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g-code generation in a NURBS workflow for precise additive manufacturing

RAPID PROTOTYPINg JOURNAL 2022年第11期28卷 65-76页

作者： Miguel Chacon, Jesus Sanchez-Reyes, Javier Vallejo, Javier Jose Nunez, Pedro Univ Castilla La Mancha Dept Appl Mech & Projects Engn IMACI Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind Ciudad Real Spain Univ Castilla La Mancha Dept Appl Mech & Projects Engn Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind NEI Ciudad Real Spain

Purpose Non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBSs) are the de facto standard for representing objects in computer-aided design (CAD). The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to stick to this standard in all phases of the additive manufacturing (AM) workflow, from the CAD object to the final g-code, bypassing unnecessary polygonal approximations. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a commercial CAD system (Rhino3D along with its programming environment grasshopper) for direct slicing of the model, offset generation and trimming. Circular arcs are represented as quadratic NURBSs and free-form geometry as quadratic or cubic polynomial B-splines. Therefore, circular arcs are directly expressible as g2/g3 g-code commands, whereas free-form paths are rewritten as a succession of cubic Bezier curves, thereby admitting exact translation into g5 commands, available in firmware for AM controllers, such as Marlin. Findings Experimental results of this paper confirm a considerable improvement in quality over the standard AM workflow, consisting of an initial polygonization of the object (e.g. via standard tessellation language), slicing this polygonal approximation, offsetting the polygonal sections and, finally, generating g-code made up of polyline trajectories (g1 commands). Originality/value A streamlined AM workflow is obtained, with a seamless transfer from the initial CAD description to the final g-code. By adhering to the NURBS standard at all steps, the authors avoid multiple representations and associated errors resulting from approximations.

关键词： Additive manufacturing NURBS Cubic Bezier curve g-code g2 3 command g5 command

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Volumetric error formulation and mismatch test for five-axis CNC machine compensation using differential kinematics and ephemeral g-code

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURINg TECHNOLOgY 2015年第9-12期77卷 1645-1653页

作者： givi, Mehrdad Mayer, J. R. R. Ecole Polytech Montreal PQ H3C 3A7 Canada

Machine tool kinematic errors directly impact on the accuracy of machined parts. A general volumetric error formulation effectively implementing ISO230-1:2012 definition and an off-line compensation scheme are proposed and partly tested to improve part accuracy on a five-axis CNC machine. Using rigid body kinematics and estimated machine error parameters, the machine position commands contained in a standard g-code are used to calculate the tool erroneous location. The Jacobian, expressing the differential joint space to Cartesian space relationship, is also developed and used to calculate minute joint command modifications so that the effect of inter-axis link errors and intra-axis error motions, for example, can be canceled by making small changes directly to the g-code. Finally, a simple case of a machining sequence producing a surface mismatch in the presence of particular machine deviations is used to illustrate the usefulness of the analytical tools presented. A graphical representation of the volumetric errors assists in understanding the impact of each error source for this particular application. The measurement results are compatible with the predicted volumetric error values and show an accuracy improvement of about 90 % after compensation.

关键词： Volumetric error Five-axis machine Off-line compensation g-code Mismatch test

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An extended g-code to be used on networked industrial robots

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION 2004年第2期19卷 66-71页

作者： Luan, N Chen, JP Yan, YH Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Res Inst Robot Shanghai 200030 Peoples R China

With the development of automation techniques, industrial robots have developed from independent automation units to standard automatic devices of large-scale automation systems. Although it is necessary to network industrial robots, doing so is very difficult due to the robot's non-open controller. In this article, a server-client model is proposed and a protocol for networked motion control based on g-code is developed to control robots on a network. In this way, industrial robots can be automatically programmed offline using common CAM software.

关键词： industrial robot networked control g-code offline programming

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A finite element simulation of the incremental sheet forming process: a new method for g-code implementation

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS & PRODUCT TECHNOLOgY 2020年第1期61卷 68-86页

作者： gahbiche, Mohamed Amen Boudhaouia, Safa giraud, Eliane Ayed, Yessine Santo, Philippe Dal Salem, Wacef Ben Univ Monastir Natl Engn Sch Monastir Mech Engn Lab Monastir Tunisia LAMPA Arts & Metiers ParisTech 2 Blvd Ronceray F-49035 Angers France

During the incremental sheet forming process, tool paths are generated by CAM software. The obtained files have several possible formats such as the APT or the g-code ones which can be directly transferred to CNC machines for parts forming. However, when it comes to the process simulation, the g-code format could not be used in common finite element programs. In this paper, a new method is developed to implement the g-code into the FE software Abaqus using the Python programming language. The g-code commands are translated into appropriate boundary conditions describing the exact forming tool motions without any decomposition or modification. The numerical results obtained by the proposed method and the conventional tool path decomposition method are compared in terms of the part shape, thickness distribution, forces evolution, and CPU times as well. On the other hand, a comparison of the surface roughness of two conical parts formed using these two formats has been conducted in order to investigate the potential effect of the tool path decomposition on surface quality.

关键词： incremental forming g-code numerical simulation CAM/CAE tool path implementation aluminium alloy surface roughness

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From CAD to g-code: Strategies to minimizing errors in 3D printing process

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CIRP JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURINg SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOgY 2024年 55卷 62-70页

作者： Montalti, Andrea Ferretti, Patrich Santi, gian Maria Alma Mater Studiorum Univ Bologna Dept Ind Engn Bologna Italy

In this study, an analysis was conducted to quantify errors in the additive manufacturing process, with a focus on comparing data files. The primary objective was to minimise the reliance on physical testing of produced components by favouring verification within a virtual environment. The initial focus was on the conversion from the CAD (Computer-Aided Design) model to the STL (Standard Tessellation Language) file, where discrepancies between the two formats were identified. To achieve optimal meshing, it is crucial to configure conversion parameters effectively, avoiding both detail loss and the handling of excessively large files. Following this, a comparison between STL files and reconstructed g-code files was conducted, uncovering further approximations introduced by the most commonly used slicers. In conclusion, the analysis highlights that both the quality of the mesh and the slicing phase significantly impact the final component. Understanding these factors is essential for achieving an optimal print outcome.

关键词： Material extrusion Dimension accuracy Model conversion STL g-code

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Digital Twin of Fused Filament Fabrication Prints for Finite Element Analysis via g-code Reverse Engineering

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3D PRINTINg AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINg 2024年

作者： Ochoa, Santiago Ferrandiz, Santiago garzon, Luis Cobos, Christian Univ Politecn Salesiana New Mat & Transformat Proc Res Grp GiMaT Cuenca Ecuador Univ Politecn Valencia ITM Placa Ferrandiz & Carbonell s-n Alcoy Spain

As additive manufacturing by fused filament fabrication has gained popularity, computational analysis has become fundamental in predicting the mechanical behavior of 3D models. This paper proposes the development of a method for the finite element (FE) simulation of 3D-printed parts, implementing model design reverse engineering using g-code to obtain their digital twins (DTs). Samples were printed under the ASTM D638 standard with different nozzle diameters and layer heights, which allowed them to be mechanically characterized by tensile tests. The tensile tests determined that the diameter of the nozzles used (between 0.2 mm and 1.0 mm) influences the material's tensile strength. The greater the diameter, the greater the stiffness, which translates into a change in the Young's modulus, as well as greater tensile strength and thus a reduction of the deformation, for which a value of 2.66 +/- 0.6% was obtained, i.e., the filament diameter did not influence this aspect. After carrying out the reverse engineering process of the samples to obtain DTs of the physical models, the printing g-code was used with the help of a Python script for their conversion to trajectories. These trajectories were introduced into Rhinoceros software with the grasshopper add-on to obtain the reconstructed 3D models. The deposited filament profile used to reconstruct the DT was obtained by microscopy of the section of the physical samples. The predominant profile observed was that of a flattened oval. FE simulation was then carried out, obtaining a similarity of 90% between the simulated and mechanical tests, which validated the proposed method of predicting mechanical stresses in printed 3D elements.

关键词： 3D printing FEA digital twins g-code reverse engineering

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g-code Optimization Algorithm and its application on Printed Circuit Board Drilling

G-Code Optimization Algorithm and its application on Printed...

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9th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI)

作者： Aciu, Razvan-Mihai Ciocarlie, Horia Politehn Univ Dept Comp & Software Engn Timisoara Romania

ISBN: (纸本)9781479946945

Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machines are more and more used for a variety of tasks such as milling, drilling, lathing, etc. As many CNCs are programmed using g-code, it is of great interest for this code to be close to the optimum, taking into consideration different metrics such as the total path length covered by the CNC head during the machining process or the total machining time. We propose an algorithm to optimize a large class of g-codes, by reducing the total path length. As most of the machining operations require translations, our algorithm is applicable for many processes. In this paper we describe the algorithm and demonstrate its performance in the specific case of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) drilling.

关键词： computer numerical controlled g-code path optimization traveling salesman problem printed circuit board

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Reincarnation of g-code based part programs into STEP-NC for turning applications

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COMPUTER-AIDED DESIgN 2007年第1期39卷 1-16页

作者： Shin, Seung-Jun Suh, Suk-Hwan Stroud, Ian POSTECH Ctr Ubiquitous Mfg Pohang 790784 South Korea POSTECH Div Mech Engn Emerging Technol Natl Res Lab STEPNC eMfg Pohang South Korea Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne CAD CAM Lab STI IPR LICP CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

As STEP-NC emerges as the new CNC control method and a fundamental means for realizing e-manufacturing, old manufacturing information based on the conventional manufacturing standard will become obsolete. In practice, replacement of g-code based part programs into STEP-NC is a huge task. In this paper, methods to interpret g-code based part programs into STEP-NC code are investigated. g-code is a compact, coded set of numbers for axis movements, while STEP-NC is very comprehensive and includes information about features, operations, strategies, cutting tools, and so on. It is thus very challenging to derive such comprehensive information from the low level g-code information. In this paper, we first clarify what should be given and what may be given, and then present algorithms for deriving STEP-NC information, such as geometric features, operations, etc., from the tool movement (g-code) based on expert reasoning. The algorithms are developed for the turning application. The developed algorithms were implemented and tested on g-code part programs used in actual practice. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： STEP-NC g-code e-manufacturing STEP-manufacturing process plan turning machine legacy control

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g-code conversion from 3D model data for 3D printers on Hadoop systems 4

G-code conversion from 3D model data for 3D printers on Hado...

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4th International Conference on Computer Applications and Information Processing Technology (CAIPT)

作者： Kim, Sungsuk Chung, Kwangsik Yu, Heonchang Yang, Sun Ok Seokyeong Univ Dept Comp Sci Seoul South Korea Korea Natl Open Univ Dept Comp Sci Seoul South Korea Korea Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Seoul South Korea Gacheon Univ Natl Program Excellence SW Seongnam South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781538606001

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. It is needed conversion process from 3D model data to g-code to print by 3D printer. 3D model data generally can be stored in STL file format, which is composed of lots of facet data. If the file contains much more facets, the conversion time will also increase. In this paper, we try to develop a software to converse in Hadoop to cope with the problem. Our main motivation is that the conversion from a facet does not affect the other sets of facets. Thus, our algorithm proceeds to step 4: preprocessing, mapping, shuffling, and reducing. Finally, performance evaluation was performed using the developed software.

关键词： 3D printing stl file g-code Hadoop facet

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Improvement of 3D printing polymer simulations considering converting g-code to Abaqus

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURINg TECHNOLOgY 2024年第9-10期131卷 5193-5208页

作者： Hachimi, Taoufik Majid, Fatima Zekriti, Najat Rhanim, Rajaa Rhanim, Hassan Chouaib Doukkali Univ Fac Sci Lab Nucl Atom Mol Mech & Energet Phys St Fac El Jadida 24000 Morocco Moulay Ismail Univ Fac Sci Lab Study Adv Mat & Applicat St Zitoune Meknes 11201 Morocco

This paper describes a new approach to simulate mechanical testing for 3D printing materials with the FDM process. A developed tool to convert g-code files used in the FDM process into Abaqus scripts was used in the engineering simulation package, allowing engineers and manufacturers to import the real geometries of samples for numerical simulations in terms of optimization of 3D manufacturing processes and improve their numerical manufacturing procedures, leading to faster and higher quality production. A comparative study was made between the geometries generated with the slicer software and those generated by our tool, confirming the tool's accuracy in generating the exact geometries. Then, a tensile test simulation was also performed on a standard printed specimen (ISO527-2) with a single layer and multiple orientations (0 circle\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$<^>{\circ }$$\end{document}, 45 circle\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$<^>{\circ }$$\end{document}, and 90 circle\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$<^>{\circ }$$\end{document}). Showing that the simulation results and the experiment are consistent, a correlation exceeding 90% is demonstrated. It offers an improved simulation outcome.

关键词： Abaqus script g-code Additive manufacturing FDM process Numerical finite element simulation

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