Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising pathway toproviding cleaner personal mobility. China provides substantialsupports to increase EV market share. This study provides anextensive analysis of the currently unclear ...
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising pathway toproviding cleaner personal mobility. China provides substantialsupports to increase EV market share. This study provides anextensive analysis of the currently unclear environmental and healthbenefits of these incentives at the provincial level. EVs in Chinahave modest cradle-to-gate CO2benefits (on average 29%)compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs), but have similar carbon emissions relative to hybridelectric vehicles. Well-to-wheel air pollutant emissions assessmentshows that emissions associated with ICEVs are mainly fromgasoline production, not the tailpipe, suggesting tighter emissionscontrols on refineries are needed to combat air pollution problemseffectively. By integrating a vehiclefleet model into policy scenarioanalysis, we quantify the policy impacts associated with the passenger vehicles in the major Chinese provinces: broader EVpenetration, especially combined with cleaner power generation, could deliver greater air quality and health benefits, but notnecessarily significant climate change mitigation. The total value to society of the climate and mortality benefits in 2030 is found tobe comparable to a prior estimate of the EV policy's economic costs
Purpose Decarbonizing the heavy-duty truck (HDT) sector is a climate imperative but also a challenging element to meet China's carbon reduction commitment. Various technological and non-technological measures are ...
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Purpose Decarbonizing the heavy-duty truck (HDT) sector is a climate imperative but also a challenging element to meet China's carbon reduction commitment. Various technological and non-technological measures are emerging. However, a comprehensive understanding is still lacking regarding the extent to which these measures can decarbonize the HDT fleet. This study aims to provide a systematic assessment of near and long-term strategies toward decarbonizing the road freight sector in China from a well-to-wheels (WTW) life cycle perspective. Methods A fleet-based dynamic model is developed to estimate the prospective greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of China's HDT sector from 2020 to 2050. The case study considers the overall WTW life cycle GHG emissions including the fuel and energy production, distribution, and the use for vehicle operation. Relative to a base case scenario, four mitigation options are investigated: improvements in freight logistics, internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) efficiency improvements, adoption of advanced hybrid technology, and the use of alternative fuel types. The study quantifies the potential emission reduction and energy demand by deploying these measures synergistically through 2050. The implications of upstream fuel production pathways to the fleet GHG emissions are examined. Results and discussion The annual GHG emissions of China's HDT fleet are projected to nearly double from 2020 to 2050 if no abatement technologies are implemented. Cumulative deployments of considered measures will enable the net GHG emissions to peak in 2029 and result in more than 60% emission reduction in 2050. Improving conventional vehicles through ICEV efficiency improvement and hybridization, complemented by improved logistics operations, presents important near-term opportunities to moderate the rise in GHG emissions. Meanwhile, the growing penetrations of battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell trucks, coupled with sufficient access to lower-carbon s
This is an overview on the models used to control fleets of road vehicles. In general, simplified vehicle models are used and their coupling features are introduced through the (individual) controllers. The robustness...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9789897584428
This is an overview on the models used to control fleets of road vehicles. In general, simplified vehicle models are used and their coupling features are introduced through the (individual) controllers. The robustness and precision of motion control needs geometric, kinematic and dynamic descriptions. We propose a modeling methodology for robots platooning to introduce specific features in the platoon behavior. This overview proposes reference models to link the fleet vehicles and assign a character to the group independent from control.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method to evaluate the environmental impacts of technologies from cradle to grave. However, LCAs are commonly defined in terms of the consumption of a single unit of a product and thus...
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method to evaluate the environmental impacts of technologies from cradle to grave. However, LCAs are commonly defined in terms of the consumption of a single unit of a product and thus ignore scaling issues in large-scale deployment of technologies. Such product-level LCAs often do not consider capital manufacturing capacity and supply chain bottlenecks that may hinder the rapid, widespread uptake of emerging technologies entering the market;emerging technologies often require the expansion of existing supply chains or the development of entirely new supply chains, such as the manufacturing of novel materials. As a result, such LCA studies are limited in their ability to realistically assess impacts at the macro-scale and thus to guide large-scale decisions. In this work, we present ECOPT2, a generalized adaptable model that combines these constraints to the LCA approach using a mathematical programming approach and dynamic stock modeling. ECOPT2 combines LCA factors with transition scenarios from energy systems models to determine the environmentally optimal deployment of new technologies while accounting for material circularity constraints and barriers to uptake. We also introduce the structure of the software tool and demonstrate its features using a stylized vehicle electrification scenario.
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