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Dynamic centralized control and intelligent load management system of a remote residential building with V2H technology

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JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2022年 52卷

作者： Elkholy, M. H. Metwally, Hamid Farahat, M. A. Nasser, M. Senjyu, Tomonobu Lotfy, Mohammed Elsayed Zagazig Univ Fac Engn Elect Power & Machines PO 44519 Zagazig Egypt Univ Ryukyus Dept Elect & Elect Engn Nishihara Okinawa 9030213 Japan Zagazig Univ Fac Engn Dept Elect & Commun Engn PO 44519 Zagazig Egypt

Energy is the main engine and the active element for all growth and development. It is the basic element for all sectors of the economy and a companion to human life. It is also not forgotten that most of the energy used in the whole world is traditional and unsustainable energy, as well as polluting the environment and causing harmful emissions. Sustainable is based primarily on environmental protection. Massive population growth is accompanied by a significant increase in energy consumption. Currently, most countries are turning to rely mainly on renewable energy sources. To achieve the maximum benefit from the energy, the tendency is to manage energy within the home to avoid the occurrence of energy losses. In this paper, an efficient home energy management system (HEMS) is proposed. This system is based on the use of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for home energy management. The proposed HEMS takes into account both generation and consumption as FPGA manages the feeding process through the sources. The prototype is implemented using Altera Cyclone IV EP4CE6 FPGA board using QUARTUS II software. The home is fed through PV, wind and fuel cells (FC) sources. If there is a shortage in energy production and the three sources are unable to cover the loads, the batteries enter into service to cover this shortage. If the sources and batteries are unable to cover the required loads, the EV contributes to covering the load, but with specific constraints set by the owner. The proposed HEMS works to control the feeding of the loads, as it schedules the feeding of the loads according to priority in the event of severe energy shortages and the inability of the sources, batteries and the EV to cover the loads. The experimental and simulation results proved the ability of the proposed system to respond to the demand by managing high energy consuming household appliances according to the pre-set priority.

关键词： field-programmable gate array Home energy management PV Wind Fuel cells

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Hardware implementations of computer-generated holography: a review

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OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2020年第10期59卷 102413-102413页

作者： Wang, Youchao Dong, Daoming Christopher, Peter J. Kadis, Andrew Mouthaan, Ralf Yang, Fan Wilkinson, Timothy D. Univ Cambridge Ctr Mol Mat Photon & Elect Dept Engn Cambridge England

Computer-generated holography (CGH) is a technique to generate holographic interference patterns. One of the major issues related to computer hologram generation is the massive computational power required. Hardware accelerators are used to accelerate this process. Previous publications targeting hardware platforms lack performance comparisons between different architectures and do not provide enough information for the evaluation of the suitability of recent hardware platforms for CGH algorithms. We aim to address these limitations and present a comprehensive review of CGH-related hardware implementations. (C) 2020 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

关键词： computer-generated holography central processing unit graphics processing unit field-programmable gate array digital signal processor hardware accelerator holography system-on-chip

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Face Recognition on a Smart Image Sensor Using Local Gradients

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SENSORS 2021年第9期21卷 2901页

作者： Valenzuela, Wladimir Soto, Javier E. Zarkesh-Ha, Payman Figueroa, Miguel Univ Concepcion Dept Elect Engn Concepcion 4070386 Chile Univ New Mexico Dept Elect & Comp Engn ECE Albuquerque NM 87131 USA

In this paper, we present the architecture of a smart imaging sensor (SIS) for face recognition, based on a custom-design smart pixel capable of computing local spatial gradients in the analog domain, and a digital coprocessor that performs image classification. The SIS uses spatial gradients to compute a lightweight version of local binary patterns (LBP), which we term ringed LBP (RLBP). Our face recognition method, which is based on Ahonen's algorithm, operates in three stages: (1) it extracts local image features using RLBP, (2) it computes a feature vector using RLBP histograms, (3) it projects the vector onto a subspace that maximizes class separation and classifies the image using a nearest neighbor criterion. We designed the smart pixel using the TSMC 0.35 mu m mixed-signal CMOS process, and evaluated its performance using postlayout parasitic extraction. We also designed and implemented the digital coprocessor on a Xilinx XC7Z020 field-programmable gate array. The smart pixel achieves a fill factor of 34% on the 0.35 mu m process and 76% on a 0.18 mu m process with 32 mu m x 32 mu m pixels. The pixel array operates at up to 556 frames per second. The digital coprocessor achieves 96.5% classification accuracy on a database of infrared face images, can classify a 150x80-pixel image in 94 mu s, and consumes 71 mW of power.

关键词： smart image sensor smart pixel vision chip intelligent sensor feature extraction face recognition linear binary patterns linear discriminant analysis field-programmable gate array very large-scale integration

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Self-reconfigurable approach for computation-intensive motion estimation algorithm in H.264/AVC

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OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2012年第4期51卷 047008-047008页

作者： Lee, Jooheung Ryu, Chul Kim, Soontae Hongik Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Yeongi 339701 Chungnam South Korea Dongguk Univ Seoul Dept Informat & Commun Engn Seoul 100715 South Korea Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci Taejon 305701 South Korea

The authors propose a self-reconfigurable approach to perform H.264/AVC variable block size motion estimation computation on field-programmable gate arrays. We use dynamic partial reconfiguration to change the hardware architecture of motion estimation during run-time. Hardware adaptation to meet the real-time computing requirements for the given video resolutions and frame rates is performed through self-reconfiguration. An embedded processor is used to control the reconfiguration of partial bitstreams of motion estimation adaptively. The partial bitstreams for different motion estimation computation arrays are compressed using LZSS algorithm. On-chip BlockRAM is used as a cache to pre-store the partial bitstreams so that run-time reconfiguration can be fully utilized. We designed a hardware module to fetch the pre-stored partial bitstream from BlockRAM to an internal configuration access port. Comparison results show that our motion estimation architecture improves toward data reuse, and the memory bandwidth overhead is reduced. Using our self-reconfigurable platform, the reconfiguration overhead can be removed and 367 MB/sec reconfiguration rate can be achieved. The experimental results show that the external memory accesses are reduced by 62.4% and it can operate at a frequency of 91.7 MHz. (C) 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). [DOI: 10.1117/***.51.4.047008]

关键词： bitstream compression configuration speed dynamic partial reconfiguration field-programmable gate array motion estimation

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Smart adaptive optical system for correcting the laser wavefront distorted by atmospheric turbulence

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QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2020年第8期50卷 707-709页

作者： Rukosuev, A. L. Belousov, V. N. Nikitin, A. N. Sheldakova, Yu, V Kudryashov, A., V Bogachev, V. A. Volkov, M. V. Garanin, S. G. Starikov, F. A. Russian Acad Sci Inst Geosphere Dynam Leninsky Prosp 38-1 Moscow 119334 Russia Lyratech LCC Malaya Tulskaya Ul 16Apt 4Room 3 Moscow 115191 Russia All Russian Res Inst Expt Phys Inst Laser Phys Res Russian Fed Nucl Ctr Prosp Mira 37 Sarov 607190 Nizhny Novgorod Russia

An adaptive optical system is developed to correct the wavefront of laser radiation distorted by a turbulent air flow. The use of a field-programmable gate array as the main control element makes it possible to achieve a system bandwidth of 2 kHz. The results of experiments on dynamic correction of the phase of a laser beam distorted by a flow of heated air are presented and analysed.

关键词： adaptive optics wavefront sensor field-programmable gate array atmospheric turbulence

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A dual closed-loop drive and control system of photoelastic modulator for atomic magnetometer

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MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018年第6期29卷 065105-065105页

作者： Quan, Wei Wang, Qinghua Zhai, Yueyang Beihang Univ Sci & Technol Inertia Lab Beijing Peoples R China Beihang Univ Optoelect Engn Beijing Peoples R China

Resonance frequency shift and vibration amplitude instability can occur during the operation processes of photoelastic modulators in atomic magnetometers, resulting in low driving efficiency and unstable modulation amplitudes. To solve these problems, a dual closed-loop drive and control system for photoelastic modulators based on a field-programmable gate array has been developed, which includes a resonance tracking loop and a phase modulation amplitude stabilization loop. According to the relationship between the photoelastic modulator's resonance frequency and the phase difference of its voltage and current, a resonance tracking strategy based on a direct digital synthesizer can automatically track the photoelastic modulator's resonance frequency. A proportional integral derivative controller is used to stabilize the modulation amplitude. The experimental results demonstrate that the designed system is effective, since it is able to lock the phase difference at 1.0209 degrees with a maximum deviation of 0.0036 degrees and has a 7.7% higher modulation amplitude stability performance than that of a commercial controller over 60 min. This can improve the performance of photoelastic modulation detection systems in atomic magnetometers. In particular, the designed system is flexible, efficient and adaptable because of the software-based control algorithm.

关键词： frequency tracking vibration stabilization field-programmable gate array direct digital synthesizer proportional integral derivative control

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Fast muon tracking with machine learning implemented in FPGA

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2023年 1045卷

作者： Sun, Chang Nakajima, Takumi Mitsumori, Yuki Horii, Yasuyuki Tomoto, Makoto Nagoya Univ Chikusa Ku Nagoya 4648602 Japan High Energy Accelerator Res Org KEK Oho Tsukuba 3050801 Japan

In this work, we present a new approach for fast tracking on multiwire proportional chambers with neural networks. The tracking networks are developed and adapted for the first-level trigger at hadron collider experiments. We use Monte Carlo samples generated by Geant4 with a custom muon chamber, which resembles part of the thin gap chambers from the ATLAS experiment, for training and performance evaluations. The chamber has a total of seven gas gaps, where the first and last gas gaps are displaced by similar to 1.5 m. Each gas gap has 50 channels with a size of 18-20 mm. Two neural network models are developed and presented: a convolutional neural network and a neural network optimized for the detector configuration of this study. In the latter network, a convolution layer is provided for each of three groups formed from 2-3 gas gaps of the chamber, and the outputs are fed into multilayer perceptrons in sequence. Both networks are transformed into hardware description language and implemented in Virtex UltraScale+ FPGA. The angular resolution is 2 mrad, which is comparable to the maximum resolution of the detector estimated by the minimum X-2 method. The latency achieved by the implemented firmware is less than 100 ns, and the throughput rate is 160 MHz.

关键词： Muon tracking Machine learning field-programmable gate array Artificial neural network

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Hardware acceleration of a Monte Carlo simulation for photodynamic therapy treatment planning

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JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009年第1期14卷 14019-1-14019-11页

作者： Lo, William Chun Yip Redmond, Keith Luu, Jason Chow, Paul Rose, Jonathan Lilge, Lothar Univ Toronto Princess Margaret Hosp Ontario Canc Inst Dept Med Biophys Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada Univ Toronto Edward S Rogers Sr Dept Elect & Comp Engn Toronto ON M5S 3G4 Canada

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are being used extensively in the field of medical biophysics, particularly for modeling light propagation in tissues. The high computation time for MC limits its use to solving only the forward solutions for a given source geometry, emission profile, and optical interaction coefficients of the tissue. However, applications such as photodynamic therapy treatment planning or image reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography require solving the inverse problem given a desired dose distribution or absorber distribution, respectively. A faster means for performing MC simulations would enable the use of MC-based models for accomplishing such tasks. To explore this possibility, a digital hardware implementation of a MC simulation based on the Monte Carlo for Multi-Layered media (MCML) software was implemented on a development platform with multiple field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The hardware performed the MC simulation on average 80 times faster and was 45 times more energy efficient than the MCML software executed on a 3-GHz Intel Xeon processor. The resulting isofluence lines closely matched those produced by MCML in software, diverging by only less than 0.1 mm for fluence levels as low as 0.00001 cm(-2) in a skin model. (c) 2009 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [DOI: 10.1117/1.3080134]

关键词： Monte Carlo simulation Monte Carlo multilayered media photodynamic therapy treatment planning hardware acceleration pipelining field-programmable gate array

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FPGA-Based Processor for Continual Capacitive-Coupling Impedance Spectroscopy and Circuit Parameter Estimation

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SENSORS 2022年第12期22卷 4406-4406页

作者： Tsukahara, Akihiko Yamaguchi, Tomiharu Tanaka, Yuho Ueno, Akinori Tokyo Denki Div Elect Engn Sch Sci & Engn Saitama 3500394 Japan Tokyo Denki Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Tokyo 1208551 Japan

In principle, the recently proposed capacitive-coupling impedance spectroscopy (CIS) has the capability to acquire frequency spectra of complex electrical impedance sequentially on a millisecond timescale. Even when the measured object with time-varying unknown resistance R-x is capacitively coupled with the measurement electrodes with time-varying unknown capacitance C-x, CIS can be measured. As a proof of concept, this study aimed to develop a prototype that implemented the novel algorithm of CIS and circuit parameter estimation to verify whether the frequency spectra and circuit parameters could be obtained in milliseconds and whether time-varying impedance could be measured. This study proposes a dedicated processor that was implemented as field-programmable gate arrays to perform CIS, estimate R-x and C-x, and their digital-to-analog conversions at a certain time, and to repeat them continually. The proposed processor executed the entire sequence in the order of milliseconds. Combined with a front-end nonsinusoidal oscillator and interfacing circuits, the processor estimated the fixed R-x and fixed C-x with reasonable accuracy. Additionally, the combined system with the processor succeeded in detecting a quick optical response in the resistance of the cadmium sulfide (CdS) photocell connected in series with a capacitor, and in reading out their resistance and capacitance independently as voltages in real-time.

关键词： electrical impedance spectroscopy capacitive-coupling impedance spectroscopy field-programmable gate array

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A Multiple-FPGA Parallel Computing Architecture for Real-Time Simulation of Soft-Object Deformation

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON EMBEDDED COMPUTING SYSTEMS 2014年第4期13卷 81-81页

作者： Mahdavikhah, Behzad Mafi, Ramin Sirouspour, Shahin Nicolici, Nicola Univ Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A1 Canada McMaster Univ Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada

Hardware-based parallel computing is proposed for acceleration of finite-element (FE) analysis of linear elastic deformation models. An implementation of the Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient algorithm on N field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices solves the large linear system of equations arising from the FE discretization. The system employs a large number of customized fixed-point computing units with a high-throughput memory architecture. An implementation of this scalable architecture on four Altera EP3SE110 FPGA devices yields a peak performance of 604 Giga Operations per second. This enables haptic simulation of a 3-dimensional deformable object of 21000 elements at an update rate of 400Hz.

关键词： Design Algorithms Performance Parallel computing high-performance computing hardware acceleration field-programmable gate array deformation modeling soft-tissue modeling real-time simulation conjugate gradient method finite-element method

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