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Influence of printing time reduction on dimensional accuracy of final build FDM parts by modifying the g-code program

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERACTIVE DESIgN AND MANUFACTURINg - IJIDEM 2025年第2期19卷 1371-1382页

作者： Naresh, Dharavathu Priyadarshini, Alluri Sujatha Raju, Ramesh Sivalingam, Vinothkumar Revathi, V. Somaiah, A. Kumar, Ashish Int Adv Res Ctr Powder Met & New Mat ARCI Autonomous Res & Dev Ctr Dept Sci & Technol DST Hyderabad India Pragathi Engn Coll Kakinada India SRM Inst Sci & Technol Dept Mech Engn Tiruchirappalli Campus Tiruchirappalli 621105 Tamil Nadu India Shandong Univ Natl Demonstrat Ctr Expt Mech Engn Educ Sch Mech Engn Key Lab High Efficiency & Clean Mech Manufacture Jinan 250061 Shandong Peoples R China SIMATS Saveetha Sch Engn Dept Mech Engn Chennai 602105 Tamil Nadu India New Horizon Coll Engn Dept Appl Sci Bangalore India Inst Aeronaut Engn Dept Mech Engn Hyderabad Telangana India Lovely Profess Univ Sch Mech Engn Phagwara India

In the material extrusion process, dimensional accuracy and printing time depend on the printing process parameters. Due to consistent layer height, traditional material extrusion takes a long time to print at low-thick layers. The current research proposes a novel way to print low-layer thickness at crucial dimensions and alter the RepRap flavor g code to print the rest with a higher-layer thickness. The current research has decreased printing time by 22.5% over the conventional material extrusion process. This work also presents a novel approach for Z-direction dimensional accuracy. The slicing software determines the total number of printing layers based on the material extrusion thickness and the model's total height. When the total number of layers results in decimals, the decision to print a decimal layer depends on the percentage of the decimal value in the layer thickness. This study found that if the percentage of the decimal value is equal to or more than half of the layer height, slicing software will accommodate a layer;in this case, the final height of the part will be oversized. If it is less than half of the layer height, slicing software won't accommodate the layer;in this case, the height of the part will be undersized. Adopting this method improves dimensional accuracy in the Z direction by editing the code for decimal value, and optimizes material and energy consumption for oversized components. Similarly, the component's linear dimensions are determined by layer width and extrusion percentage. If the extrusion percentage increases, the linear dimensions of the component will also increase. This approach can be used on all geometrical shapes and materials to print critical dimensions with a lower layer thickness and the rest with a higher layer thickness. The printing process parameters, type of material, and geometry complexity do not affect the method's efficiency.

关键词： g code Material extrusion process Material extrusion thickness RepRap Time reduction Dimensional accuracy

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A review of g code, STEP, STEP-NC, and open architecture control technologies based embedded CNC systems

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURINg TECHNOLOgY 2021年第9-10期114卷 2549-2566页

作者： Latif, Kamran Adam, Anbia Yusof, Yusri Kadir, Aini Zuhra Abdul Univ Teknikal Malaysia Melaka UTeM Fac Mech & Mfg Engn Technol Melaka Malaysia Univ Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia UTHM Fac Mech & Mfg Engn Parit Raja Malaysia Univ Teknol Malaysia UTM Fac Engn Sch Mech Engn Johor Baharu Malaysia

Computer Numeric Control (CNC) is a significant pillar of manufacturing for decades. These systems are an essential part of future manufacturing. In the urge towards the development of next-generation manufacturing systems, various technologies have been introduced. Moreover, based on those technologies, numerous systems have been developed all around the world. In order to assist in future research, the related major technologies and developments are discussed in this content. This paper presents the review of basics CN), Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP), Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM), g codes (ISO 6983), Standard for the Exchange of Product (STEP) model data (STEP), STEP-numeric control (STEP-NC), and open architecture control (OAC) technologies. The in-depth discussion on the development and implementation of the STEP and STEP-NC technologies is also addressed. The review also highlights the benefits and role of the open architecture control technology in the CNC system development. Apart from that, the paper also presents the last 17 years of embedded CNC systems development in tabular form, which shows the cocktail of various technologies and ISO data interface models. Finally, the paper concludes with future directions and recommendations.

关键词： STEP STEP-NC CNC ISO 10303 ISO 14649 g code ISO 6983 Open Architecture Control (OAC)

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Screening and optimization method of defect points of g code in three axis NC machining

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEgRATED MANUFACTURINg 2023年第4期36卷 524-541页

作者： Lyu, Dun Song, Yanhong Liu, Pei Zhao, Wanhua Xi An Jiao Tong Univ State Key Lab Mfg Syst Engn Xian 710054 Peoples R China KEDE Numer Control Corp Inst Mot Control Dalian Peoples R China

g code is the input of the CNC system, and its quality affects the machining accuracy and efficiency. However, the g code generated by CAM has some defect points, which will seriously affect the processing quality and efficiency. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a method to screen and optimize the defect points of the g01 format g code of three-axis machining. First, a rough screening method based on the geometric characteristics of the trajectory is constructed. Second, a precise screening method through trend trajectories and box plot to screen out defect points is constructed. Finally, the NURBS curve is used to restore and discretize trajectories to obtain new points of g code. Two cases and experiments are used to verify the optimization effect. The experiments results show that after screening and optimization, the geometric characteristics of the two g codes, such as curvature and the difference between adjacent line segments, are obviously improved. The curves of setpoints speed and acceleration are smoother, the setpoints jerk is reduced, and the vibration is weakened. The processing time of the two g codes is shortened by 4.07% and 9.85% when the feed speed is 3000 mm/min and 2000 mm/min, respectively.

关键词： g code defect points screening optimization

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A 5-axis Milling System Based on a New g code for NURBS Surface

A 5-axis Milling System Based on a New G code for NURBS Surf...

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IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems

作者： Liang, Hongbin Li, Xia Univ Sci & Technol Liaoning Coll Mech Engn Anshan 114044 Liaoning Prov Peoples R China Harbin Engn Univ Coll Mech & Elect Engn Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781424447541

A new NC instruction (g code) for 5-axis direct interpolation of NURBS surfaces is proposed The mechanisms of the transferring of manufacturing information and of the processing of them are also presented The proposed method solved the problem of the absence of the normal vectors of cutter contact points and the tangent vectors of tool path on the surfaces to be machined as a result of the approximation of,,the surfaces into a number of smaller straight lines. and curves during the machining of NURBS surfaces, which enables CNC systems to implement the 3D online cutter compensation and the intelligent control Mathematic model for 5-axis direct interpolation for NURBS surfaces is established, and its algorithm IS programmed Based on Windows and Real-Time eXtension for Windows (RTX), the real-time on 5-axis direct interpolation algorithm for NURBS surfaces is satisfied and the shortage of real-time of Windows is overcome Based on above theoretical research, 5-axis system is developed The simulation experiments of the machining of NURNS surfaces are finished, which have proved the validity of algorithm and reliability of CNC system

关键词： 5-axis machining NURBS interpolation g code

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Development of MATLAB code for tool path data extraction from the g code of the fused filament fabrication (FFF) parts

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ENgINEERINg RESEARCH EXPRESS 2023年第2期5卷 025018-025018页

作者： John, Pretesh Komma, Venkateswara Rao Bhore, Skylab Paulas Motilal Nehru Natl Inst Technol Allahabad Dept Mech Engn Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India

The area of application of Fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing is regularly expanding, and the need for simulation of the geometry and mechanical properties to reduce the experimentation time and cost is a prime objective. In FFF printing, the input CAD model is converted into an STL file and then sliced with some software in a combination of layers, and accordingly, a tool path is generated, guiding the 3D printer to print. Thus, the printed part is not the same as the solid CAD model, but it is a layered solid part with various tool path settings or slicing parameters. This difference between the solid part and the layered replica part can cause errors in the calculations of mechanical properties. All the information related to layers, infill percentage, infill pattern, walls, etc, are stored in the form of various g or M codes in a g code file. The part orientation can also be visualized with the g code file. This g code file is the soft raw material for the FFF printer to execute the printing process. The correct reading and interpretation of the g code file are very essential to understand the 3D printing process from the core. The g code file can be used for multiple applications if the data is correctly extracted from it. This can be used to model the sliced or layered solid parts or to understand the extruder motions. In this work, a MATLAB code is generated to extract the data from the g code file and get the extrusion pattern with various infill patterns and percentages. The code was tested with multiple g code flavors, available in Cura and Slic3r software, and found suitable for all. The extracted data can be used further to model the sliced or layered solid model.

关键词： additive manufacturing FFF STL g code toolpath

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A 5-axis Milling System Based on a New g code for NURBS Surface

A 5-axis Milling System Based on a New G code for NURBS Surf...

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2009 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems(ICIS2009)

作者： Hongbin Liang College of Mechanical Engineering University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan Liaoning Province 114044 China Xia Li College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China

A new NC instruction（g code） for 5-axis direct interpolation of NURBS surfaces is *** mechanisms of the transferring of manufacturing information and of the processing of them are also *** proposed method solved the problem of the absence of the normal vectors of cutter contact points and the tangent vectors of tool path on the surfaces to be machined as a result of the approximation of the surfaces into a number of smaller straight lines and curves during the machining of NURBS surfaces,which enables CNC systems to implement the 3D online cutter compensation and the intelligent *** model for 5-axis direct interpolation for NURBS surfaces is established,and its algorithm is *** on Windows and Real-Time eXtension for Windows（RTX）,the real-time on 5-axis direct interpolation algorithm for NURBS surfaces is satisfied and the shortage of real-time of Windows is *** on above theoretical research,5-axis system is *** simulation experiments of the machining of NURNS surfaces are finished,which have proved the validity of algorithm and reliability of CNC system.

关键词： 5-axis machining NURBS interpolation g code

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Research on g- code Parsing and graphic Display in CNC System

Research on G- code Parsing and Graphic Display in CNC Syste...

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The 2nd National Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science(CITCS 2015)

作者： Ning Hai Eastern Liaoning University

The analyzing and parsing of g-code is an important function in CNC system. In this paper, a system frameworks of a CNC system which supports the g-code semantic parsing and graphic interactive display based on opengl... 详细信息

关键词： g code CNC system opengl interpolation

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【論文摘要】快速組裝開源呼吸器－以g-code軟體設計之架構

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呼吸治疗 2021年第2期20卷 60-60页

作者：陳家祥王庚春陳俊志許武龍許維仁朱修儁

背景目的：COVID-19导致呼吸器资源短缺之下，开源呼吸器（Open-Source Ventilator）项目大量发展，由创客（Maker）与呼吸治疗师在成立OSMSTW（Open Source COVID19 Medical Supplies Taiwan）呼吸器开发社群设计苏醒球呼吸器，本专案... 详细信息

背景目的：COVID-19导致呼吸器资源短缺之下，开源呼吸器（Open-Source Ventilator）项目大量发展，由创客（Maker）与呼吸治疗师在成立OSMSTW（Open Source COVID19 Medical Supplies Taiwan）呼吸器开发社群设计苏醒球呼吸器，本专案以g-code为设计架构，g-code主要泛用於3D列印与电脑数值控制（Computer Numerical Control, CNC），另外硬体特色为夹具与齿轮以3D列印，以PVC管材为支架，可快速购买组装，节省3D列印之时间，本研究将进行此设计架构的雏型品验证。方法：主动力以57型步进马达为动力，软体以g-code撰写MARLIN 2.0.X韧体（firmware）与PRINTRUN 2.0 PRONTERFACE软体（software），流量感测器用3D列印Pitot tube设计，以BMP180作为压差测量，压力计同样以BMP180进行测量，数值以每0.1秒取样USB传至PC/Raspberry pi，容积计算以galileo呼吸器进行测量。结果：在马达冲程（stroke）由32至82，输出容积146mL 至670mL，R值为0.9978，流量感测流量皆大於300L/min，资料以0.1秒取样运行状态稳定无当机情形，3D列印时间约为45小时，以PVC管材为支架可有效减少13小时的印制时间。结论：雏型品在压力感测及容积输出稳定，但呼吸驱动（trigger）与流量感测上仍需改进，目前成品可进行资料上传至电脑，未来可再设计呼吸器资讯上传系统。

关键词： Open-Source Ventilator COVID-19 g code

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A code-based method for carbon emission prediction of 3D printing: A case study on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing and comparison with conventional approach

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2024年 484卷

作者： Yu, Shujun Liu, Heng Zhao, gang Zhang, Hua Hou, Feng Xu, Kuankuan Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol Sch Management Wuhan 430081 Hubei Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol Hubei Key Lab Mech Transmiss & Mfg Engn Wuhan 430081 Hubei Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol Inst Green Mfg Engn Wuhan 430081 Hubei Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol Key Lab Met Equipment & Control Technol Minist Educ Wuhan 430081 Hubei Peoples R China Deakin Univ Sch Engn Geelong Vic 3216 Australia

This study presents a method for predicting carbon emissions from 3D printing based on the g-code and compares the emissions between FDM and injection molding (IM) processes. Traditional manufacturing methods for (polylactic acid) PLA plastic products involve IM, which require extensive equipment and metal molds to be manufactured first. This process involves repetitive heating and machining, low material utilization, high energy consumption, and high pollution. 3D printing using a gradual accumulation of materials to manufacture parts has transformed traditional manufacturing methods. However, concerns regarding the environmental impact of 3D printing have been raised in previous studies. To achieve sustainability in 3D printing, it is important to make effective adjustments by predicting the carbon emissions before printing. In this study, we propose a method for predicting carbon emissions from 3D printing by integrating processing characteristics with g-code instructions. The deviation of the model was confirmed to be between 3.86% and 5.82% through a case study of FDM 3D printing. The optimal process parameters were determined from carbon emissions predictions, resulting in carbon emissions reductions of up to 43.77%. Carbon emissions were evaluated using both the traditional IM method and FDM 3D printing for manufacturing PLA plastic products. The results showed that the carbon emissions from FDM were significantly lower than those from traditional IM in small batches or customized production. In the traditional IM method, mold manufacturing produces high carbon emissions, accounting for more than 99% of the entire process. The findings of this study offer valuable guidance to manufacturers in selecting appropriate manufacturing methods and formulating production strategies. By predicting carbon emissions in the FDM process and adjusting the parameters based on product quality requirements, significant reductions in carbon emissions can be achieved during the

关键词： 3D printing technology Injection molding g code Carbon emission prediction Sustainability Process parameters

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3D printing algorithm of anisotropic biological scaffold with oxidized nanocellulose and gelatin

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JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2019年第14期30卷 1260-1275页

作者： Xu, Xiaodong Zhou, Jiping Feng, Chen Jiang, Yani Zhang, Qi Shi, Hongcan Yangzhou Univ Coll Anim Sci & Technol Yangzhou Jiangsu Peoples R China Yangzhou Polytech Inst Yangzhou Jiangsu Peoples R China Yangzhou Univ Coll Mech Engn 196 West Huayang Rd Yangzhou Jiangsu Peoples R China Yangzhou Univ Med Coll Yangzhou Jiangsu Peoples R China

Tissue scaffolds need to have anisotropic mechanical properties and a porous structure to meet the needs of different tissues and organs. This report presents results of a study on an especially-designed 3D printing method with oxidized nanocellulose and gelatin, analyzes the servo principle of pneumatic condensing extrusion 3D printer, and proposes a hexagonal algorithm. For the purpose of this study, a printing process file was written by g code, physical and mechanical performance of the 3D scaffolds was evaluated with Solidworks simulation, the porous structure and pressure-pull performance of the printed 3D scaffolds was observed by SEM, and experiments were conducted to measure their bio-compatibility. The study draws the conclusion that scaffolds thus printed have a highly porous structure and anisotropic mechanical properties.

关键词： Tissue scaffold printing algorithm nanocellulose gelatin anisotropy g code

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