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19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL)

作者： Haim, Amit Stanford Law Sch Stanford CA 94305 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400701979

Do regulatory guidance documents use binding language despite being purportedly non-binding? Regulatory agencies play a crucial role in modern societies by issuing regulations. While most regulations are promulgated as rules with public notice and comment procedures, administrative guidance documents are as abundant but less studied. They have less formal requirements and are meant as non-binding guidelines, yet skeptics argue they are often used to evade judicial review, and courts turn to their text to inquire whether they are effectively binding. Recent advancements in text analysis methods have allowed scholars to analyze regulatory text, including the measurement of binding language. However, guidance documents have not been part of this trend, largely due to their inaccessibility. This article contributes to the field of empirical legal studies and administrative law by constructing a novel dataset of guidance documents, leveraging a unique policy change. It uses text analysis methods with qualitative insights from doctrinal court decisions, and finds that guidance documents are in fact less binding than rules, but that binding language increased over time and that substantial portions of available documents score higher than a document struck down by a court.

关键词： natural language processing administrative law guidance rules regulation

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Simultaneous Control and guidance of an AUV Based on Soft Actor-Critic

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SENSORS 2022年第16期22卷 350-368页

作者： Sola, Yoann Le Chenadec, Gilles Clement, Benoit ENSTA Bretagne Lab STICC UMR CNRS 6285 F-29200 Brest France Flinders Univ S Australia CROSSING IRL CNRS 2010 Adelaide SA 5005 Australia

The marine environment is a hostile setting for robotics. It is strongly unstructured, uncertain, and includes many external disturbances that cannot be easily predicted or modeled. In this work, we attempt to control an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to perform a waypoint tracking task, using a machine learning-based controller. There has been great progress in machine learning (in many different domains) in recent years;in the subfield of deep reinforcement learning, several algorithms suitable for the continuous control of dynamical systems have been designed. We implemented the soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm, an entropy-regularized deep reinforcement learning algorithm that allows fulfilling a learning task and encourages the exploration of the environment simultaneously. We compared a SAC-based controller with a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller on a waypoint tracking task using specific performance metrics. All tests were simulated via the UUV simulator. We applied these two controllers to the RexROV 2, a six degrees of freedom cube-shaped remotely operated underwater Vehicle (ROV) converted in an AUV. We propose several interesting contributions as a result of these tests, such as making the SAC control and guiding the AUV simultaneously, outperforming the PID controller in terms of energy saving, and reducing the amount of information needed by the SAC algorithm inputs. Moreover, our implementation of this controller allows facilitating the transfer towards real-world robots. The code corresponding to this work is available on GitHub.

关键词： autonomous underwater vehicle control guidance deep reinforcement learning waypoint tracking soft actor-critic proportional integral derivative

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Integrated impact time guidance and control against non-maneuvering targets

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART G-JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 2022年第16期236卷 3327-3343页

作者： Patil, Aditya Kumar, Shashi Ranjan Indian Inst Technol Mumbai Maharashtra India

This paper proposes integrated guidance and control for skid-to-turn cruciform canard-controlled interceptors for controlling impact time along with interception of non-maneuvering targets. This approach circumvents the possible difficulties associated with designing guidance and control subsystems independently. An interceptor control surface deflection for achieving appropriate lateral acceleration to achieve the guidance objectives are derived using sliding-mode control considering nonlinear engagement dynamics, thereby remaining effective even for engagement with large initial heading errors. The switching surface is chosen to be a function of time-to-go and its rate with different time-to-go estimates against stationary and moving targets. The time-to-go estimate for stationary target accounts for the heading angle errors, while that for constant velocity target provides an exact value. Unlike many of the existing strategies, the proposed approaches enable the interceptor to achieve an impact time, even less than its initial estimates. The efficacy of the proposed guidance strategies is validated through numerical simulations for various initial engagement geometries. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed integrated guidance and control approach is also compared with the separate design of guidance and control subsystems, and shown to be superior.

关键词： guidance impact time integrated guidance and control terminal constraints sliding-mode control

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Dynamic interception point guidance algorithm based on particle swarm optimization

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MEASUREMENT & CONTROL 2022年第9-10期55卷 983-995页

作者： Chen, Yi-Wei Air Force Inst Technol Dept Mech Engn 1 Julun Rd Kaohsiung 82063 Taiwan

The engagement of target-interceptor is an extremely complicated and nonlinear problem. Most literatures of developed guidance algorithms are hard to work in real-time missile guidance systems because of the complicated design of controllers, restriction in specific condition or excess computing loading. In this paper, the proposed guidance algorithm computes the predicted interception point of target-interceptor and applies particle swarm optimization to optimize the lateral acceleration control commands of missile where the definition of fitness function can guide the missile toward the predicted interception point when the computed fitness value is the minimum. According to the results of simulation experiments, the proposed method has the satisfied target-kill performance to the superior aircraft with high agility. The missile can greatly revise the flight route toward the computed collision course at the initial pursuit stage and the course curve of missile is flatter than the other two guidance laws. Besides, the proposed method can reduce the occurrence of big lateral acceleration control commands acting on the missile to avoid unlocking the evasive target at the terminal stage. As a result, the proposed guidance algorithm based on particle swarm optimization is very effective without using the complicated nonlinear control methods and excess storage burden of computer. It is a simple and feasible missile guidance algorithm due to the advantages of simplicity and effectiveness just like the proportional navigation guidance law but the performance of proposed guidance algorithm is better than proportional navigation guidance law and the other guidance algorithm designed by particle swarm optimization.

关键词： Missile guidance particle swarm optimization interception point

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Ascent guidance Trajectory Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithm Considering Engine Gimbal and Aerodynamic Control

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 2022年第4期23卷 775-783页

作者： Murakami, Masaaki Yonemoto, Koichi Fujikawa, Takahiro Tokyo Univ Sci 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba Japan

To achieve high-range capability, reusability, and aircraft-like operability in spaceplanes, the latter have been investigated actively. One of the critical technologies for spaceplanes is the flexible guidance methodology, which can accommodate various mission requirements and constraints. The application of an evolutionary algorithm to the real-time optimization of longitudinal ascent guidance trajectories is presented herein. The combination of the engine gimbal and aerodynamic control surfaces is considered to improve the design flexibility of the trajectories and mitigate the elevator hinge moment. The range of guidance commands for the engine gimbal angle and the angle of attack that satisfy the longitudinal trim condition are identified in advance and stored as tabular data. The performance of the proposed guidance algorithm is evaluated via a flight simulation of a subscale flight demonstrator.

关键词： guidance Trajectory optimization Evolutionary algorithm Spaceplane

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Multi-Cue Haptic guidance Through Wearables for Enhancing Human Ergonomics

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS 2022年第1期15卷 115-120页

作者： Fani, Simone Ciotti, Simone Bianchi, Matteo Univ Pisa Res Ctr E Piaggio I-56122 Pisa Italy Univ Pisa Dept Informat Engn I-56122 Pisa Italy

Wearable haptic systems can be easily integrated with the human body and represent an effective solution for a natural and unobtrusive stimulus delivery. These characteristics can open interesting perspectives for different applications, such as haptic guidance for human ergonomics enhancement, e.g. during human-robot collaborative tasks in industrial scenarios, where the usage of the visual communication channel can be problematic. In this work, we propose a wearable multi-cue system that can be worn at the arm level on both the two upper limbs, which conveys both squeezing stimuli (provided by an armband haptic device) and vibration, to provide corrective feedback for posture balancing along the user's frontal and sagittal plane, respectively. We evaluated the effectiveness of our system in delivering directional information to control the user's center of pressure position on a balancing board. We compared the here proposed haptic guidance with visual guidance cues. Results show no statistically significant differences in terms of success rate and time for task completion for the two conditions. Furthermore, participants underwent through a Subjective Quantitative Evaluation and a NASA-TLX test, evaluating the wearable haptic system as intuitive and effective.

关键词： Haptic interfaces Vibrations Wearable computers Force DC motors Visualization Task analysis Wearable haptics guidance center of pressure postural correction

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Conversational agent-based guidance: examining the effect of chatbot usage frequency and satisfaction on visual design self-efficacy, engagement, satisfaction, and learner autonomy

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EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2023年第1期28卷 471-488页

作者： Yildiz Durak, Hatice Bartin Univ Dept Comp Technol & Informat Syst Fac Sci Bartin Turkey

Chatbots are tools that have the potential to effectively support interpersonal communication and interaction. Chatbots can provide great opportunities in education. The use of chatbots in education can be used to employ interactive methods, to provide learners information and different types of info, and to guide learners. Indeed, chatbots promise to enhance learning experiences by creating more interaction than traditional teaching practices provide. In this context, the purpose of this study is to apply chatbot technology as a guidance tool in educational environments and to model its effects on visual design self-efficacy, engagement, satisfaction, and learner autonomy at the end of the process. The participants of the study are 86 university students. In this study, data were collected with 4 different scales. Data were analyzed using the variance-based structural equation model with the partial least square method. As a result of the study, it was found that students with higher chatbot usage satisfaction had higher visual design self-efficacy. Chatbot usage satisfaction positively affects some aspects of course satisfaction. Chatbot usage satisfaction affects engagement. The effects of the study results in terms of research and practice were discussed.

关键词： Chatbots guidance Visual design self-efficacy Engagement Satisfaction Learner autonomy

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Expressive touch in health and social care: A review of touch guidance to explore the extent to which social and communication needs of adults with learning disabilities are considered

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2023年第3期51卷 450-459页

作者： Collett, Zoe Moll, Deborah Colston, Amanda McKim, Jules Elsworth, Julie Oxford Hlth NHS Fdn Trust Memory & Cognit Res Delivery Oxford England Oxford Hlth NHS Fdn Trust Clin Res Facil Oxford England Oxford Hlth NHS Fdn Trust Intens Interact Serv Oxford England Oxford Hlth NHS Fdn Trust Oxford City & South Cherwell Learning Disabil Team Oxford England Oxford Hlth NHS Fdn Trust Intens Interact Serv Oxford England

BackgroundPeople with a learning disability can present with complex physical and social needs, and sometimes rely on touch for communication. Historically, touch-related staff guidance has been described as risk-averse, lacking an evidence base, control-orientated and potentially harmful. This project reviews local touch-related guidance from adult learning disability services, exploring the extent to which they consider the social and communication needs of service users. MethodsFive touch-related guidance documents were analysed using a summative content analysis. Counts of relevant search terms were analysed quantitatively. Extracts containing the search terms were then analysed qualitatively, to explore their context. FindingsConsiderable variation was noted between the guidance documents. All the documents discuss communication within the context of touch, although to varying extents. The analysis highlighted a focus on safety and risk within most documents, however, some documents also demonstrated encouragement of positive risk management and the safe use of touch. ConclusionsWhile this study has identified several positive aspects of the guidance documents, these helpful recommendations and arguments appear inconsistently within individual documents. Services should work towards developing guidance that consistently considers practical steps to reduce risk and facilitate the safe and effective use of expressive touch cross-service. Further research into current practice relating to expressive touch is indicated.

关键词： communication expressive touch guidance physical contact touch

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Toward an intentional model aware of learner cognitive traits for pedagogical process guidance

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SMART LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS 2023年第1期10卷 25页

作者： Bayounes, Walid Saadi, Ines Bayoudh Kinshuk Manouba Univ RIADI Res Lab ENSI Manouba 2010 Tunisia Univ North Texas Coll Informat 1155 Union Cir Denton TX 76203 USA

Previous research on adaptive learning successfully demonstrated that use of Intentional Model for Educational Processes guidance has gained popularity in Intelligent Tutoring System. Within this context, the novelty of this version of Intentional Model of Pedagogical Process guidance (IMPPG) is the effectiveness use of Cognitive Trait Model to be aware of different traits of learner. The proposed model leads to generate an individualized learning for each learner by selecting the most appropriate pedagogical process according to the actual preferences of the tutor and the cognitive traits of learner. In fact, this model couples the pedagogical intention with the pedagogical strategies and provides a multitude of paths between learner intentions. Based on the cognitive traits of the individual learners and the corresponding pedagogical method or the individual teaching style, the ITS adopts the proposed model to adaptively support the tutor to achieve his/he intention through the selected strategy. This model has been experimented and assessed with tutors and students learning spreadsheet management in a first-year studying in applied license's degree in Business English and applied license's degree in Education. The first results show that the intentions and the strategies selected by our model were relevant according to students' needs and tutors' preferences. In the initial tests, the process model has met what was expected, however, more studies with experiments must be carried out. The primary results are reported and discussed in the paper;several lessons learned from the experience and potential improvements are also included.

关键词： Intelligent tutoring system guidance Pedagogical process Intentional model Learner Cognitive trait model

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A scoping review of clinical practices and adherence to UK national guidance related to the placement and position confirmation of adult nasogastric feeding tubes

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RADIOGRAPHY 2023年第1期29卷 178-183页

作者： Hamdaoui, D. Ashworth, J. Thompson, J. D. London South Bank Univ Inst Hlth & Social Care 103 Borough Rd London SE1 0AA England Univ Salford Sch Hlth & Soc Salford M5 4WT Lancs England Univ Hosp Morecambe Bay NHS Fdn Trust Furness Gen Hosp Dalton Ln Barrow In Furness LA14 4LF England

Introduction: The administration of nutrition or medication into the lungs or pleura via a misplaced nasogastric feeding tube is considered a never event. Despite guidance from the National Patient Safety Agency and NHS Improvement this never event is regularly reported. Confirmation of correct placement and correct use of nasogastric tubes requires appropriate actions and decisions by a multidisciplinary ***: A scoping review identified 43 records that discussed and supported nasogastric tube misplacement as a Never Event. Searches were completed using Web of Science, CINAHL, Google Scholar, British Nursing Index (BNI), as well as selected journals. A further manual search revealed 22 publicly available NHS Trust policies related to nasogastric feeding tube procedures. Items generated between 2011 and 2020 were considered eligible. A thematic analysis was completed to assess adherence to guidance and the practices in place across the ***: Three key themes were identified as part of the review: referral and authorisation of radiog-raphy, examination description, and visualisation of the nasogastric tube tip. Large variations in practice were identified. While there is recognition of national guidance, records showed inconsistency and lacked the required detail to ensure patient ***: Despite classification as a never event, it is apparent that there is still room for improvement and further guidance in ensuring patient safety with respect to nasogastric tube insertion. Implications for practice: Practice requires further standardisation whilst also ensuring optimisation and safety. guidance should address in depth imaging authorisation, language and exact standards of acceptability for imaging the full length of the nasogastric *** Copyright (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The College of Radiographers. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://***/licenses/by/4.0/).

关键词： Nasogastric feeding tube NGT Radiography Never event guidance Patient safety

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