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26th ACM International Systems and software Product Line Conference (SPLC)

作者： Trasobares, Jose Ignacio Domingo, Africa Arcega, Lorena Cetina, Carlos Univ San Jorge Escuela Arquitectura & Tecnol Zaragoza Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394437

Video game development is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. The use of software product lines (SPLs) has proven to be effective in developing different types of software at a lower cost, in less time, and with higher quality. There are recent research efforts that propose to apply SPLs in the domain of video games. Video games present characteristics that differentiate their development from the development of classic software;for example, game developers perceive more difficulties than other non-game developers when reusing code. In this paper, we evaluate if the adoption of an SPL in game software engineering (GSE) can generate the same benefits as in classic software engineering (CSE) considering the case study of Kromaia. As in other disciplines dealing with human behaviour, empirical research allows for building a reliable knowledge base in software engineering. We present an experiment comparing two development approaches, Clone and Own (CaO) and an SPL in terms of correctness, efficiency, and satisfaction when subjects develop elements of a commercial video game. The results indicate that the elements developed using the SPL are more correct than those developed with CaO but do not indicate significant improvement in efficiency or satisfaction. Our findings suggest that SPLs in GSE may play a different role than the one they have played for decades in CSE. Specifically, SPLs can be relevant to generating new video game content or to balancing video game difficulty.

关键词： Empirical comparison software Product Line engineering game software engineering

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Comparing software product lines and Clone and Own for game software engineering under two paradigms: Model-driven development and code-driven development

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2023年第1期205卷

作者： Chueca, Jorge Trasobares, Jose Ignacio Domingo, Africa Arcega, Lorena Cetina, Carlos Font, Jaime Univ San Jorge SVIT Res Grp Autovia A-23 Zaragoza Huesca Km 299 Zaragoza 50830 Spain

game developers often face more challenges when reusing code compared to non-game developers, and software Product Lines (SPLs) have been successful in addressing this issue. In this study, we compare different approaches to code reuse in Classic software engineering (CSE) and game software engineering (GSE) through a commercial video game called Kromaia. We specifically focus on two development paradigms: Model-Driven Development (MDD) and Code-Driven Development (CDD). We conduct an empirical evaluation where subjects develop game elements using two approaches: Clone and Own (CaO) and SPLs. The results show that game elements developed using SPLs are more correct (over 23%) than those developed with CaO in both MDD and CDD paradigms. In CDD, there are significant improvements in efficiency (51%) and satisfaction (13%) when using SPLs compared to CaO. However, no improvements are observed when working under MDD. The impact of using SPLs or CaO is greater in CDD than in MDD for game developers. Our findings suggest that SPLs in GSE may have a different role compared to their traditional role in CSE. Specifically, SPLs can be valuable in balancing game difficulty or generating new video game content, such as the one present in the bosses of the game.& COPY;2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Empirical evaluation software product line engineering game software engineering Model-driven development Code-driven development

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The consolidation of game software engineering: A systematic literature review of software engineering for industry-scale computer games

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INFORMATION AND software TECHNOLOGY 2024年 165卷

作者： Chueca, Jorge Veron, Javier Font, Jaime Perez, Francisca Cetina, Carlos Univ San Jorge SVIT Res Grp Zaragoza Spain UCL London England

Context: game software engineering (GSE) is a branch of software engineering (SE) that focuses on the development of video game applications. In past years, GSE has achieved enough volume, differences from traditional software engineering, and interest by the community to be considered an independent scientific domain, veering out from traditional ***: This study evaluates the current state of the art in software engineering for industry-scale computer games identifying gaps and consolidating the magnitude and growth of this field. Method: A Systematic Literature Review is performed following best practices to ensure the relevance of the studies included in the review. We analyzed 98 GSE studies to extract the current intensity, topics, methods, and quality of ***: The GSE research community has been growing over the years, producing over four times more research than before the previous GSE survey. However, this community is still very dispersed, with no main venues holding most of the GSE scientific studies. A broader range of topics is covered in this area, evolving towards those of a mature field such as architecture and design. Also, the reviewed studies employ more elaborated empirical research methods, even though the study reports need to be more rigorous in sections related to the critical examination of the ***: The results of the SLR lead to the identification of 13 potential future research directions for this domain. GSE is an independent, mature, and growing field that presents new ways of software creation where the gap between industry and academia is narrowing. Video games present themselves as powerful tools to push the boundaries of software knowledge.

关键词： Computer games Video games game software engineering Systematic literature review SLR Industry -scale

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An evolutionary approach for generating software models: The case of Kromaia in game software engineering

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2021年 171卷 110804-110804页

作者： Blasco, Daniel Font, Jaime Zamorano, Mar Cetina, Carlos Univ San Jorge SVIT Res Grp AutoviaA-23 Zaragoza Huesca Km 299 Zaragoza 50830 Spain

In the context of Model-Driven engineering applied to video games, software models are high-level abstractions that represent source code implementations of varied content such as the stages of the game, vehicles, or enemy entities (e.g., final bosses). In this work, we present our Evolutionary Model Generation (EMoGen) approach to generate software models that are comparable in quality to the models created by human developers. Our approach is based on an evolution (mutation and crossover) and assessment cycle to generate the software models. We evaluated the software models generated by EMoGen in the Kromaia video game, which is a commercial video game released on Steam and PlayStation 4. Each model generated by EMoGen has more than 1000 model elements. The results, which compare the software models generated by our approach and those generated by the developers, show that our approach achieves results that are comparable to the ones created manually by the developers in the retail and digital versions of the video game case study. However, our approach only takes five hours of unattended time in comparison to ten months of work by the developers. We perform a statistical analysis, and we make an implementation of EMoGen readily available. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Model-Driven engineering Search-based software engineering game software engineering

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Comparing MDD and CcD in the Bug Localization Context: An Empirical Evaluation in Video games 36th

Comparing MDD and CcD in the Bug Localization Context: An Em...

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36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems engineering (CAiSE)

作者： Roca, Isis Domingo, Africa Pastor, Oscar Cetina, Carlos Arcega, Lorena Univ San Jorge SVIT Res Grp Zaragoza Spain Univ Politecn Valencia PROS Res Ctr Valencia Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9783031610561;9783031610578

The development of video games usually involves two main methods: Code-centric Development (CcD) and Model-Driven Development (MDD). CcD uses code languages that provide more control but it requires more effort in order to deal with implementation details. MDD raises the abstraction level (avoiding implementation details) by means of software models that are transformed into code or interpreted at run-time. Raising the abstraction level favors the participation of non-technical roles such as level designers or artists that are essential for video game development. However, bug localization, which is crucial for identifying faults, is less explored in MDD despite its advantages. This work examines how MDD and CcD impact bug localization by using a commercial video game that has been released on PlayStation 4 and Steam. We compare bug localization in terms of performance, productivity, and user satisfaction. The results showed that bug localization in MDD led to higher satisfaction among subjects. However, the differences in performance or productivity depended on experience and favored CcD for professionals. Our findings suggest that bug localization practices performed suboptimally in models, indicating a knowledge gap in addressing bugs within MDD environments. With the rising popularity of MDD in video games, there is a need to explore alternative forms of bug localization for MDD.

关键词： Experiment Model-Driven Development Code-centric Development Bug Localization game software engineering

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A Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption Between Visual Scripting models and C plus plus in Unreal Engine: Raising Awareness on the importance of Green MDD 24

A Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption Between Visual ...

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27th International Conference on Model Driven engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)

作者： Veron, Javier Perez, Carlos Calero, Coral Moraga, Ma Angeles Perez, Francisca Cetina, Carlos Univ San Jorge SVIT Res Grp Villanueva De Gallego Spain Univ Castilla La Mancha Alarcos Res Grp Ciudad Real Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9798400705045

Video game engines are used in most modern video games because they simplify and speed up development. In addition, some of the most popular engines, such as Unreal Engine 5 (UE5), also integrate visual scripting tools. Visual scripting in UE5, through Blueprints, is a model-driven development approach that replaces text code, like C++, with a visual language of interconnected nodes representing functions and data flows, forming a flowchart-like logic diagram. This approach simplifies game development by abstracting complex code into intuitive, visual models, enabling creators to construct and iterate game components without extensive programming knowledge. Although Blueprint models usually decrease the complexity of implementing components, thus accelerating the development, they might lead to less energy-efficient runtime performance than C++. In this work, we evaluate the energy consumption of three relevant video game components (health system management, inputs processing, and collections operations for an inventory), each implemented with Blueprint models and C++. The results show that the energy consumption per frame when using C++ is up to 48% lower than when using Blueprint models. The combination of artistic and technical profiles in video game developments has favoured the adoption of Blueprint models. However, there is a lack of works analyzing the energy consumption. Until this work, there was no evidence that the success of models for developing video games, like the one under study in this work, was accompanied by a cost in energy consumption for certain situations. Given the huge popularity of video games, this cost in energy might reach up to the equivalent of the energy consumption of 28 million European households.

关键词： Energy consumption Video games Green software Green Video games software sustainability game Engines Unreal Engine software Models Visual Scripting Blueprints C plus game software engineering

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Phylogenix: Bringing phylogenetics to Unity 24

Phylogenix: Bringing phylogenetics to Unity

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28th International Systems and software Product Line Conference (SPLC)

作者： Navarro, Samuel Iglesias, Antonio Perez, Francisca Cetina, Carlos Font, Jaime Univ San Jorge Zaragoza Spain Univ Politecn Valencia Valencia Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9798400705939

game software engineering addresses the software part of creating video games, with game engines like Unity serving as foundational tools for development. A major challenge in game development is creating new content, resulting in the exploration of Procedural Content Generation techniques. However, these techniques often lack formalized variability, hindering the transition to a software Product Line paradigm. This paper presents Phylogenix, a Unity plugin that leverages phylogenetic analysis for a family of video game content where variability is not formalized. The resulting phylogenetic tree has potential to understand the variability and even release latent family members. A video of the tool and source code are available at https://***/phylogenix.

关键词： Phylogenetics software Product Families game software engineering Procedural Content Generation

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19th Brazilian Symposium on Computer games and Digital Entertainment (SBgames)

作者： Goncalves, Vinicius de Souza Macedo, Alessandra Alaniz Univ Sao Paulo Dept Comp & Math PPGCA FFCLRP Ribeirao Preto Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781728184326

With the intensification of the electronic gaming industry and electronic gaming competitions, the repercussions of reviews involving games have become more common. Like a movie, an electronic game can be criticized for its features, including gameplay, story, audio, visuals, and multiplayer (if any). Because there are reviews written by specialists (critics) and ordinary users, there may be divergences and similarities between the reviews made by both audiences. Commonly, when The game Awards (TGA) score comes out, players open forums and discuss their reviews about the games, their features, and if the prize should have been for the winner. This paper verifies the similarities and divergences of electronic game reviews between critics and ordinary users using text processing and information retrieval techniques. We collected reviews about eight games from the Metacritic website;four games played for TGA's best game of the Year Award. Our results indicated that the story element is the most commented by both types of users and that ordinary users tend to use gameplay and graphics when referring to the gameplay and visual elements, respectively. Critics and ordinary users do not often comment on the audio and multiplayer aspects. By using these results, game software engineers can consider new gameplay patterns and story or player modeling.

关键词： game Review Natural Language Processing Information Retrieval Metacritic game software engineering

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Leveraging Phylogenetics in software Product Families: The Case of Latent Content Generation in Video games 24

Leveraging Phylogenetics in Software Product Families: The C...

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28th International Systems and software Product Line Conference (SPLC)

作者： Chueca, Jorge Blasco, Daniel Cetina, Carlos Font, Jaime Univ San Jorge Zaragoza Spain Univ Politecn Valencia Valencia Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9798400705939

A family of software products comprises similar products within a defined scope that share common characteristics, often due to reuse techniques applied during development. This paper introduces an approach that applies biological insights to map the landscape of a software product family, identifying potential gaps within its scope. Phylogenetics studies the gene similarity among groups of organisms to understand ancestry among species. Leveraging Phylogenetics in software, our approach offers a structured view of a product family, aiding in the discovery of unexplored areas fitting the scope of the family. Our approach creates a phylogenetic tree that enables to easily identify latent products (ancestors) that did not exist in the original family. Those ancestors can then be reconstructed from existing products (descendants). The product family evaluated is a set of industry-scale video game non-playable characters. We assess this approach through video game simulations and scope metrics to determine how closely the reconstructed products align with the family's scope. The results confirm that the content generated with phylogenetics aligns better with the family scope than the state-of-the-art procedural content generation techniques using evolutionary algorithms. Phylogenetics enhances content generation by providing a framework to understand and expand the product family with new content.

关键词： Phylogenetics software Product Families game software engineering Procedural Content Generation

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Search-based co-creation of software models: The case of particle systems for video games

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INFORMATION AND software TECHNOLOGY 2024年 171卷

作者： Chueca, Jorge Cetina, Carlos Pastor, Oscar Font, Jaime Univ San Jorge SVIT Res Grp Zaragoza Spain Univ Politecn Valencia PROS Res Ctr Valencia Spain Univ London London England

Context: The video game industry is one of the fastest -growing industries in the world. However, the creation of content is the bottleneck of the industry nowadays. Objective: In this paper, we propose a new approach for co -creating content by means of combining an evolutionary algorithm Map -Elites, and software models. Our approach involves generating a large number of software models and selecting the best ones based on a fitness function. This fitness function is guided by the human, who chooses which content fits their interests best. Method: We evaluated this approach in the domain of Particle Systems (PS). PS are a popular type of content used to create visual effects such as explosions, fire, smoke, or rain. Our evaluation also involves industry experts of different roles in the video game development process. Using our approach, they were tasked to create PS for their games. Then, they compared the generated models with handmade ones. Results: Our results show that practitioners chose the generated models four out of five times over handmade ones as a better fit for their projects. Furthermore, models created with our approach by non -experts in five minutes are similar in quality to the ones hand -made by an expert in 15 min. Conclusion: In conclusion, using human artistic taste to guide the algorithm renders positive results in creative tasks such as content generation for video games. With minor adjustments, the generated content can be game -ready, accelerating development.

关键词： game software engineering Search-based software engineering Model-driven engineering Co-creation

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