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Rationing health and social goods during pandemics: guidance for Ghanaian decision makers

Clinical Ethics 2021年第3期16卷 165-170页

作者： Laar, Amos DeBruin, Debra Ofori-Asenso, Richard Laar, Matilda Essandoh Redman, Barbara Caplan, Arthur Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health School of Public Health University of Ghana Accra Ghana Center for Bioethics University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN United States Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia Department Family and Consumer Sciences School of Agriculture University of Ghana Accra Ghana Division of Medical Ethics New York University School of Medicine NY United States

Healthcare rationing during pandemics has been widely discussed in global bioethics literature. However, existing scenarios and analyses have focused on high income countries, except for very few disease areas such as HIV treatment where some analyses related to African countries exist. We argue that the lack of scholastic discourse, and by extension, professional and democratic engagement on the subject constitute an unacceptable ethical omission. Not only have African governments failed to develop robust ethical plans for pandemics, ethicists in this region have been unable to ignite public discourse on rationing. Therefore, we aim to initiate a debate on how rationing health and social goods could be done ethically in Ghana during the current and future pandemics. The paper discusses and critiques some moral considerations (utilitarian, equity, equal worth, urgent need, and the prioritarian principles) for rationing and their relevance in the Ghanaian context. This contribution may facilitate ethical decision-making during the current (COVID-19) pandemic - in Ghana and other African settings where hardly any rationing guidelines exist © The Author(s) 2020.

关键词： COVID-19 decision-making Ghana guidance health and social goods pandemics Rationing

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The regulatory policy and guidance regime for the management of land contamination in England

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REMEDIATION-THE JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP COSTS TECHNOLOGIES & TECHNIQUES 2021年第4期31卷 71-82页

作者： Bardos, Paul Shao, Xueting Lal, Jinyu Yong, Ren Univ Reading r3 Environm Technol Ltd H9TOB1Earley Gate Reading RG6 6AT Berks England Foreign Environm Cooperat Ctr FECO Minist Ecol & Environm MEE Beijing Peoples R China

Historic land contamination in England is managed primarily via a specific regulatory regime called "Part 2A" and via the planning system which governs land use across the country. The contaminated sites regime in England is mature stretching back to before the 1990s. The primary modus operandi is risk management to assess and determine appropriate actions for suspect contaminated sites. An environmental permitting regime regulates ongoing (and recent) industrial, waste management, and other processes with potential for environmental emissions. This may demand a more stringent basis for remediation given that current working processes should already be subject to effective environmental controls. A range of risk-based thresholds is used for making site determinations, in particular on whether a site is formally determined as "contaminated." Although there is no formal national inventory, information on contaminated sites is generally available. Moreover, there is a wide range of institutions actively engaged in managing problems of land contamination and a substantial offering of technical guidance and supporting publications.

关键词： contaminated sites guidance land contamination policy regulations risk assessment

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Stock performance subsequent to combinations in quarterly revenue surprise, earnings surprise, guidance, valuation, and report time

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JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 2021年第1期45卷 95-117页

作者： Alvarado, Jose I. Clark, Lindsay C. Gutierrez, Jose A. Sam Houston State Univ Huntsville TX USA Sam Houston State Univ Dept Gen Business & Finance Box 2056 Huntsville TX 77341 USA

Finance literature highlights various reasons for stock performance subsequent to earnings announcements. However, other moving parts in these scenarios must also be simultaneously specified. While both revenue and earnings surprises are important for determining stock performance, forward-looking guidance and firm valuation prior to earnings should also be considered. Additionally, analyses that solely consider market-level data miss important subtleties evident in a sector-specific study, as "normal" growth and valuation metrics across sectors widely differ. We differentiate between firms that announce earnings during the evening hours (after the close) and firms that announce earnings during the morning hours (prior to the open).

关键词： Quarterly expectations Analyst consensus guidance Trading strategy G11 G12 G14 G17

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Developing a guidance resource for managing delirium in patients with COVID-19

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IRISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE 2021年第3期38卷 208-213页

作者： Meagher, David Adamis, Dimitrios Timmons, Suzanne O'Regan, Niamh A. O'Keeffe, Shaun Kennelly, Sean Corby, Catherine Meaney, Anna Maria Reynolds, Paul Mohamad, Mas Glynn, Kevin O'Sullivan, Roisin Univ Limerick Sch Med Dept Psychiat Limerick Ireland Sligo Leitrim Mental Hlth Serv Ballytivan Rd Sligo Ireland Univ Coll Cork St Finbarrs Hosp Ctr Gerontol & Rehabil Geriatr Med Cork Ireland Waterford Univ Hosp Geriatr Med Waterford Ireland Tallaght Univ Hosp Memory Assessment Serv Geriatr & Stroke Med Dublin Ireland Univ Hosp Limerick CL Psychiat Limerick Ireland Univ Hosp Limerick Psychiat Later Life Limerick Ireland Univ Hosp Limerick Perinatal Psychiat Limerick Ireland

As the COVID-19 pandemic escalates worldwide, it is apparent that many patients with more severe illness will also experience delirium. These patients pose a particular challenge in the application of optimal care due to issues with infectious risk, respiratory compromise and potential interactions between medications that can be used to manage delirium with antiviral and other treatments used for COVID-19. We describe a guidance resource adapted from existing guidelines for delirium management that has been tailored to the specific challenge of managing delirium in patients with COVID-19 infection. Issues around the assessment and treatment of these patients are examined and distilled into a simple (one-paged guidance resource that can assist clinicians in managing suspected delirium.

关键词： COVID-19 delirium guidance

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Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN HEALTH CARE 2022年第1期38卷 e13-e13页

作者： Husereau, Don Drummond, Michael Augustovski, Federico De Bekker-Grob, Esther Briggs, Andrew H. Carswell, Chris Caulley, Lisa Chaiyakunapruk, Nathorn Greenberg, Dan Loder, Elizabeth Mauskopf, Josephine Mullins, C. Daniel Petrou, Stavros Pwu, Raoh-Fang Staniszewska, Sophie Univ Ottawa Sch Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Ottawa ON Canada Inst Hlth Econ Edmonton AB Canada Univ York Ctr Hlth Econ York N Yorkshire England Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy IECS CONICE Hlth Technol Assessment & Hlth Econ Dept Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Buenos Aires DF Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn Natl Sci & Tech Res Council Buenos Aires DF Argentina Erasmus Univ Erasmus Sch Hlth Policy & Management Rotterdam Netherlands London Sch Hyg & Trop Med London England Springer Nat Adis Journals Auckland New Zealand Univ Ottawa Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Ottawa ON Canada Ottawa Hosp Clin Epidemiol Program Res Inst Ottawa ON Canada Ottawa Hosp Ctr Journal Res Inst Ottawa ON Canada Erasmus MC Dept Epidemiol Rotterdam Netherlands Univ Utah Coll Pharm Dept Pharmacotherapy Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA Ben Gurion Univ Negev Fac Hlth Sci Sch Publ Hlth Dept Hlth Policy & Management Beer Sheva Israel Harvard Med Sch Boston MA 02115 USA BMJ London England RTI Int RTI Hlth Solut Res Triangle Pk NC USA Univ Maryland Sch Pharm Baltimore MD 21201 USA Univ Oxford Nuffield Dept Primary Care Hlth Sci Oxford England Minist Hlth & Welf Natl Hepatitis Program Off C Taipei Taiwan Univ Warwick Warwick Res Nursing Med Sch Warwick England

Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc.). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer-reviewed journals, as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.

关键词： Economic evaluation Reporting guidance Cost-benefit analysis Methods

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Application of Fuzzy Logic in a Secure Beacon-Based guidance System for Public Transportation

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE 2022年第3期32卷 371-387页

作者： Molina-Gil, Jezabel Caballero-Gil, Pino Quesada-Arencibia, Alexis de Blasio, Gabriele Salvatore Univ La Laguna Dept Comp Engn & Syst Camino San Francisco Paula19 San Cristobal la Laguna 38200 Spain Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria Cybernet Sci & Technol Inst Campus Tafira Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017 Spain

Promoting the use of public transport is increasingly urgent in our society, both to reduce traffic congestion, air pollution and stress levels, and to ensure the high level of mobility demanded by citizens. The lack of continuous on-trip assistance for public transport users discourages many travellers. Thus, the main objective of this work is to design a personal digital travel companion for outdoor location and event detection based on Bluetooth Low Energy, which can be used for intelligent transport technology. After analysing the functional requirements, the proposal is implemented as a mobile application for beacon-based event detection. The system includes an algorithm aided by fuzzy logic to determine the action to be carried out by the user at all times, being able to distinguish between different possible events when more than one beacon is detected. To defend the scheme against possible attacks based on beacon forgery or user tracking, the proposal includes different forms of authentication for data sent from beacons and data sent from the mobile application. The results obtained in simulations show that the proposed system is a viable guidance solution for public transport, including energy saving as one of its main advantages.

关键词： public transport guidance location system Bluetooth Low Energy fuzzy logic

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Finite-time composite guidance law with input constraint and dynamics compensation

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2020年第2期33卷 664-671页

作者： Meijun DUAN Di ZHOU School of Astronautics Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China

guidance laws are proposed for a near space interceptor with on-off type thrust as *** target-interceptor engagement kinematics is integrated with the first-order dynamics of thruster to design guidance *** bang-bang type guidance law with linear sliding mode is proposed to deal with thruster dynamics,and the sufficient condition for finite time convergence is rigorously proved based on the finite-time convergence *** to the sufficient condition,a sliding mode guidance law with hysteresis-band switching is introduced to reduce the switching frequency of *** two guidance laws are combined into a composite guidance law to improve the guidance *** results show that the line-of-sight angular rate can converge to a neighborhood of the equilibrium point before the final time of the guidance process,and the composite guidance law has better performance than typical guidance laws.

关键词： Dynamics Finite-time convergence guidance Hysteresis-band switching Near space interceptor Output constraint

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Cooperative Distributed Navigation, guidance, and Control Systems for Autonomous Surface Vehicles with Different Physical Connections 13th

Cooperative Distributed Navigation, Guidance, and Control Sy...

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13th IFAC Conference on Control Applications in Marine Systems, Robotics, and Vehicles (CAMS)

作者： Brecher, Johanna Noria Zereik, Enrica Bibuli, Marco Loth, Matthias Glotzbach, Thomas Univ Appl Sci Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol Tech Hsch Mittelhessen Giessen Germany Justus Liebig Univ Fac Math & Comp Sci 07 Phys Geog Giessen Germany CNR Ist Ingn Mare CNR INM Genoa Italy

In the paper, we describe our studies to realize a control algorithm for distributed marine robots with rigid/elastic mechanical constraints between them. The work is carried out in the framework of the EUMR TNA project DINGOS. Our strategy follows the line to adapt conventional cooperative path-following algorithms from literature to the described problem in order to start to extend the concept of DP3, currently related to Dynamic Positioning, to the phase of motion along a path of a vessel. The usability of different concepts is evaluated following some well-defined quality criteria in a kinematic simulation. Copyright (C) 2021 The Authors.

关键词： Maritime robotics (underwater, surface, aerial) Cooperative navigation and control guidance navigation and control (GNC) of unmanned marine vehicles (surface and underwater) Autonomous and remotely operated (surface and underwater) marine vessels Marine swarms of heterogeneous agents

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Corporate managers' perspectives on forward-looking guidance: Survey evidence

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JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING & ECONOMICS 2024年第2-3期78卷

作者： Call, Andrew C. Hribar, Paul Skinner, Douglas J. Volant, David Univ Southern Calif Marshall Sch Business Los Angeles CA USA Univ Iowa Tippie Coll Business Iowa City IA USA Univ Chicago Booth Sch Business Chicago IL 60615 USA Indiana Univ Kelley Sch Business Bloomington IN USA

We survey corporate managers of both guiding and non-guiding firms. We find that managers of firms that provide guidance say that they: (1) primarily provide guidance to satisfy analyst and investor demands and manage analysts' earnings expectations;(2) are relatively unconcerned about proprietary or litigation costs (managers of non-guiding firms are more likely to see litigation risk as a concern);(3) predominantly issue guidance that is conservative relative to their internal expectations;(4) are concerned that guidance induces analysts and investors to focus on the short-term but not that it induces managers themselves to make myopic decisions internally. We also find that managers are miscalibrated about the accuracy of their guidance and that significant quantities of guidance that managers say their firms issue are not captured by conventional sources. We offer several other new insights relevant to the voluntary disclosure literature.

关键词： guidance Forward-looking information Voluntary disclosure Miscalibration Management forecasts Myopia

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Multiple-constraint cooperative guidance based on two-stage sequential convex programming

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2020年第1期33卷 296-307页

作者： Wei DONG Qiuqiu WEN Qunli XIA Shengjiang YANG School of Aerospace Engineering Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China Beijing Aerospace Technology Institute Beijing 100074China

An improved approach is presented in this paper to implement highly constrained cooperative guidance to attack a stationary *** problem with time-varying Proportional Navigation(PN)gain is first formulated as a nonlinear optimal control problem,which is difficult to solve due to the existence of nonlinear kinematics and nonconvex *** convexification treatments and discretization,the solution to the original problem can be approximately obtained by solving a sequence of Second-Order Cone Programming(SOCP)problems,which can be readily solved by state-of-the-art Interior-Point Methods(IPMs).To mitigate the sensibility of the algorithm on the user-provided initial profile,a Two-Stage Sequential Convex Programming(TSSCP)method is presented in ***,numerical simulations under different mission scenarios are conducted to show the superiority of the proposed method in solving the cooperative guidance *** research indicated that the TSSCP method is more tractable and reliable than the traditional methods and has great potential for real-time processing and on-board implementation.

关键词： Convex optimization Cooperative guidance guidance Multiple constraints Second-order cone programming Sequential convex programming

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