts the underlying package and class structure. It has been argued often that feature decomposition improves system structure by reducing coupling and by increasing cohesion. However, recent empirical findings suggest that this is not necessarily the case. In this exploratory, observational study, we investigate the decompositions of 28 feature-oriented software product lines into classes, features, and feature-specific class fragments. The product lines under investigation are implemented using the feature-oriented programming language Fuji. In particular, we quantify and compare the internal attributes import coupling and cohesion of the different product-line decompositions in a systematic, reproducible manner. For this purpose, we adopt three established software measures (e.g., coupling between units, CBU;internal-ratio unit dependency, IUD) as well as standard concentration statistics (e.g., Gini coefficient). In our study, we found that feature decomposition can be associated with higher levels of structural coupling in a product line than a decomposition into classes. Although coupling can be concentrated in very few features in most feature decompositions, there are not necessarily hot-spot features in all product lines. Interestingly, feature cohesion is not necessarily higher than class cohesion, whereas features are more equal in serving dependencies internally than classes of a product line. Our empirical study raises critical questions about alleged advantages of feature decomposition. At the same time, we demonstrate how our measurement approach of coupling and cohesion has potential to support static and dynamic analyses of software product lines (i.e., type checking and feature-interaction detection) by facilitating product sampling.

关键词： Software product lines feature-oriented programming Fuji Structural coupling Structural cohesion Software measurement

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featureIDE: An extensible framework for feature-oriented software development

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2014年 79卷 70-85页

作者： Thuema, Thomas Kaestner, Christian Benduhn, Fabian Meinicke, Jens Saake, Gunter Leich, Thomas Univ Magdeburg D-39106 Magdeburg Germany Univ Marburg D-35032 Marburg Germany METOP GmbH Magdeburg Germany

featureIDE is an open-source framework for feature-oriented software development (FOSD) based on Eclipse. FOSD is a paradigm for the construction, customization, and synthesis of software systems. Code artifacts are mapped to features, and a customized software system can be generated given a selection of features. The set of software systems that can be generated is called a software product line (SPL). featureIDE supports several FOSD implementation techniques such as feature-oriented programming, aspect-oriented programming, delta-oriented programming, and preprocessors. All phases of FOSD are supported in featureIDE, namely domain analysis, requirements analysis, domain implementation, and software generation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： feature-oriented software development Software product lines feature modeling feature-oriented programming Aspect-oriented programming Delta-oriented programming Preprocessors Tool support

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feature-oriented contract composition

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2019年 152卷 83-107页

作者： Thuem, Thomas Knueppel, Alexander Krueger, Stefan Bolle, Stefanie Schaefer, Ina TU Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany Paderborn Univ Paderborn Germany

A software product line comprises a set of products that share a common code base, but vary in specific characteristics called features. Ideally, features of a product line are developed in isolation and composed subsequently. Product lines are increasingly used for safety-critical software, for which quality assurance becomes indispensable. While the verification of product lines gained considerable interest in research over the last decade, the subject of how to specify product lines is only covered rudimentarily. A challenge to overcome is composition;similar to inheritance in object-oriented programming, features of a product line may refine other features along with their specifications. To investigate how refinement and composition of specifications can be established, we derive a notion of feature-oriented contracts comprising preconditions, postconditions, and framing conditions of a method. We discuss six mechanisms to perform contract composition between original and refining contracts. Moreover, we identify and discuss desired properties for contract composition and evaluate which properties are established by which mechanism. Our three main insights are that (a) contract refinement is seldom but crucial, (b) the Liskov principle does not apply to features, and (c) it is sufficient to accommodate techniques from object-orientation in the contract-composition mechanisms for handling frame refinements. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： feature-oriented programming Software product lines Design by contract Deductive verification Formal methods

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Data flow testing of feature-oriented programs

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM ASSURANCE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2022年第5期13卷 2291-2306页

作者： Sahu, Madhusmita Mohapatra, Durga Prasad Natl Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Rourkela 769008 Odisha India

We propose an approach to perform data flow testing of feature-oriented programs. In our approach, we use a data flow model to represent flow of data across the mixin layers and classes. The model is represented as a control flow graph named composed control flow graph (CCFG). The CCFG depicts flow of control between various program statements. Then, we define different levels of testing to test a feature-oriented program inside a mixin layer and across mixin layers. Then, we compute def-use pairs for each variable in the program and design test cases randomly to exercise each def-use pair.

关键词： Data flow testing feature-oriented programming Mixin layer Def-use pair Composed control flow graph (CCFG)

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A quantitative and qualitative assessment of aspectual feature modules for evolving software product lines

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2014年第Part2期96卷 230-253页

作者： Gaia, Felipe Nunes Sousa Ferreira, Gabriel Coutinho Figueiredo, Eduardo Maia, Marcelo de Almeida Univ Fed Uberlandia Uberlandia MG Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil

feature-oriented programming (FOP) and Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) are programming techniques based on composition mechanisms, called refinements and aspects, respectively, These techniques are assumed to be good variability mechanisms for implementing Software Product Lines (SPLs). Aspectual feature Modules (AFM) is an approach that combines advantages of feature modules and aspects to increase concern modularity. Some guidelines on how to integrate these techniques have been established in some studies, but these studies do not focus the analysis on how effectively AFM can preserve the modularity and stability facilitating SPL evolution. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the simultaneous use of aspects and features through the AFM approach facilitates the evolution of SPLs. The quantitative data were collected from two SPLs developed using four different variability mechanisms: (1) feature modules, aspects and aspects refinements of AFM, (2) aspects of aspect-oriented programming (AOP), (3) feature modules of feature-oriented programming (FOP), and (4) conditional compilation (CC) with object-oriented programming. Metrics for change propagation and modularity were calculated and the results support the benefits of the AFM option in a context where the product line has been evolved with addition or modification of crosscutting concerns. However a drawback of this approach is that refactoring components' design requires a higher degree of modifications to the SPL structure. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Software product lines feature-oriented programming Aspect-oriented programming Aspectual feature modules Variability mechanisms

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