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guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to muscle function and physical performance (Revision 1)

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EFSA JOURNAL 2018年第10期16卷 e05434页

作者： Turck, Dominique Castenmiller, Jacqueline De Henauw, Stefaan Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico Kearney, John Knutsen, Helle Katrine Maciuk, Alexandre Mangelsdorf, Inge McArdle, Harry J. Naska, Androniki Pelaez, Carmen Pentieva, Kristina Thies, Frank Tsabouri, Sophia Vinceti, Marco Bresson, Jean-Louis Burlingame, Barbara Dean, Tara Fairweather-Tait, Susan Heinonen, Marina Neuhauser-Berthold, Monika Nowicka, Grazyna Sanz, Yolanda Sjodin, Anders Stern, Martin Tome, Daniel Van Loveren, Henk Willatts, Peter Martin, Ambroise Strain, John Joseph Heng, Leng Martinez, Silvia Valtuena Siani, Alfonso EFSA Panel on Nutrition Novel Foods and Food Allergens (EFSA NDA Panel)

EFSA has asked the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) to update the guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to physical performance published in 2012. The update takes into account the experience gained by the NDA Panel with the evaluation of additional health claim applications, changes introduced to the general scientific guidance for stakeholders for health claims applications and information collected from a grant launched in 2014 which aimed at gathering information in relation to claimed effects, outcome variables and methods of measurement in the context of the scientific substantiation of health claims. The guidance is intended to assist applicants in preparing applications for the authorisation of health claims related to muscle function and physical performance. The draft guidance was subject to public consultation from 16 July to 2 September 2018. This document supersedes the guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to physical performance published in 2012. It is intended that the guidance will be further updated as appropriate in the light of experience gained from the evaluation of health claims. (C) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

关键词： guidance health claims scientific requirements muscle function physical performance

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guidance for the scientific requirements for health claims related to antioxidants, oxidative damage and cardiovascular health: (Revision 1)

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EFSA JOURNAL 2018年第1期16卷 e05136页

作者： Turck, Dominique Bresson, Jean-Louis Burlingame, Barbara Dean, Tara Fairweather-Tait, Susan Heinonen, Marina Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico Mangelsdorf, Inge McArdle, Harry J. Naska, Androniki Neuhauser-Berthold, Monika Nowicka, Grazyna Pentieva, Kristina Sanz, Yolanda Sjodin, Anders Stern, Martin Tome, Daniel Van Loveren, Henk Vinceti, Marco Willatts, Peter Martin, Ambroise Strain, John Joseph Heng, Leng Martinez, Silvia Valtuena Siani, Alfonso EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (EFSA NDA Panel)

EFSA asked the Panelon Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) to update the guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to antioxidants, oxidative damage and cardiovascular health published in 2011. The update takes into accounts experiences gained with evaluation of additional health claim applications related to antioxidants, oxidative damage and cardiovascular health, and the information collected from a Grant launched in 2014. This guidance is intended to assist applicants in preparing applications for the authorisation of health claims related to the antioxidants, oxidative damage and cardiovascular health. The document was subject to public consultation (from 12 July to 3 September 2017). This document supersedes the guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to antioxidants, oxidative damage and cardiovascular health published in 2011. It is intended that the guidance will be further updated as appropriate in the light of experience gained from the evaluation of health claims. (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

关键词： health claims scientific requirements antioxidants oxidative damage cardiovascular health guidance

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guidance on allergenicity assessment of genetically modified plants

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EFSA JOURNAL 2017年第6期15卷 1-N.PAG页

作者： Naegeli, Hanspeter Birch, Andrew Nicholas Casacuberta, Josep De Schrijver, Adinda Gralak, Mikolaj Antoni Guerche, Philippe Jones, Huw Manachini, Barbara Messean, Antoine Nielsen, Elsa Ebbesen Nogue, Fabien Robaglia, Christophe Rostoks, Nils Sweet, Jeremy Tebbe, Christoph Visioli, Francesco Wal, Jean-Michel Eigenmann, Philippe Epstein, Michelle Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin Koning, Frits Lovik, Martinus Mills, Clare Moreno, Francisco Javier van Loveren, Henk Selb, Regina Dumont, Antonio Fernandez EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

This document provides supplementary guidance on specific topics for the allergenicity risk assessment of genetically modified plants. In particular, it supplements general recommendations outlined in previous EFSA GMO Panel guidelines and Implementing Regulation (EU) No 503/2013. The topics addressed are non-IgE-mediated adverse immune reactions to foods, in vitro protein digestibility tests and endogenous allergenicity. New scientific and regulatory developments regarding these three topics are described in this document. Considerations on the practical implementation of those developments in the risk assessment of genetically modified plants are discussed and recommended, where appropriate. (C) 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

关键词： guidance allergenicity assessment newly expressed proteins endogenous allergenicity GMO

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guidance Provided by Teacher and Simulation for Inquiry-Based Learning: a Case Study

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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY 2017年第2期26卷 193-206页

作者： Lehtinen, Antti Viiri, Jouni Univ Jyvaskyla Dept Teacher Educ POB 35 Jyvaskyla 40014 Finland

Current research indicates that inquiry-based learning should be guided in order to achieve optimal learning outcomes. The need for guidance is even greater when simulations are used because of their high information content and the difficulty of extracting information from them. Previous research on guidance for learning with simulations has concentrated on guidance provided by the simulation. Little research has been done on the role of the teacher in guiding learners with inquiry-based activities using simulations. This descriptive study focuses on guidance provided during small group investigations;pre-service teachers (n = 8) guided third and fifth graders using a particular simulation. Data was collected using screen capture videos. The data was analyzed using a combination of theory- and data-driven analysis. Forms of guidance provided by the simulation and by the teachers were divided into the same categories. The distribution of the guidance between the teacher and the simulation was also analyzed. The categories for forms of guidance provided by simulations proved to be applicable to guidance provided by the teachers as well. Teachers offered more various forms of guidance than the simulation. The teachers adapted their guidance and used different patterns to complement the guidance provided by the simulation. The results of the study show that guidance provided by teachers and simulations have different affordances, and both should be present in the classroom for optimal support of learning. This has implications for both teaching with simulations and development of new simulations.

关键词： Simulations Educational technology Inquiry-based learning guidance Scaffolding

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guidance on Uncertainty Analysis in Scientific Assessments

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EFSA JOURNAL 2018年第1期16卷 e05123页

作者： Benford, Diane Halldorsson, Thorhallur Jeger, Michael John Knutsen, Helle Katrine More, Simon Naegeli, Hanspeter Noteborn, Hubert Ockleford, Colin Ricci, Antonia Rychen, Guido Schlatter, Josef R. Silano, Vittorio Solecki, Roland Turck, Dominique Younes, Maged Craig, Peter Hart, Andrew Von Goetz, Natalie Koutsoumanis, Kostas Mortensen, Alicja Ossendorp, Bernadette Martino, Laura Merten, Caroline Mosbach-Schulz, Olaf Hardy, Anthony

Uncertainty analysis is the process of identifying limitations in scientific knowledge and evaluating their implications for scientific conclusions. It is therefore relevant in all EFSA's scientific assessments and also necessary, to ensure that the assessment conclusions provide reliable information for decision-making. The form and extent of uncertainty analysis, and how the conclusions should be reported, vary widely depending on the nature and context of each assessment and the degree of uncertainty that is present. This document provides concise guidance on how to identify which options for uncertainty analysis are appropriate in each assessment, and how to apply them. It is accompanied by a separate, supporting opinion that explains the key concepts and principles behind this guidance, and describes the methods in more detail. (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

关键词： uncertainty analysis scientific assessment guidance

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guidance for the risk assessment of the presence at low level of genetically modified plant material in imported food and feed under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003

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EFSA JOURNAL 2017年第11期15卷 e05048页

作者： Naegeli, Hanspeter Birch, Andrew Nicholas Casacuberta, Josep De Schrijver, Adinda Gralak, Mikolaj Antoni Guerche, Philippe Jones, Huw Manachini, Barbara Messean, Antoine Nielsen, Elsa Ebbesen Nogue, Fabien Robaglia, Christophe Rostoks, Nils Sweet, Jeremy Tebbe, Christoph Visioli, Francesco Wal, Jean-Michel Devos, Yann Dumont, Antonio Fernandez Lanzoni, Anna Paoletti, Claudia Paraskevopoulos, Konstantinos Waigmann, Elisabeth EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

This document provides guidance for the risk assessment under Regulation (EC) No1829/2003 of the unintended, adventitious or technically unavoidable presence in food and feed of low level of genetically modified plant material intended for markets other than in the European Union. In this context, the presence at low level is defined to be maximum 0.9% of genetically modified plant material per ingredient. This guidance is intended to assist applicants by indicating which scientific requirements of AnnexII of Regulation (EU) No503/2013 are considered necessary for the risk assessment of the presence at low levels of genetically modified plant material in food and feed. (C) 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

关键词： guidance GMO presence at low level risk assessment Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 Regulation (EU) No 503/2013 food/feed

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DUAL-CONTROL MISSILE guidance: A SIMULATION STUDY

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JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS 2018年第3期56卷 727-739页

作者： Buzantowicz, Witold Pietrasienski, Jan Mil Univ Technol Fac Mechatron & Aerosp Warsaw Poland

Theoretical considerations and a simulation study concerning description and analysis of new autopilot structures and issues relating to conversion of guidance commands into deflections of a complex system of control surfaces aimed at minimizing the miss distance value are presented in this paper. Due to nonlinear and nonstationary nature of the phenomena associated with the guidance process, a significant role is assigned to simulation studies. A comparative analysis has been made of the guidance processes of three models of a dual-control missile, which differ in terms of formulae implemented in the control command converters.

关键词： dual-control missile autopilot guidance miss distance

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Initial contact guidance during cell spreading is contractility-independent

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SOFT MATTER 2017年第30期13卷 5158-5167页

作者： Sales, Adria Holle, Andrew W. Kemkemer, Ralf Max Planck Inst Intelligent Syst Dept New Mat & Biosyst Heisenbergstr 3 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany Max Planck Inst Med Res Dept Cellular Biophys Jahnstr 29 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany Reutlingen Univ Alteburgstr 150 D-72762 Reutlingen Germany

A wide variety of cell types exhibit substrate topography-based behavior, also known as contact guidance. However, the precise cellular mechanisms underlying this process are still unknown. In this study, we investigated contact guidance by studying the reaction of human endothelial cells (ECs) to well-defined microgroove topographies, both during and after initial cell spreading. As the cytoskeleton plays a major role in cellular adaptation to topographical features, two methods were used to perturb cytoskeletal structures. Inhibition of actomyosin contractility with the chemical inhibitor blebbistatatin demonstrated that initial contact guidance events are independent of traction force generation. However, cell alignment to the grooved substrate was altered at later time points, suggesting an initial 'passive' phase of contact guidance, followed by a contractility-dependent 'active' phase that relies on mechanosensitive feedback. The actin cytoskeleton was also perturbed in an indirect manner by culturing cells upside down, resulting in decreased levels of contact guidance and suggesting that a possible loss of contact between the actin cytoskeleton and the substrate could lead to cytoskeleton impairment. The process of contact guidance at the microscale was found to be primarily lamellipodia driven, as no bias in filopodia extension was observed on micron-scale grooves.

关键词： cell spreading Cytoskeleton Contact Information Time Point Germ Cells Pseudopodia early contact guidance Actin Cytoskeleton cell type

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A Two-Phased guidance Law for Impact Angle Control with Seeker's Field-of-View Limit

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 2018年第Pt.1期2018卷 13-13页

作者： Zhang, Haoqiang Tang, Shengjing Guo, Jie Zhang, Wan Minist Educ Beijing Inst Technol Sch Aerosp Engn Key Lab Dynam & Control Flight Vehicle Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Beijing Electromech Engn Inst Beijing 100071 Peoples R China

A two-phased guidance problem with terminal impact angle constraints and seeker's field-of-view limit is addressed in this paper for a missile against a nonmaneuvering incoming target. From the conventional PN guidance without any constraints, it is found that satisfying the impact angle constraint causes a more curved missile trajectory requiring a large look angle. To avoid the look angle exceeding the seeker's physical limit, a two-phased look angle control guidance scheme with the terminal constraint is introduced. The PN-typed guidance law is designed for each guidance phase with a specific switching condition of line-of-sight. The proposed guidance law is comprised of two types of acceleration commands: the one in the initial phase which aims at controlling the missile's look angle to reach the limit and the other for final phase which is produced by switching the navigation gain. The monotonicity of the line-of-sight angle and look angle is analyzed and proved to support the proposed method. To evaluate the specific navigation gains for both initial and final phases, the scaling coefficient between them is discussed by solving a quadratic equation with respect to the initial navigation gain. To avoid a great abrupt acceleration change at the switching instant, a minimum coefficient is chosen. Extensive simulations are performed to validate the efficiency of the proposed approach.

关键词： initial phase missiles Angle seekers navigation monotonicity Limit TWO-PHASE guidance Impact angle

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Predictor-corrector entry guidance with waypoint and no-fly zone constraints

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2017年 138卷 10-18页

作者： Wang, Tao Zhang, Hongbo Tang, Guojian Natl Univ Def Technol Flight Dynam & Control Coll Aerosp Sci & Engn Changsha 410073 Hunan Peoples R China

With the requirement of the future entry mission, the guidance method not only needs to be robust, reliable and autonomous, but also needs to have the ability to meet the constraints of no-fly zone and waypoint. The paper proposes a predictor-corrector entry guidance method that satisfies the constraints of no-fly zone and waypoint. The trajectory prediction is realized by numerical integration and the corrector is based on fuzzy logic. No-fly zones and waypoints are transformed to a series of reference points. For each reference point, one bank angle reversal is designed. The attack angle, the magnitude and reversal times of bank angle are cooperatively corrected to meet all constraints. The proposed method can guide longitudinal motion and lateral motion synergistically, so it is more robust and flexible. Only one bank angle reversal is needed for a no-fly zone or waypoint, so the reversal times are few. Moreover, without iteration, only a single trajectory prediction is required in a correction cycle, which is favorable for on-board calculation.

关键词： Entry guidance Predictor-corrector Fuzzy controller No-fly zone Waypoint

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